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Jain Agam Literature 9/24/2018 Index Jain Agam Literature Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature • Definition • Classification • Listings of Sutras • Summary of Agams by Jainsects • History of Preservation • Agam substitute Literature of Digambar Pravin K. Shah • Authors of Agam Literature Jain Study Center of North Carolina (Raleigh) 509 Carriage Woods Circle • Agam Sutras based on Fourteen Raleigh NC 27607-3969 919-859-4994 and fax Purvas E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.jaina.org Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature Index (Shrut, Sutra, Dvadsangi, Ganipitikas, Siddhant) Commentary on Jain Agams Definition Absolute Point of View - Nishchay-naya (from Reader • Niryukti or Listener point of view) • Bhasya • Enhances Spiritual Life • Churni • Finds Happiness within • Reduces Kashays (greed, anger, lust, ego etc.) within • Tika Empirical Point of View – Vyavahar Naya (from Author Non-Agam Jain Literature or Speaker point of view) • Teaching of Jina (Aapt, Tirthankar, Arihant, Arhat) who has • Various Subjects and Languages conquered attachment and aversion • Jain Authors • Preach Universal Truth • Conduct - Equanimity, Compassion, Universal affection, • Important Jain Literature Friendship • Thought - Principle of Relativity 1 9/24/2018 Jain Sects Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature (Shrut, Sutra, Dvadsangi, Ganipitikas, Siddhant) Jain Sects Digambar Swetambar Major Languages Monks - no cloths Monks - white cloths Ardha-maghadhi Prakrut 400 to 100 BC Murtipujak Nonmurtipujak Murtipujak Nonmurtipujak Jain Maharachtri 100 to 500 AD Murtipujak Sthanak-vasi Bisa-panthi Orthodox Lokashah (14th Cen) Bhattarak Tradition Taran-panthi murtipujak Tera-panthi Orthodox murtipujak Taran-taran-swami Acharya Bhikku (16th Cen) Terah-panthi Banarasidas (18th Cen) Ahimsak and Simple Murtipujak Jain Agam Literature Ang-pravistha Agam Jain Agam Literature (Jain Scriptures) Ang-agams Angbahya-agams Direct Teachings of Lord Mahavir 12 Scriptures (all sects) 14/34/21 Scriptures Ganadhars 14/10 Purvi Acharyas Composed by Ganadhars 12 Ang-pravishta Agams Swetambar Angbahya- 11 Ang-agams 12th Ang-agam Digambar Angbahya- agams agams Swetambar - all Drastivad Digambar (all sects) survived 14 scriptures (all sects) 34/21 Scriptures 14 Purvas - all extinct Digambar - all extinct All extinct All survived • All 12 Ang-agams are extinct during 364 B.C. Upang to 157 AD. 12 Murtipujak\ 12 Non-murtipujak Five Parikarmas Chhed-sutra Shwetambar (all sects) 6 Murtipujak\ 4 Non-murtipujak Sutra Mool-sutra • 11 Ang-agams are survived 4 Murtipujak\ 3 Non-murtipujak Prathamanuyog • 12th Ang Agam is extinct during 356 BC to Chulika Fourteen Purva-gatas 2 Murtipujak\ 2 Non-murtipujak 474 AD. Prakirna Five Chulikas 10 Murtipujak\ 0 Non-murtipujak 2 9/24/2018 Ang-pravistha Agams Drishti-pravada-anga 1. Acharang 12th Ang-agam 2. Sutra-kratang 3. Sthanang Divided into Five Parts: 4. Samavay-ang 1. Five Parikarmas 5. Vhakhya-prajnapti or Bhagavati 6. Jnata-dharma-kathang 2. Sutra 7. Upasaka-dashang 3. Pratham-anuyoga 8. Antahkra-dashang 9. Anuttaroupa-patika-dashang 4. Fourteen Purvas 10.Prashna-vyakran 11.Vipaka-sutra 5. Five Chulikas 12.Drishti-pravada or Drishtivad Drishti-pravada-anga Listings of 14 Purvas Five Parikarmas 1. Utpada-purva • Chandra-prajnapti • Describes the origination, destruction, and permanence nature of substances • Surya-prajnapti 2. Agraya-niya • Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti • Describes Seven Tattvas, and Six Dravyas • Dvip-prajnapti 3. Viryanu-vad • Vyakhya-prajnapti • Describes the power and qualities of living and nonliving Sutra substances. • An account of 363 false creeds 4. Asti-nasti-pravad Pratham-anuyoga • Seven ways (saydvad) of considering things and their usage. • Life stories of 63 great Leaders 5. Jnana-pravad –24 Tirthankars • Eight types of knowledge (Jnana) –12 Chakra-vartis 6. Satya-pravad –9 Narayans or Vasudevs • Description of truth, silence, speakers –9 Prati-narayans or Prati-vasudevs 7. Atma-pravad –9 Bal-bhadras or Baldevs • Description of soul (Atma) from Nischaya and Vyavahar point of view 3 9/24/2018 Listings of 14 Purvas (Cont..) Five Chulikas 8. Karma-pravad Chulika knowledge acquires extra ordinary power • Bondage and its modification of karma to the soul 9. Pratya-khyan 1Jala-gata • Description of vows, penances, repentances, and renunciations of • Power to walk on water, staying in the water, passing bad things through fire etc 10.Vidyanu-vad 2 Sthala-gata • Acquiring special power by learning various Mantras and other knowledge • Travel to mount Meru, Mahavideh etc 11.Kalyan-vad 3 Maya-gata • Description of the grand celebrations of great events (Kalyanak) 12.Prana-vad • Power to perform miracles • Knowledge about removal of pains caused by spirit, ghost, snake... 4 Rupa-gata 13.Kriya-visal • Transformation of body into various forms • Description 72 arts of man and 64 arts of woman 14.Triloka-bindu-sara 5 Akasa-gata • Way of attaining Moksha and its blissful state and permanent • Travel into space happiness Digambar's Ang-bahya Agams Ang-bahya Agams: 1. Samayik 2. Samstava Composed by Sthaviras 3. Vandana • Compiled by 14 or 10 Purvi Acharyas 4. Prati-kraman 5. Vinaya 6. Kriti-karma Digambar 7. Das-vaikalik 8. Uttar-adhyayan • All sects believes – 14 books 9. Kalpa-vyavahara 10. Kalpa-kalpa 11. Mahakalpa-sanjnaka Shwetambar 12. Pundarika • Murti-pujak - 34 books 13. Maha-pundarika • Non-murti-pujak - 21 books 14. Nishidika All 14 Ang-bahya Agams are extinct during 364 B.C. to 157 A.D. 4 9/24/2018 Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams Upang Agams Sect.......................... A B 1. Aupa-patika 2. Raja-prasniya 3. Jivabhigam Chhed-sutraUpang Agams Agams 126 124 4. Prajnapana 5. Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti Mul-sutra Agams 4 3 6. Surya-prajnapti Chulika-sutra Agams 2 2 7. Chandra-prajnapti 8. Nirayavali or Kalpika Prakirna Agams 10 0 9. Kalpa-vatansika Total 34 21 10.Pushpika 11.Pushpa-chulika 12.Vrashni-dasha A = Swetambar Murti-pujak sect B = Swetambar Nonmurti-pujak sect Accepted by Murti Pujak and Non-murti Pujak sects. Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams: Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams: Chhed-sutra Agams: Prakirna Agams 1. Nishitha 1. Chatuh-sarana 2. Maha-nishitha 2. Samstarak 3. Vyavahara* 4. Das-sruta-skandha 3. Atura-pratya-khyana 5. Brahat-kalpa 4. Bhakti-parijna 6. Panch-kalpa (now extinct) or Jit-kalpa* 5. Tandul-vaitalika Mul-sutra Agams 6. Chandra-vedhyaka 1. Avasyaka 7. Devendra-stav 2. Dasha-vaikalika 8. Ganit-vidya 3. Uttara-dhyan 4. Ogha-niryukti or Pinda-niryukti* 9. Maha-pratya-khyan Chulika-sutra Agams 10.Vir-stave 1. Nandi-sutra None are accepted by Non-murti pujak sect 2. Anuyoga-dvara * Not accepted by Non-murti pujak sect 5 9/24/2018 Agam Summary by Jain Sects History of Preservation Digambar (all sects) First Recension (226 BC) • Patali-putra by Sthulibhadra 12th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 356 BC 11 Ang Agams orally complied Remaining 11 Angs and 14 Ang-bahya extinct by 14 Purvas not remembered 157 AD Later Sthulibhadra complied 10 Purvas Agam Substitute Literature Second Recension (374 AD to 387 AD) • Mathura by Skandil and Valabhi by Nagarjun –Satkhand Agam Agams and Anuyogs documented –Kashay-pahud Third Recension (527 AD) –Four Anuyogs consist of several books • Valabhi by Devardhi-gani Shwetambar (all sects) Prakirnas documented Agams and Anuyogs reviewed/preserved 12th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 474 AD Differences documented in Churni 11 Ang-pravishta Agams Survived Agam works settled (Catalog in Nandi Sutra) Shwetambar Murtipujak Current Status • Deviation from Nandi Sutra Accepts 34 Ang-bahya Agams Many Prakirnas are extinct Shwetambar Nonmurtipujak Vir-stava and Pind-niryukti added after words Accepts 21 Ang-bahya Agams Niryukti Literature Commentary Literature Written on Agam sutras • Prakrit Language To study Jain Agams, • Poetic Form and Short one requires to study complete Panchagini of • Provides General Meaning of Agam sutras each Agam. Contains Panchagini (Consist of Five Types) • Historical Incidences • Original Sutras • Old Traditions, Stories, and Examples • Philosophy, Principles, and Conducts • Niryukti Author - Bhadrabahu-swami (second before 600 AD) • Bhasya • Written on 10 Agams • Churni Independent Niryukties • Tika • Sanstarak Niryukti • Govind Niryukti or Darshan Prabhavak Shastra • Aradhana Niryukti 6 9/24/2018 Bhasya Literature Churni Literature Written on Agam and Niryukti • Prakrit Language Written on Agam, Niryukti, Bhasya • Poetic Form • Prakrit mixed Sanskrit Language • Provides Specific Meaning • Prose Form Contains • Contains Jatak and Religious Stories • Prachin (old) Anushruties Provides Good Understanding • Jatak Stories • Social Customs • Provides Good Understanding of • Business –History of Jainism • Food Habits –Conducts and Behavior of Monks • Festivals Authors • Clothing of people • Sanghdas-gani Author - Jindas-gani Mahattar • Jinbhadra-gani 600 AD • Written - 400 to 600 A.D. Tika Literature Jain Literature Classification Code English Name Prakrit Name Written on Agam sutras, Niryukti, Bhasya, and Churni • Sanskrit mixed with Prakrit stories A Metaphics Tattvajnan • Most Important to understand Agam literature B Spiritual/Philosophy Adhyatma Prominent Tika Authors C Meditation Yoga, Dhyan • Haribhadra-suri (705 to 755 A.D.) D Karma Karma E Logic Darshan, Naya, Praman Prajnapana, Avasyaka*, Nandi, Dasha-vaikalika*, Anuyoga-dvara F Conduct Charnanuyoga G Morality Niti, Upadesh • Shilanka-suri (8th century) H Astronomy Lok Svarup Acharang, Sutra-kratang J Story, Biography Puran, Katha, Rupak, Vyang • Abhaydev (11th century) K Ritual and Sutras
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