DOCSLIB.ORG

Relationships of Lower Euteleostean Fishes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Relationships of Lower Euteleostean Fishes CHAPTER 12 Relationships of Lower Euteleostean Fishes G. DAVID JOHNSON COLIN PATTERSON National Museum of Natural History Natural History Museum Smithsonian Institution London, England Washington, D.C.- We all make mistakes; then we're sorry. What are the relationships of and within the Os- Popular song meroidei? (6) What are the relationships of and within Salmonidae? (7) Where does Lepidogalaxias belong? (8) What are the relationships within stomiiform fishes? (9) What of the Myctophoidei, as recognized by I. Introduction Greenwood et al. (1966, i.e., Aulopiformes and Myc- tophiformes in current terminology)? In that agenda, In the first Interrelationships of Fishes lower eutel- items (8) and (9) are treated elsewhere in this volume eosts, or "protacanthopterygians" as they were then and do not concern us, but items (1) through (7) do. called, were omitted, with only a comment in the Some classifications and/or cladograms of lower eu- Preface citing Weitzman (1967, on osmeroids and teleosts, dating back to the first application of cladistic stomiatoids), McDowall (1969, on osmeroids and ga- method, are summarized in Fig. 1. As is obvious from laxioids), Rosen and Greenwood (1970, on gonoryn- incongruence between all the patterns in Fig. 1, there chiforms and ostariophysans), Greenwood and Rosen has been protracted argument on how lower euteleos- (1971, on argentinoids and alepocephaloids), and Nel- tean groups are interrelated, how they are related to son (1970b, on salangids and argentinids; 1972, on neoteleosts (stomiiforms and eurypterygians, John- esocoids and galaxioids). son, 1992), and what group is basal to other euteleosts. Ten years later, in Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes, The most substantial treatment of these problems is Fink (1984a) summarized the history of protacantho- in Begle's (1991,1992) cladistic analyses of Osmeroidei pterygians as "erosion" and "attrition, most notably (1991) and Argentinoidei (1992) (Fig. 1G). Begle's two at the hands of Rosen (1973)" [in the first Interrelation- papers resulted in the cladogram in Fig. 2, in which ships of Fishes]. Fink then saw the problems as these: the terminals are the genera or higher taxa sampled in (1) What are the relationships of the Esocoidei? his matrix. His classification (Begle, 1991, fig.l; 1992, (2) What are the relationships of the Ostariophysi? Do table 2) to family level, without ranks above the super- these fishes lie above or below the Esocoidei? (3) What family and sequenced according to the conventions is the pattern of relationships among the traditional of Wiley (1981), was as follows: "salmoniform" taxa, exclusive of Esocoidei and Ostar- iophysi? (4) What are the relationships of and within Euteleostei the Argentinoidei (sensu Greenwood and Rosen, Esocae 1971, i.e., argentinoids plus alepocephaloids)? (5) Ostariophysi sedis mutabilis Copyright © 1996 by Academic Press, Inc. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF FISHES 251 All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. 252 G. DAVID JOHNSON AND COLIN PATTERSON =Alepocephaloids T=LepidogaIaxias 4 |=Esocoids MEsocoids L-1 ir=Argentinoids ij=Alepocephaloids L= =Galaxioids ' " Argentinoids =Osmerids j=Galaxiids HSalangids ii=J=Salmonoids =Salmonoids F=Osmerids! —iL^MSalangids n" L-RiRetropinnids B j=Esocoids || ipOstariophysi ^U i?=Argentinoids =L=Alepocephaloids l=Esocoids H=Osmeroids =j| if=Ostariophysi =4=Salangids |=Neoteleostei l!=Galaxioids ij=Salmonoids fr=Lepidogalaxias MpOsmeroids JL=Salmonoids I |[=Argentlnoids IPNeoteleosts Alepocephaloids n=Salnionoids =Esocoids i, Esocoids =j| |]=Neoteleosts 4 ir=Neoteleosts L=j| ij=Salmonoids W ij=Alepocephaloids 4 |=Alepocephaloids I, " Argentinoids i, ' Argentinoids W i|=Osmeroids W ij=Salangids L=L=Galaxioids ii " Osmerids ILJI ^Galaxioids =Lepidogalaxias -Esocoids 4 |?=Ostariophysi =ip=oaiSalmonoids Neoteleosts )stariophysi Argentinoids —=Clupeomorpha Alepocephaloids pEsocoids smerids —I r]=Neoteleosts Retropinnids W ^Alepocephaloids ^Lepidogalaxias |]=L=Argentinoids W if=Salangids L=j| ip=Salmonoids LJ=Galaxiids =U=Osmeroids FIGURE 1 Cladograms or classifications of lower euteleostean fishes summarized as branching diagrams. Common names (e.g., alepocephaloids and esocoids) are used in- stead of formal taxon names to emphasize the equivalence of groups that may be given different ranks, and so names with different terminations, in classifications. (A) G. J. Nelson (1970b). (B) Rosen (1974). (C) Fink (1984b). (D) Sanford (1990). (E) Williams (1987; summarized in J. S. Nelson, 1994, p. 175). (F) J. S. Nelson (1994). (G) Begle (1991, 1992). (H) Patterson (1994). Salmonoidei sedis mutabilis Alepocephalidae (including Bathy- (Neoteleostei + Osmerae) sedis mutabilis laconidae, Bathyprionidae, Leptochi- Neoteleostei lichthyidae, Platytroctidae) Osmerae Osmeroidei Argentinoidei Osmeroidea Argentinoidea Osmeridae (including Pleco- Argentinidae glossidae) Microstomatidae Galaxioidea Bathylagidae Retropinnidae (including Proto- Opisthoproctidae troctidae) Alepocephaloidea Lepidogalaxiidae 12. Relationships of Lower Euteleostean Fishes 253 lf=Outgroups we decided that we must check each character against =Salmouoids Esocoids specimens. At the same time, we found that our own =Neoteleosts survey of lower euteleostean intermusculars (Patter- F=AplocMton S=Galaxiidae son and Johnson, 1995) was deficient both in sampling Jjovettia and in the quality of our material, casting doubt on alangidae the pairing of salmonoids and osmeroids that we pro- Lepidogalaxias F=Pmtotroctes posed. Given this disquiet about both recent sources 4 F=Retropinna of published information, Begle's and our own, we u=J=StokeIlia 'Thaleichthys were thrown into a detailed survey of lower eutel- t=Osmenis eosts, limited only by time and by the availability of ii '' Plecoglossus 4 tf=Hypomesus specimens. On sampling, we limited ourselves princi- IW *=MalIotus pally to the 33 taxa in Begle's sample (Fig. 2), but we L=II •=AllosmeTus excluded the alepocephaloid Bathyprion (unavailable) Spirinchus w=Glossanodon and added more argentinoids (bathylagids, opistho- ^Argentina proctids, and microstomatids, which Begle did not w=Bathylagus '^Opisihoproctus sample) and more platytroctid alepocephaloids. On Leptochilichthys characters, we concentrated on the 108 used by Begle •Bathylaco Narcetes (1992), the majority of them taken from the literature Rouleina [e.g., nos. 1-28, 54, 55, from Fink (1984b); nos. 30-38, w=Alepocephalus 51, 63, from Howes and Sanford (1987b)], because we *=Bathyprion Bathytroctes were driven to discover every detail of his miscoding Leptoderma or misconduct. But during our survey almost 100 other F=Talismama L=Platytroctidae characters came to light. In presenting our data, we originally had a section FIGURE 2 Result of Begle's (1991, 1992) cladistic analyses of a criticizing our own work on the intermusculars, a sample of lower euteleosts. longer critique of Begle's 108 characters, and a section describing new characters. Referees and others pointed out that this sequence gave too much atten- Salangidae (including Sunda- tion to our critique of Begle's work and artificially salangidae) separated characters into three different sets. We have Galaxiidae (including Aplochi- therefore organized the primary data into a single tonidae) survey of characters structured by anatomical region. The original plan for this volume was that Douglas We then discuss in sequence the outgroup and in- P. Begle should write about lower euteleosts since he group relationships of osmerids [Osmeridae and had covered the ground in his two papers (Begle, Salangidae of Begle (1991)], osmeroids [= Osmerae 1991, 1992). However, in 1993 Begle left ichthyology of Begle (1991)], argentinoids and alepocephaloids to move into computer programming. To fill the gap, [= Argentinoidei of Greenwood and Rosen (1971)], we agreed to take on lower euteleosts, believing that salmonoids, esocoids, and euteleosteans as a whole. we had a new angle on them from our work on inter- We do not include the "salangid" Sundasalanx, only musculars (Patterson and Johnson, 1995). In particu- member of the Sundasalangidae (Roberts, 1984), in lar, the discovery of cartilaginous epicentrals in sal- our study because it is not euteleostean (Darrell Sie- monoids and osmeroids, together with the absence bert, 1996, and personal communication). of ossified epipleurals in both, implied that they might We dedicate this work to two absent friends, be sister-groups (Patterson and Johnson, 1995, p. 26, Humphry Greenwood (1927-1995), senior editor of fig. 9). In arguing for that proposal, we criticized the the first Interrelationships, and Donn Rosen (1929- characters supporting some of the higher-level rela- 1986), the length of whose chapter in that book was tionships in Begle's cladogram, but we anticipated justified by the information it contained. May we that his conclusions at lower levels (e.g., within os- be so excused. merids or within galaxioids) would withstand criticism. However, when we began checking Begle's character descriptions and coding, we found many errors. Be- II. Character Survey cause Begle's work resulted in the only fully resolved phylogeny of lower euteleosts, and because the char- The following survey of 200 characters is organized acters that he used included the great majority of those by anatomical region or system, beginning with the previously used in systematic studies of those fishes, braincase and ending with reproductive and soft ana- 254 G. DAVID JOHNSON AND COLIN PATTERSON tomical features. One purpose of this
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Global Assessment of Parasite Diversity in Galaxiid Fishes
    diversity Article A Global Assessment of Parasite Diversity in Galaxiid Fishes Rachel A. Paterson 1,*, Gustavo P. Viozzi 2, Carlos A. Rauque 2, Verónica R. Flores 2 and Robert Poulin 3 1 The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Torgarden, 7485 Trondheim, Norway 2 Laboratorio de Parasitología, INIBIOMA, CONICET—Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina; [email protected] (G.P.V.); [email protected] (C.A.R.); veronicaroxanafl[email protected] (V.R.F.) 3 Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-481-37-867 Abstract: Free-living species often receive greater conservation attention than the parasites they support, with parasite conservation often being hindered by a lack of parasite biodiversity knowl- edge. This study aimed to determine the current state of knowledge regarding parasites of the Southern Hemisphere freshwater fish family Galaxiidae, in order to identify knowledge gaps to focus future research attention. Specifically, we assessed how galaxiid–parasite knowledge differs among geographic regions in relation to research effort (i.e., number of studies or fish individuals examined, extent of tissue examination, taxonomic resolution), in addition to ecological traits known to influ- ence parasite richness. To date, ~50% of galaxiid species have been examined for parasites, though the majority of studies have focused on single parasite taxa rather than assessing the full diversity of macro- and microparasites. The highest number of parasites were observed from Argentinean galaxiids, and studies in all geographic regions were biased towards the highly abundant and most widely distributed galaxiid species, Galaxias maculatus.
    [Show full text]
  • CHECKLIST and BIOGEOGRAPHY of FISHES from GUADALUPE ISLAND, WESTERN MEXICO Héctor Reyes-Bonilla, Arturo Ayala-Bocos, Luis E
    ReyeS-BONIllA eT Al: CheCklIST AND BIOgeOgRAphy Of fISheS fROm gUADAlUpe ISlAND CalCOfI Rep., Vol. 51, 2010 CHECKLIST AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF FISHES FROM GUADALUPE ISLAND, WESTERN MEXICO Héctor REyES-BONILLA, Arturo AyALA-BOCOS, LUIS E. Calderon-AGUILERA SAúL GONzáLEz-Romero, ISRAEL SáNCHEz-ALCántara Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada AND MARIANA Walther MENDOzA Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada # 3918, zona Playitas, C.P. 22860 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Ensenada, B.C., México Departamento de Biología Marina Tel: +52 646 1750500, ext. 25257; Fax: +52 646 Apartado postal 19-B, CP 23080 [email protected] La Paz, B.C.S., México. Tel: (612) 123-8800, ext. 4160; Fax: (612) 123-8819 NADIA C. Olivares-BAñUELOS [email protected] Reserva de la Biosfera Isla Guadalupe Comisión Nacional de áreas Naturales Protegidas yULIANA R. BEDOLLA-GUzMáN AND Avenida del Puerto 375, local 30 Arturo RAMíREz-VALDEz Fraccionamiento Playas de Ensenada, C.P. 22880 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Ensenada, B.C., México Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada km. 107, Apartado postal 453, C.P. 22890 Ensenada, B.C., México ABSTRACT recognized the biological and ecological significance of Guadalupe Island, off Baja California, México, is Guadalupe Island, and declared it a Biosphere Reserve an important fishing area which also harbors high (SEMARNAT 2005). marine biodiversity. Based on field data, literature Guadalupe Island is isolated, far away from the main- reviews, and scientific collection records, we pres- land and has limited logistic facilities to conduct scien- ent a comprehensive checklist of the local fish fauna, tific studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist of Fossil Fishes from the Smoky Hill Chalk of the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) in Kansas
    Lucas, S. G. and Sullivan, R.M., eds., 2006, Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35. 193 ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF FOSSIL FISHES FROM THE SMOKY HILL CHALK OF THE NIOBRARA CHALK (UPPER CRETACEOUS) IN KANSAS KENSHU SHIMADA1 AND CHRISTOPHER FIELITZ2 1Environmental Science Program and Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University,2325 North Clifton Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60614; and Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Fort Hays State University, 3000 Sternberg Drive, Hays, Kansas 67601;2Department of Biology, Emory & Henry College, P.O. Box 947, Emory, Virginia 24327 Abstract—The Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Niobrara Chalk is an Upper Cretaceous marine deposit found in Kansas and adjacent states in North America. The rock, which was formed under the Western Interior Sea, has a long history of yielding spectacular fossil marine vertebrates, including fishes. Here, we present an annotated taxo- nomic list of fossil fishes (= non-tetrapod vertebrates) described from the Smoky Hill Chalk based on published records. Our study shows that there are a total of 643 referable paleoichthyological specimens from the Smoky Hill Chalk documented in literature of which 133 belong to chondrichthyans and 510 to osteichthyans. These 643 specimens support the occurrence of a minimum of 70 species, comprising at least 16 chondrichthyans and 54 osteichthyans. Of these 70 species, 44 are represented by type specimens from the Smoky Hill Chalk. However, it must be noted that the fossil record of Niobrara fishes shows evidence of preservation, collecting, and research biases, and that the paleofauna is a time-averaged assemblage over five million years of chalk deposition.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Crato Formation (Lower Cretaceous)
    ORYCTOS.Vol. 3 : 3 - 8. Décembre2000 FIRSTRECORD OT CALAMOPLEU RUS (ACTINOPTERYGII:HALECOMORPHI: AMIIDAE) FROMTHE CRATO FORMATION (LOWER CRETACEOUS) OF NORTH-EAST BRAZTL David M. MARTILL' and Paulo M. BRITO'z 'School of Earth, Environmentaland PhysicalSciences, University of Portsmouth,Portsmouth, POl 3QL UK. 2Departmentode Biologia Animal e Vegetal,Universidade do Estadode Rio de Janeiro, rua SâoFrancisco Xavier 524. Rio de Janeiro.Brazll. Abstract : A partial skeleton representsthe first occurrenceof the amiid (Actinopterygii: Halecomorphi: Amiidae) Calamopleurus from the Nova Olinda Member of the Crato Formation (Aptian) of north east Brazil. The new spe- cimen is further evidencethat the Crato Formation ichthyofauna is similar to that of the slightly younger Romualdo Member of the Santana Formation of the same sedimentary basin. The extended temporal range, ?Aptian to ?Cenomanian,for this genus rules out its usefulnessas a biostratigraphic indicator for the Araripe Basin. Key words: Amiidae, Calamopleurus,Early Cretaceous,Brazil Première mention de Calamopleurus (Actinopterygii: Halecomorphi: Amiidae) dans la Formation Crato (Crétacé inférieur), nord est du Brésil Résumé : la première mention dans le Membre Nova Olinda de la Formation Crato (Aptien ; nord-est du Brésil) de I'amiidé (Actinopterygii: Halecomorphi: Amiidae) Calamopleurus est basée sur la découverted'un squelettepar- tiel. Le nouveau spécimen est un élément supplémentaireindiquant que I'ichtyofaune de la Formation Crato est similaire à celle du Membre Romualdo de la Formation Santana, située dans le même bassin sédimentaire. L'extension temporelle de ce genre (?Aptien à ?Cénomanien)ne permet pas de le considérer comme un indicateur biostratigraphiquepour le bassin de l'Araripe. Mots clés : Amiidae, Calamopleurus, Crétacé inférieu4 Brésil INTRODUCTION Araripina and at Mina Pedra Branca, near Nova Olinda where cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1: Maps and Plans Appendix184 Map 1: Conservation Categories for the Nominated Property
    Appendix 1: Maps and Plans Appendix184 Map 1: Conservation Categories for the Nominated Property. Los Alerces National Park, Argentina 185 Map 2: Andean-North Patagonian Biosphere Reserve: Context for the Nominated Proprty. Los Alerces National Park, Argentina 186 Map 3: Vegetation of the Valdivian Ecoregion 187 Map 4: Vegetation Communities in Los Alerces National Park 188 Map 5: Strict Nature and Wildlife Reserve 189 Map 6: Usage Zoning, Los Alerces National Park 190 Map 7: Human Settlements and Infrastructure 191 Appendix 2: Species Lists Ap9n192 Appendix 2.1 List of Plant Species Recorded at PNLA 193 Appendix 2.2: List of Animal Species: Mammals 212 Appendix 2.3: List of Animal Species: Birds 214 Appendix 2.4: List of Animal Species: Reptiles 219 Appendix 2.5: List of Animal Species: Amphibians 220 Appendix 2.6: List of Animal Species: Fish 221 Appendix 2.7: List of Animal Species and Threat Status 222 Appendix 3: Law No. 19,292 Append228 Appendix 4: PNLA Management Plan Approval and Contents Appendi242 Appendix 5: Participative Process for Writing the Nomination Form Appendi252 Synthesis 252 Management Plan UpdateWorkshop 253 Annex A: Interview Guide 256 Annex B: Meetings and Interviews Held 257 Annex C: Self-Administered Survey 261 Annex D: ExternalWorkshop Participants 262 Annex E: Promotional Leaflet 264 Annex F: Interview Results Summary 267 Annex G: Survey Results Summary 272 Annex H: Esquel Declaration of Interest 274 Annex I: Trevelin Declaration of Interest 276 Annex J: Chubut Tourism Secretariat Declaration of Interest 278
    [Show full text]
  • Table S1.Xlsx
    Bone type Bone type Taxonomy Order/series Family Valid binomial Outdated binomial Notes Reference(s) (skeletal bone) (scales) Actinopterygii Incertae sedis Incertae sedis Incertae sedis †Birgeria stensioei cellular this study †Birgeria groenlandica cellular Ørvig, 1978 †Eurynotus crenatus cellular Goodrich, 1907; Schultze, 2016 †Mimipiscis toombsi †Mimia toombsi cellular Richter & Smith, 1995 †Moythomasia sp. cellular cellular Sire et al., 2009; Schultze, 2016 †Cheirolepidiformes †Cheirolepididae †Cheirolepis canadensis cellular cellular Goodrich, 1907; Sire et al., 2009; Zylberberg et al., 2016; Meunier et al. 2018a; this study Cladistia Polypteriformes Polypteridae †Bawitius sp. cellular Meunier et al., 2016 †Dajetella sudamericana cellular cellular Gayet & Meunier, 1992 Erpetoichthys calabaricus Calamoichthys sp. cellular Moss, 1961a; this study †Pollia suarezi cellular cellular Meunier & Gayet, 1996 Polypterus bichir cellular cellular Kölliker, 1859; Stéphan, 1900; Goodrich, 1907; Ørvig, 1978 Polypterus delhezi cellular this study Polypterus ornatipinnis cellular Totland et al., 2011 Polypterus senegalus cellular Sire et al., 2009 Polypterus sp. cellular Moss, 1961a †Scanilepis sp. cellular Sire et al., 2009 †Scanilepis dubia cellular cellular Ørvig, 1978 †Saurichthyiformes †Saurichthyidae †Saurichthys sp. cellular Scheyer et al., 2014 Chondrostei †Chondrosteiformes †Chondrosteidae †Chondrosteus acipenseroides cellular this study Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Acipenser baerii cellular Leprévost et al., 2017 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Checklist of Marine Fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the Proposed Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf
    European Journal of Taxonomy 73: 1-73 ISSN 2118-9773 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2014.73 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2014 · Carneiro M. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Monograph urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9A5F217D-8E7B-448A-9CAB-2CCC9CC6F857 Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf Miguel CARNEIRO1,5, Rogélia MARTINS2,6, Monica LANDI*,3,7 & Filipe O. COSTA4,8 1,2 DIV-RP (Modelling and Management Fishery Resources Division), Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Brasilia 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 3,4 CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] * corresponding author: [email protected] 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:90A98A50-327E-4648-9DCE-75709C7A2472 6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:1EB6DE00-9E91-407C-B7C4-34F31F29FD88 7 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:6D3AC760-77F2-4CFA-B5C7-665CB07F4CEB 8 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:48E53CF3-71C8-403C-BECD-10B20B3C15B4 Abstract. The study of the Portuguese marine ichthyofauna has a long historical tradition, rooted back in the 18th Century. Here we present an annotated checklist of the marine fishes from Portuguese waters, including the area encompassed by the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf and the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). The list is based on historical literature records and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history collections, together with new revisions and occurrences.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scales of Mesozoic Actinopterygians
    Mesozoic Fishes – Systematics and Paleoecology, G. Arratia & G. Viohl (eds.): pp. 83-93, 6 figs. © 1996 by Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany – ISBN 3-923871–90-2 The scales of Mesozoic actinopterygians Hans-Peter SCHULTZE Abstract Cycloid scales (elasmoid scales with circuli) are a unique character of teleosts above the level of Pholidophorus and Pholidophoroides. Cycloid scales have two layers. A bony layer, usually acellular, is superimposed on a basal plate composed of partially mineralized layers of plywoodlike laminated collagen fibres. The tissue of the basal layer is refered to here as elasmodin. Basal teleosts (sensu PATTERSON 1973) possess rhombic scales with a bony base overlain by ganoin (lepidosteoid ganoid scale). Amioid scales (elasmoid scales with longitudinally to radially arranged ridges or rods on the overlapped field) are found within halecomorphs. This scale type evolved more than once within primitive actinopterygians and other osteichthyan fishes. It may have even developed twice within halecomorphs, in Caturidae and Amiidae, from rhombic scales of lepidosteoid type. Some basal genera of halecomorphs show remains of a dentine layer between ganoin and bone that is characteristic of actinopterygians below the halecostome level. The Semionotidae placed at the base of the Halecostomi, exhibit scale histology transitional between the palaeoniscoid and lepidosteoid scale type. Introduction Actinopterygians, from primitive Coccolepididae to advanced teleosts, are represented in the Solnhofen lithographic limestone. These are fishes with rhombic and round scales. Ganoid scales of the lepidosteoid type are found in the following fishes: semionotid Lepidotes and Heterostrophus, macrosemiids Histionotus, Macrosemius, Notagogus and Propterus, ophiopsid Ophiopsis, caturids Furo and Brachyichthys, aspido- rhynchid Belonostomus, pleuropholid Pleuropholis, and pholidophorid Pholidophorus.
    [Show full text]
  • Presence of the Red Jollytail, Brachygalaxias Bullocki (Regan
    Correa-Araneda et al. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 2014, 87:20 http://www.revchilhistnat.com/content/87/1/20 SHORT REPORT Open Access Presence of the red jollytail, Brachygalaxias bullocki (Regan, 1908) (Galaxiformes: Galaxiidae), in freshwater forested wetlands from Chile Francisco Correa-Araneda1,2,3*, Patricio De Los Ríos2,3 and Evelyn Habit4 Abstract Background: Brachygalaxias bullocki (Regan, 1908) is a small-sized freshwater fish species (41 to 46 mm) and endemic to Chile. Its biology has still various knowledge gaps, and its distribution range has been reduced in the last decade due to human intervention. Findings: In this article, for the first time, its presence in forested wetlands of Chile (38°52′ to 39°02′ S) is documented. The presence of this species in these ecosystems is restricted to wetlands with permanent water regime and depths ranging from 15.7 to 83.5 cm. Conclusions: The physicochemical habitat conditions show important seasonal variations, suggesting that B. bullocki is resistant to a wide range of temperatures, as well as different levels of dissolved oxygen and conductivity. Keywords: Brachygalaxias bullocki; Fish fauna; Forested wetlands; Conservation Findings Consequently, B. bullocki changes in the past 26 years from Brachygalaxias bullocki (Regan, 1908) is an endemic, small- a vulnerable status of conservation (Glade 1988; Campos sized (41 to 46 mm) fish species (Stokell 1954; Cifuentes et al. 1998) to almost endanger (MMA 2014). Our goal is et al. 2012). It is endemic to Chile and still several know- to document, for the first time, the presence of this species ledge gaps about its biology exist (Habit and Victoriano in forested wetlands of Chile, providing more evidence on 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • The Branchial Skeleton in Aptian Chanid Fishes
    Cretaceous Research 112 (2020) 104454 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cretaceous Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes The branchial skeleton in Aptian chanid fishes (Gonorynchiformes) from the Araripe Basin (Brazil): Autecology and paleoecological implications * Alexandre Cunha Ribeiro a, , Francisco Jose Poyato-Ariza b, Filipe Giovanini Varejao~ c, Flavio Alicino Bockmann d a Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corr^ea da Costa, 2367, Cuiaba 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil b Centre for Integration on Palaeobiology & Unidad de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain c Instituto LAMIR, Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Americas, Curitiba 81531- 980, Parana, Brazil d Laboratorio de Ictiologia de Ribeirao~ Preto, Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de Sao~ Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao~ Preto 14040- 901, Sao~ Paulo, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Gonorynchiformes are a small, but morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes with an extensive Received 17 October 2019 fossil record. Most extant gonorynchiforms are efficient filter feeders, bearing long gill rakers and other Received in revised form morphological specializations, such as microbranchiospines and an epibranchial organ. The analyses of 28 January 2020 the gill arch of the Brazilian gonorynchiform fishes Dastilbe crandalli and Tharrias araripis from the Aptian Accepted in revised form 12 March 2020 of the Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil, demonstrate significant morphological variation suggestive of Available online 19 March 2020 distinct feeding habitats as well as ontogenetic dietary shifts in these closely related gonorynchiforms. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Humboldt Bay Fishes
    Humboldt Bay Fishes ><((((º>`·._ .·´¯`·. _ .·´¯`·. ><((((º> ·´¯`·._.·´¯`·.. ><((((º>`·._ .·´¯`·. _ .·´¯`·. ><((((º> Acknowledgements The Humboldt Bay Harbor District would like to offer our sincere thanks and appreciation to the authors and photographers who have allowed us to use their work in this report. Photography and Illustrations We would like to thank the photographers and illustrators who have so graciously donated the use of their images for this publication. Andrey Dolgor Dan Gotshall Polar Research Institute of Marine Sea Challengers, Inc. Fisheries And Oceanography [email protected] [email protected] Michael Lanboeuf Milton Love [email protected] Marine Science Institute [email protected] Stephen Metherell Jacques Moreau [email protected] [email protected] Bernd Ueberschaer Clinton Bauder [email protected] [email protected] Fish descriptions contained in this report are from: Froese, R. and Pauly, D. Editors. 2003 FishBase. Worldwide Web electronic publication. http://www.fishbase.org/ 13 August 2003 Photographer Fish Photographer Bauder, Clinton wolf-eel Gotshall, Daniel W scalyhead sculpin Bauder, Clinton blackeye goby Gotshall, Daniel W speckled sanddab Bauder, Clinton spotted cusk-eel Gotshall, Daniel W. bocaccio Bauder, Clinton tube-snout Gotshall, Daniel W. brown rockfish Gotshall, Daniel W. yellowtail rockfish Flescher, Don american shad Gotshall, Daniel W. dover sole Flescher, Don stripped bass Gotshall, Daniel W. pacific sanddab Gotshall, Daniel W. kelp greenling Garcia-Franco, Mauricio louvar
    [Show full text]