I¼gmi Res�.arch (Private) Ltd Kuthm::�ndu: August l, 197).
lwgmi Research Series 'Year 5, No. 8,
£dited By Mahesh C� hegini.
Cont0nts
Page
1. Interviews With Baburam Ach.3ryu •• • 141
2. Disguised E nglish Trav0llers In Nepal i.nd Tib0t .... 148 3. Restoration Of Abolished Rajyas - ... 160
Ragmi Res,,a1·ch (:i?rivatu) Ltd, lAzimpat, Kathmandu, N,:pal.
Compiled by Rt;gmi ks�arch (Priva'k-) �td for private study and Nsoar ch. Not meant for public sal1:, or display. 141.
Interviews With Babur.::.m .Acharya
Question':· Wnic_h· dyr,iasty did iunshuv":nna. be.long to? . ·, . . ' . . . ,· . ' . .i-tnswerr .Amshuvar� wa$ a ruldr who belonged to the. Lichchhavi -dynasty• ... .· Question: What is the evidence ?
immio;·:)Ii�-- sons .and grands;ns describe tbeP1Stl_lves as· belonging to th(-:j .:Lich•: hbavi' dynasty (Lichchhavi-Kulaketu). Nur_en:lradeva and othc:rs too d•)
'so�..' .What· . mor�: • ' . - ! ' • ev1.denoe; do. you require ? . Q,uestioria We;'must be careful before' proving this relationship. Amshuvi-irma never r0ferred to his dynasty in any of his stone inscriptions. In his co 11 11, �s,, . he tlas inl:!crj.bod_ Chc.n:irau Manadeva anJ oth�rs have not. Jore �� This. �y �hed somtJ' light en 1,h£; mystery. �s�r:' TQat :he beltmged. to �he �unar• dynasty ?
u 't,;j I� osti:m: Y8s. He thereby inJicated th.at he bC::longed th-.l lunar c�masty•. study of tho inscriptions wuuld cl0'?r.ly _indicate> that _a. differer.t -�c:r.Ld commenc�d witti .Amshuv�rma. Had Amshuv�rma belongod :to too Lichchhevi dyncisty, it would not have been necossary for him to ussqm;:: such titles as Shrisam.::nt:-i, Shryamshuvarma, Maharajadhiraja and Shryamsho, (omitting Vannn)u., in that order. knsuvharma nover described hirnseJ.f. ;,s :'JtJva likt> other L:i:chchµavi. Kings�·
knswer: Has . not ho., ,· assurnud 'the title _of .Bhattp�aka,?
\.ruestion:· None of his inscriptio'ns h!3 ,S ,ct,-,scrib�c.Lhim-as Bhattarakauf It is 0nly later in�criptions thnt have given him this title. Wh°'J dict not he reside in the .Managri.ha palace. Had he belcnged to the Lichchhavi Contd ••.• Answer: Manadeva did not live in Managriha. Mahideva WElS expeiled within one year after the death .of Manadeva. Then the si::n rf Mahideva was brought from Dakshinakoligrama and placed on th� throne. His sister, Jaya Sundari, was forcibly married. Just as Jung Bahadur·married the daughter of the sucond prince, he was kept in Managriha. The ng.-Manaduva 1 s n he was made a captive Ki "' residence W!:lf'. located in Dakshinakoligrmna. Re never moved 'f'rom �.hare._ Question a The Vamshavalis stato that Manaqeva constructed Menngrih'.a. . . Answer: Manadeva constructed one building in hisKingdom. Shivadeva too hDd built a palace called Shivagriha. There s i ·no reference to this fact in stone-inscriptions. However, subsequent writings re::er to· Shivagwalast�n_ne, l·1shuvarma had constructed a bu5:lding. in ·the nane of Shivadeva. Shivagwala referred to this Shivagriha; Did Shivadev a actually>live in this building because it.was namd after him? No, he did not. It was just named aft0r him. Quastion: But the storn:i-inscriptions indicate clef.lrl.y that the:. Lichchhavi Kings who ruled bafore N.:.;:::-sndradeva lived in Mnnagrib.a. h 'I' o stone-inscri� tions left ty Dhruvadeva and Jishnu Gup1,a dcscriba them as residents of Managriha and Kalashkuta.respectively. This also lunds weight tos= the view that the throne ·was locat�d at Managriha� ·imswer: Of course, tho Lic hchhavis were kept at Man�:"�ha. But later th1;;y were expellt:d from the�. They wert1 k�pt at .Mtinagrih.1 S:) that they might ·be treat,..'3d as prisonsrs. QQe�tion: A slight change appears to have occurred during tho rul� of 1unshu� varma. liter he captured full power, and after the abdication of Shivadeva, Amshuvama proclaim�d Udayadeva, a Lich.Qhhavi prince, as Crown Prince (Yuvaraja} with the objective of placing him on the thronti� Proviousl:r-;:. the:r::e did rut exist any pr,actice of making s,uc t. . proclanation. No stone- inscription cont,�ins any reference t..) any Crown i_>rin ce. .answer: It, is· essential to know, facts about Rupavarma h, ::;rder to kn,Jw wh,) Amshuvarm·1 wJs.Rup[�varma W8S a Mahasamanta o_rKoshanu (gwala)� Nr.> ·str.Jnt.;- ,.insc:ription of Rup�varma .is avai��ble. \lt a sto � , �e-i11sc:ription iru.,talled by Chandra Shamsbar refers to Rupavarma. It mentions·· the year 20,· fillmy_l,'lt, but ·this is wrong. The a·ctual a d te is 505 Samvat. . . Q,10stions A seal of Rupava� ;has been f6un·d. It. 'is in thti. Kutila script, �hich appears to have been in vogue a rounc. 205. / .lme¥ar.: What is tha seal made of 'i Is it not an enrthen seal ? C,:;ntd.- •• Qu�anu: Yes, it is an earthen sea l. But thd script cbes notbelo ng tp ttk; period of Amshuva1r.:::•. imswer: That: is not true nt' all. 11 8 ll Quo'stion: Both the words 11 Rupa and Ma can b� seen c learly in ,this sea�. Answer: Ruriav:arma canno t definitely ba said to havo r.uled in 2.05. Samvl.t. Who was r�igning at that time 1 Question: But t h is is tne 1.;ra m,mtione:d in the ins-criptions o f Jayaqcvn Dncl _ his successors . Sunwtitantra also confirms that. this era had lasted J04 • years. I riscriptiori� of up to 207' Samvat have been found. I t is thus qppcr0nt that the year 20 5 mentioncid 'in tha ab)ve inscri�tions:is accurate. -fo1sw0r: I do not be li�ve this is so ; Wh at about coins 1 i-.ue st.ion : No other coin beL.mgin g to the Lichchhavi µ.;;riod b-:.crs au ef '.' ·t. �Y of 1:.L,i L; Jn. Ho,.-ever , this is f sund in some uf th1:; c0 ll1S issu8 :1 by �1c huVc!r mD . Scho lars Jo no t soem to have tak0n notl3 of thit:.. lmswer : This might mean tha t Aroshuvarma belonged to the lunar: dyna�ty ? , Question: Sure . One interesting point· about Amshuvarma is that, ;as in-;l ic(· tuJ by his stone-inscri ptions·, he has assumE. d diff��re:nt positions and _tuitfos om, by on8. For this reason, it s eems necessE, "Y t(> rev.i so previous. o pinions ab0 ut Arn�;:1.uvc1rrr..a . J' 1,ns-wer: Why not ? Queen: There is no conclu�ive evidonce that Udayadava was.the.·son ofu . l:ms huv armau,...... 0 U1S'hor : lfuo p:r9clairns any pe:rson excep� his own son as his heµ-- ? Qu&stion�· But thf•siiuatio� �) quittT d·Lfftl!'t::n:, a t: �ht;; tim Answer: Whom did Jisbnug. , .•upt;l proclai. m as Yuvara ja ?,. .. f . :. . Question : The situation wa s again different duririg Jishnugup ta I s time"'. Like Amshuvanna"', Jishnugup ta :md his successora could no t become; Kings (Mahera ja dbiraja ) as thGy W lulswer : No, no .Amshuvarma was a staunch a..::·:erent of tha Pas �upct.a Sdct • . Question: How can we call him so when he had equa l rus"'pect for Buddhism and oth1;1r re li"'gions '? lmswer: It is true that he �d equal respect for Buddhism. Que stion: But tha Abhiraa discrimL"1.ated ag,iinst Bud dhists. During their rule , no facilitie s we re available to Buddhists� On th0 contra"'ry; Buddhists 1 "e re hated . Ams huvarm:3"', on coming to power, guar�nteod ·equal ri�ts to thO _adherents of all re ligions, thereby ·upholding the trsditions ·of the Lich- chhavis"'. .hllsw:er: That is not true . 1-ims huvarma actually di.d nottol erot� VaishnD vas. This intolerance was dua to the fact tha t he wa s an adherent bf thu Pashu pata sect. In his inscription of H,:ndi�aun, �mshuvarma mentions Pas hup.:::ti first of all. Th& temple of Changur.1 0.r�ynn Lad been constructed long bcfc.,r;;; that of Pashup ati.· 'Yet Amshuvarma gay(;; No . l place t, h ,hupati, OhEingu- _ narayan (Dola shikharswamin} co111es nex'ti �n the _list ....mu. h ..ivarm:3 J,.;lil..x:rateJ.! ayoided th� mention of the word ut-raraya na"'. 11 He was strict-:r in the cast:.: of the temple of Bu.d�nnilakantha"'. He has made a very sm:311 endowroD:t .for tna _ Budhanilakantha ttlmp lu, for the simple rea son that it ha.-ib een est.abli,sbe-C by the Abhiras, whom he hated. .: -: . ,-,�dayadcva I s atone-inscri ption dated 45 Satnvat has ··ooen disco vialre d · . rtcently at Chitlang . Se� Tistung-Chitlang Bhekko Aiti hasik Samagri / . (.H.istorical Materialc of th;J Ti stung-Chitlang ,.roa ) . Cuntd •• • 145 •. _9uestion : This may be tnrn to some extent .. _Another po int worth no ti.:ig about �ns huwinna is.that the inscription of Shivadeva located "t Clv,pagau.n does not mention Amshuvarma. · Answero: Thi. ; . s. is . not corre. . ct. Qoo st�on� No,. 'the i�s cription does no t m ention Amshuvannao. It only ·mentions i d 'Sh va eva � By .tha. t timo , 1\mshuv&rina had not come into the pictureo. · . '. . fa.;;w er r T he il;lscription is damaged.o· Question: The portion o·f the inscription containing tre name of the Kingo_ is pot damaged •.On ly the lower p art has broken •o. lmswer: This inscription 'was ·not installed during the rule of -�nuvarma . Tiistead, . it sho1.ad contain the n ame of Bhaumagupta Abhira . It is possib le t�at tho portion oP the inscription bearing his naioo h as broken. Qut3stion: 1'his i5 no t corn:icto. A study of the contents of this inscrip tion ,,o ulc3 pr; vrJ tha t Bhawnagupta had been overthrown by that tiroo. The rolt: played by knshuvanna in the history of theoLichchhayi periodo. a ppears .to bu a little strange. On the one band, he seoms to have g radually gained···tho confidence of the people and eve ntually·beco mo lviaharajadhiraja. On the other, he was f ully loya l to the Lichchhqvi dyncsty. Ho did not want tha t his own dynosty s hould rule in Nepal. Ee ;.,roclaime d U dayadeva,. a Lichchhavi Prince, as Yt:van:i �;a. He wanted ·uctayadeva to s u cc-?ed hi,n. This ,is• tho recison why Jishnugupta epthroneo"" -·1-i.1marjunadeva, descrL :ng him as a person bel-mg ing to a ruling dynas ty, i::-. or-dur to show tha t he too h[' d put a Lichcn.'1avi prince on the throne. Answer: No. Bhaumagupt.a �hira, who im talled. the. image of N�ray�na re clin ing on water, _had even becoire Bhattsraka . But ho lator Cc!me . to _grie.f. He �hen ren liozed th!lt'.h e could mt get along unless .ha put a Lichchhans on the thrcn·.. ,. Question: Do you have any evidenc e other than the fact of U9ayadeva being procl.aired as Yuvaraja to prove t hatJ\:ns __,v arma wa s a Lichchhavi i' · l1nswor : There are the inscriptions of Narendradeva . . Question : You have repeeted the same argument What about the.effigy of the rr.:.,on in tl-ie coins· of .i..n shuvarma· ? Cont.d•• • . .. . . ·'• . ; :·• 1,...u• , : . = . Answer : There is another point� Buddhakirti, . whq:t ias written antaccount of the Lichchhavi dynesty, has given an account of Ll?hchbavi Kings 0 1:1].y, no t of others. Question: The above-nxmtionod 5nscription of· Jeyadova· does not mention'" · J,.mshuvarma, no-r· does it contain any refe�enc� to other rulers. R at�r , this inscription appears to - have bean installed with the scrle objec-'tive of retcounting the glory of the Lichchhavi Kings; It is therefore natur al that it should not have JOC;ntioned . J.imshuvarmat. Answer : But it .doe� JOOntion the naro ,•:;f Udayadeva •. �est ion: This is so bec�usa Uctayadeva wa� th-� f ather of·Narendradeva . · Since if arendradcva had· come to . power with the -belp- •bf Udayadeva, it was natural for his nazoo to bd m:mtionod in this i:µs�ription. ·Answer : The inscription also contains the word Kshitisha . Wha t does this mean 1 Quastion : Thist· te rm is a li ttle unclear. Answer: Kshi tisha refers to llmshuvarma, bi:.:cause he was· oot a K¥l'g• ·' Quest.ion:· Amshuvanna was a · ruler m.th a glorious pdrsonnlity during the Lichchhavi ;pe riod.· If tie had b66n ·a Lichchhavi , he would have c 1 1.::��rl:y · desc ribed himse lf as such. Why should ·11<3 have used ·su, ch a vague ·13::,::prcs.s iJn to deicribe himself ? M oreover� WE: should no te th� di ffer�:nce between V�rmD nnd Dev ::.. 1mswer: No, ther� is no diffe;renco ce tween Var�a and Devat. Udayade va was previously called Udayavarma•. !'- purson was called Varron , ris , long as he di d no t become King or Crown Prince. Mambers of tt'l:)_pr incely family o f Udayapur nre all "Simha11 • But when anyone ascends tho throne, he i's cal lo d Rana• I There wer1.J many Varmas at that timat. knshuva rma s own nephew, who vu.' '.: �J · Maha samanta, was a V arma . I do not recall his name . Que�tion : , Bhogavarma . ? Answers Yes, Bhogavarma • . - . Question: They were Rajputras. Thti inscriptiuns describo therri as Rajaputra =mri · Shurc:itsenat. This shows that they were Rajaput :Kshn tr'.:..yast. / , An�er: Yes, th�y w�i r(; all Ra jap uts . Contd ••• 147 . Question: Amshuy�rm� was one :of. these RaJaputra s. The Vamshava lis contain a raference · to · th<:.: ·abdication of -Shivcidevor. ·This_ point too merits "OT'lc-: consideration. One inscription r�fers to Shri Shivadeva Viharar. Dv�s this me an that Shiva deva had renounced the w::>rld and l0d 3n asc0 tic life, as stated in th\;) Vams ha valis ? il.nswer: No, no . U1ert, is also a placo called .Manadevavihara and •Rajaviha ra . Did Nanadeva too b�comd a monkr? g,;uastion: It appears to us that �rer. than ordinary _consideration should b6 given to the point m�ntion�d ·-in the Vamsba vali that Shivadev.a :1act bc..coir:,. a m:ink, and handed over the reins of administration to 11ll'lshuvarma,· th"'t, . �nshuvarma had proc laim�d Udc!yadt:1va �-s Crown Princ1.;; (Yuvaraja)r., and so-on. Answer:.· "'t·N hugala� thero is an inscription dated 535 Samvat in which only '\,he word•:l)eva appear_s . It ,had been installed by Shivadava . &:fore his d1::;�tt1, · - he had expr•�ssed a wish to ·m:1ke r. rit.uel gift. H� insta lled tho inscripticn nf-wr making 0 the gift.· ..: 1�uas tion : Of c�urse, · this inscription contains tha wor :l Dc3va. Bu t it is sligL tly obscuru . This also appears to indicaT,e thDtSh ivadeva had abdi ca ted. Answer : Dilli Ram an fuJgmi cl.1ims that the-- 25 -Purana.s h.ad .beE:,fl allocated for the King. I�_ there any refer�nce to this anywh�re ? • , • 1••.. •• • • • • I . . . , . . Question: Y8sr., �here is. im inscription found ot Handigaun contains tht.J wo rur; 11Bha ttarakapadanam Purana '25.r'1 Comma1dc r;,. in-Chiaf (Mahab'n ladh;r,:h:h:-; ) too vll s given 25 Puranas : . ( ToJ;,e • Cone ludedJ · l48 � 1 : D1sguis;ad En?lish Travellers In Nepal And Tibet . By Ma hesh Raj Pant . Woolen shawls woven by Kashmiri weave rs ere w in grea t deinanci in th� whole of India , as well as in. Per� ia ana England. The attention of the �ast. lndi.'.l Company was. thera:fore drawp •towards this field.2 _/ In .i8Jl. Vikrama ,o3 Governor-Gane ri l Ha rren Has tings of the E'ast. Ji. dia Company had sent Gl3orge, Bogle to Tibct as his envoy--+ to procure specim�ns · of goats and_ shet:p who se; wool was suit able foro. the manufacture of shawi.s . Samuel Turner,o. who had ba,an sent on a similar mi�sion by Wa rreno. :\a stings in 1840 Vikrama, wa s able to bring some goats and, she.ap a long 1:ri. �'1 ·. fr to BElnga l . 5 But the animals could no t withstand the. hot climateo. cf 0-:H(;..;.tt r , They she.d their wool,o. and the ir skin started cracking. Turner then sent th(, anima l;.; tc England, where ha thought the c limatu would prove more suitab l� . But the anima ls could not bear c> journr.· 1 by st.Hi and: ·so ·dii;ic,i on . . '. .. . ·, l. Mah .::sh Ra j Pant, 11N�pal�anga Lada in ih�lnu Aghi Aclg:re j haruie .Gupta Bh1:1ostJII-� ""' Gare ko N�p al-Bhot Bhramon11 (Tours of lf opal and Tibet Undartaken in Dis 1 guiEe By Englisl)rrk.mo_ Before The Launching o.f the Wa r ·With tL, p?.o i. f�' 26, Shrawan 2029 (July 1972), pp.67 -88 . 2. John Pemb le, The Invasion o.;· ·;::pal: John Corepan,y .:\t War, p. 69. · 3. Cleioonts R. Markham, UarratiV(;S Of Thi::: Mission Of G12;orge Bogle. To Ti� 1-. nd Of The Journ�y Of Thomas H'1nning To Lhasa , p. 68 . 4. Ibid. pp . B-9 . 11 ••• to s.::nd ona or more pairs of th,;j ani� ls cn\l,:, d 'i'us , which product:S the shawl wool. If by a do olii.l , chairs , or cffj otheir contrivance they can b,J s.,. cur\-::c:. from th� fat"-gucs c1nd nazaros• of the way, thb e�ns�s is to b1:: no obj..:ct.i on. 11 This is an excerpt a I . from W rren Hastings l&ttor to G1;:;org" Boglt; . 5. Clements R. Markh:::m, 2£• ill.•, pp . 71-72. Contd••• .· 149. tha way. S ub s�qu--ntly, Turn er made other a t'kmpts to s�nd such a nima ls to Englrind, butu_ wi_thout s-:....c�ess . The oosire oi' Hastings to bret;d Tib.::tm1 goauts and � heE;lp in Indiau· or in &lgla nd for·th i:: p.;roduct 0 ' ion of shawl :wo ol thus rc:)mained.. ' unfulfill�d. .- . · . · In 1856 VikramEi, instructions Wqr.:± s..-.nt to Calcut,t,a fi·om .England to send some -goats and sheep, whose wool was suitclblt: for tl:k, manufactur� of · shawls, for .pti.rpos;.s of br..:i:lding ·1u7- _ In 1741. Vikrama, Ladakh sign\;d· D tr .. : aty :with .-,Tibct and thorcby _ ob uained a monopo ly in the import of shaw;L wool from ·west?rn 1'ibet. �rcha s f 1 nt rom Kashmir had a roooopoly in th� purchas;:: ol' s .' ch woo). from th\j Ladakhis.. The other provinctls of India h.jd thus no sharw .:.n th,, shuwL wool tr<1de.P Dr. William Moo·rc roft, a ve:t,erinary_go�to�, employe d in th,.:: cavalry division of th0 East India Company, was eager to d�velop direct trnd� r� l�- ti-ons .wi"tih wo�tern Ti bat for t.ha irnr,ort of shawi wool. 9 . 0 _ Tho : East Indi.:i Company us,;;d tc import horsu S• of .good brs.:. d for Kubul · for its c�v�iry; But:· whon. Ranjit Singh ,:;xpand0d h· ,_. '. l': _ _ ·: .1 :.l.)S in tho Punjilb, tht- Company ·.f.ound it Vt;ry dif.ficu lt. to.po - -l? O aft�r l.863 Vikr::m:a . This na turam�ll y wo rried Mo orcroft·and so h,: plarm::d·t"o- ·procure horsas from elsowher,:. · expt:ctr.:;d his visit to Tib.:t to prov0 hl!lptul in this r,./gard too . l"J . · .• __ . • · • l- . 6 . Sann1G l 'l'urn0r, J.ui Account Of 1m Er-, inssy· To The Court Of TP.shu Lama in Tibet, •PP• .356-357 . "H.:�r-- i. -- ;;;c.:i-1--i ,i .' :::.tudes of th�.' V.'.lluabl0 animcJl, whos8 coat affords materials -for that exquisikly fins and b'eautiful ITk1 nufac ture, the shawl. They wore feeding in largt?.fl ocls:s upon thi.:; th,m dry horbiage that cov(,rs· theso ·nakod-looking hills�· '.!.his ·is, p-,rh.'..!ps, th.. , mo st beeutifu l sp_;acics amongst thci- w� L-.; trib,:: of. �oats; mor.: so , in my opini0n, ·th.an :. hciYa ngol. kind. _Th.. �ir co lors wt-;ro va i;.ous·; blnc:k,. whit- , of a faint bluish tinge, nna ··or· a shade sozrkjthing ligp.tor't han, a fawn. They havt:i str<.1i ght horses," and ar� of n lowur stature than tlk: sman,.::st s . in or h hesp 'England•. T he... ma_t·� ria ls us>::1d f t � manuf ac1 t.u:re o f, showl.s is of a light fine 'ttlxturi;.i,- and ·alwjys : nc,xt .the an;tJ11c1.i.us skin • .H. . coarsu covJring of _.long hair gro'ws abova this., .. and p:rese_ r:v,;;s· the softnl;lss of its coat, to·the nature·o f thu cl,im1:l.t..: it L1;1abits; upun rt•moving somf.: of' th�rr. to tht: ho t atmospht::lr� of B.o.ng 11 7. Alistair Lramb� 11 Tibut In .Anglo-Ch:in.;1S1;: R.-.:LJjtions, 176 7-1842 .u Jourmd. Contd••• . Moorcroft dacided 'to reach w,Jstern Tibe t �h�1.1gh· Garhwa l, .which w.i s th�n under !,J'c,p3l Is CO?!+.·:~ ·_, 1.: ·H.=� thon .beg,m a search for f�llow travd llors who had a good kno wlodgG of this r,,.gion ... One rea�on why h� chose this ro utG was his hop� that tra ve l along it would �nab l� hui to gain knowledg� abou. N•'.• p:: 1, whic"'h could b-:1 useful at th.;.; timo of th�� war whic h might be fought ag::.ins t N��pa1"'. ll 2 Emp0ror Akbar II (1863 to 1894 Vikra�� ) 1 had ndoptcd Zakarulnissa , a Princ1::ss of Chamb i Sta te of Gujara t, anci marritid h;;1r ':.c· H.:.i:i.d(;r Young H ..�arsuy, an Anglo-Indian •.T hanks to thi ·, marriiagti, Hears1.:y had become t.hv magist.ra tti of a plac'3 known as Kart;li situatvd near Bar:.;illy. Ho;; t.i.aci m:i d,;: his permanent. rusi d.mc.;;' · in Kareli.l.J (Cont,d) Of '!be Roya l ii� iotic Socie�, Nos. l-2 , 2015 Vikramn ( 1958), p �. J8. • I t 8 .• · John P�mble., .2P.• cit • .,- p. 5-9; Ts�pong W.D •. Sha kappa, .T b t: � .Po i .ica l. ½ : �_ History, PP • '12'2-!2J; R�m Rahul:, The Governm>;nt knd Poll.tics O f T1.o-::t, PP • 37-38 .- 9.· Hugh p;;ars , Tru.: HE-a rs2ys : Fiv"' G�n�rutions Of im ii.n&l�-Ind��f} · Fami ly, pp. 66-68 .- 10 .· Hugh Pt;t1rs,- 2E.� ill• , p�- 67; John Pambl�,£2 •· •:; it ., ··p •. to . "ll.· This·"'· stawment is bos (:d on the f'c1 ct t hat Moorcroft nadei his knowl.edgt:: abo ut N�pal available to the Ea st India Company at th� ti�� of th� N0p-al war •. Ea st Indi3 Company,� PDpi;:rs �sp0 cting Thu Nopal War,. pp .. . 76- 93 •· ·13.: Hugh Pears, 2£• .£!!:_, .. pp. 53�54; John Pembl.:.;� _2£.. c it . ,. p � 40•. Cont.a .,.� 151. · .h.f'kr Nawab Sadat . .lt li of o,1d h sir,n-�-d a tr,)aty csding ha lf of hi s st.nc:: to tfu; . Ei; st Indit:i Compnny on ·M_urga • l, .L85H V ikrroo, Ba,t"yilly _w� s Dnn-..:: x,.0 to t h.� dominions o f· th() Ea st India Company Gov·.;;I"nnunt. J.4 'l' h�, rQvo lt which s tarted in Bare;lly'in t h1;1 winter of 1862. Vikrama had be�n crus.h�� by Haid.;;r Young Hearsc:y. 1., . · ' • . • •., ·\ I • In Ba isakh 1865 Vikrama·, thi;; East- Indi;;i Company -depu�ci Captain Hea r� s ey, C.9ptain R::iper· and Cuptain Webb to locoto· th<:, sourcv. of tho Ganga rivwr. Aftcir traveling through Hardwnr,: Ddvaprayag, ,Srinn.g�·r, Karna.-Prayag, Nanda Prny ag, Joshimath, Bc1drinath"'1 •.�tc . for three months, thu&:1 explorers arrive,d ::it th2 cone lusion that th➔ sourc,;,"of th..:, Gangl! las, at Gangotri . Th,.: Eng lish.:."'· · men h ..3d obtain,:a permission from �pr:· rfor und•Jrtn king ,a. tour of . th., st": places, w hi ch wc:re thun situat.. d inp idc th�: St.,<1t0 of 1bp al •.16 Hearaey i s known to hav1:: submitt-� d n mili�!:lry r..:port to th,t Englisu commander who had betin making stic:r 1Jt prepar;.. tions for th1::i invasion of N;:,p"'a1."'l7 This le ads one to aasum." that mnwrialwh ich could"'· be u·saful to .the English commanders could also have: bedn co11.tlcwd durir:g thd.· · exp,.::di- tion un:ierthken to locatt:: tht: source of tho Gnnga"'. . In 1866 VikrnIOO , tht:1 Ee.1 st. Indi�- Ce,.mpany s unt -Hdc!rst:y to attack .Brah Illa doo ��ow 'in Kanchanpu:r )l.8 in th.:. Tarai of N13pul.: Th� 11:ist· Indb Comp.:iny had so ld th� Taroi territory t.o Ouciti nft.:.r d�f-=iating l'h,p�l in t.i:..e �:c:r .19 14. Mah<'lsh ·Ra j Pnnt, 11lf op.:i l-imgrej Yuddhnko ":.:'z.:yari. '' (Pr,tp.::irations For the N,:pE.il-British Wnr) , Purnime, 2, p. 75·. 15. Hugh. Pc:ars, 21?_• ill•1 'p. 52 . 16 . -Ibid,"'. pp • . 55-.57. .- ' ... , 11 17. MaheshRa j Pant,"'. 11Bir Bhakti Thapll"' ( 'lho Brav(;; Bhakti Thapa) , Purnima , · , 21, pp. 27-28."'- o 18 . K.h�dga.. .Man a M lia,."'..N�p::Jl Ko Bhugol· (G�ogr�phy f N"�_l)f (Ninth Edition), p . 56 . 19·. Hugh P-3ors, .2.E,• �. ; P• 57. Contd •."'• 152 • . King• Pradyumna Shah of Garhwa�· was dafeci�ed in a battle witb. Nepc,1.t20 Mwr his death in 1862 Vil:q-ama,2 1 hist. son, Sudarshan _Shah fl�d and soug ht, a sylum with the East India Company Governm.::nt. ?2 · . · · . Tht;; Chandi area (now · in tha Bijnaur district of U�tar Pradesh) of · the Gf:rhw!ll Stat,;; , which Nepal ho d failt:id to o ccupy, ,,n d Dehradun, whic•, N,:;pDl llod occupied, had ba£;n 17ought by Hcarsty from Sudarshan Sh_:" h for :.� 'to tcl of Rs ·30')5. 00 on �sh:.idh 10, 1868 Vikr::ima . 2 3 ·Moorcroft decide d to take H�ars�y who had b�en residing in th� ndigh borhood of Garhwa l for some time, had travi:iL,d i.hrough _Garhwal one�, .:::nd had fougtit aga inst NPpa li troops, along with him•. 11 20. MDhesh Raj Pant, 11Bir Bhakti T ha p!:! (Thi.7 .3rav1;; Bhakti Tb,apa), Purniin[: , 14, P_P • �49 . l.54. 21. On Kartik 12, .).861 Vikrama, NE:'pal d�fc:atad. King· �radyumna Shah of Garhw.3 l and oceupie d that country. (Purnimo , 14,- p. 154) •. rradyumna Sha h fled, but was ki ll.adin th1:: nE:txt battltJ (wnich h•: fo u� t witri tht:, Gorkha l.is). His broth0r, Pritam Shahi, was ccip tur,. r:J by t.h� Gorkrw l1S , (Ibid, pp . 152-154). Trb S<,C:md .:<.1 ttl� hc.: d b1:1�n fouc:.�t in 1862 VikruJT:[, e T!uswi ll become clear from two aocurr..ents publis b::d in the .Rug:,1i �search &:rit:1s, edit�d by M:.th;;.sh Ch"mdrc.. Re gm:.. , Ywdr 3 , lJo. 2, F�bruary l, 197 1, PP • 46-47 . Troops had b�n st:lnt und�r the;-.c orrmc1nd _of Kaji 1t.mar Si.mhc.: Th�pa (s!::nior) to a·�taC'k Garhwa l. .His. chie f assistants :wer1;; Kaji Ranadnir B.:isrjyat, and Subba Ha stada l Shah. (Purnima , 14, p.150). Since thE;s:. - two p\:lrsons had differc,nces with Kaji .iunnr Sirnha. Thapa, Rana.d hir Bus nyat was replaced by Surabir Khatri, Rannbir Khatri and Dhannkar Khatri , and Hastadel Shah by Ctiandr£ib i"." Yanwsr. r�L;�mi Rv�i:.arch S<::rL:is, Y ar J, No. 2, p . 47) . �cording to the Bh2sh:: V,:,1�sl1c.i1.vli, Cn.Jndx·<"bir Kanwlr took part in tho lastbat t.la of G;J rhw�,l (Piirnima, 14 , pp . 131.-152 )t. l:.� shows tha t th.:; l ast battle _of Garhwal took plac� , in . 186? Vikr.::.mut. 22".· Purnitna , 14, pp. 153-154; .Papers Respecting The N(,p al Wa r., .2£·· c it-.·, pp. 250 and 270-271.. ilJ.• Hugh Pears, 2£A ill• , pp. 58-60; Rahul. Sankrity�yan, Garhwa�., p,.· 236. Contd ••," ·. l53 • Barly in the l th entury Vikr rna, �h vadeva ,o born in th� J . � � 9 � . _ oshi dyn�sty which had b0.:a,n . dom:u.at1.ng th0 "ff al.r s 0 1 h.umaun since th e 17 tn century · Vikr.:. ma, hact·becorntJ all-pow-.;rful of Kumauri by virtue of ri.s b ravery. Ho w ever, in th1;: tussle for, power, he was assassinr,ted by hi:;; riv.::i ls in 18 21 1/ikrama � H is foes, howdver; h ad not succeeddd in tc t:.:l ly e:.�.'.';:na ting th;:; influc:;nc� o f the J oshis. This �xplains \ihy ths r�ins of administr::itior. waro in th� h3nds s.o metirnes of Ha rshedeva J oshi, son of Shiva d.;va , and somE:ltime s of his fo es . Fina lly1 Harsha do v: Joshi wa s dri wn o ut of Kumaun by his oppoh-;nt . He la t:.:r joi.rl�d the Gorkheli troops who wcrti plani:dng to comuclr Kumaun. In 1847 Vikr:o· '.':J tht: Gorkh c)i.is conquerdd Kumaun. Harsha d�va Joshi waonwd. to be oomo; -:..m., ruLr o i l.i;.m.aun hims..:lf in consideration . of th,, he lp which hu had givf:n to thd Gorkha iis. Howa V!;;r, th,,; Gorkha lis did not ob lige him an::i ·this led to a rift b0tween th� two sid·J so. Ha rsro:: d,3va Joshi then joim d hnnds wi th the eneimie s ·of tho H_:,pal Gov0r:JTI�': nto. m, a lso b8cane an accampli�d of the Eng lishmeri" who ·wr!r· t: t-hm making se cret pl\·; p�- rations· for s war against tfopat.2 · . .. . � 4 . Moorcroft de cided to m.:ikc;,'- Harshac.;;Y8 Jos hi his companion during his travel to w E.st0rn Tib0t, lls llir�;"l.tid�va had grown up in Kulll<9un, whicn ad ,::,:xi , d Garhw� l, had ·b�como tho most powarful man of that 8rea for som:: time, and had go t annoyf3d with Nepa l. Both N,:;pal �nd china had ask.::d for assistunce from the Ec:1 st India Company during tht:tir ws:.1r in 1849 Vi krama. 25 But ntiit hc:c- N-:pal .nor China rdceived any aid from th;.; comp any . 26 It rc..m::dn." d n1::utral bec.:auSo it ht d cornm,3 rcia l re l ations with both i'hp< l and China ,o27 . . Th.:: H;ast India Company , aftGr it ·s tar�d ;�ling Ind�, btlgan to .i.mp2ort military training on th� Wi;;: Stern modal t.o th0 Til.l.ngas (i.o�. inhabito.nts of Taiianga do sh) in MadrDs anci in.t:roduced thu Eurc;:ii.;r?� system oi• re:;cruit.i% 24 . Badri Datt ti P1n�,:i , Kurnaun K.:i t I i has (His_tory of Kurnaun) , pp . 258-412 . . 25. wo E. Rose,. Stratsgy ior Survi v� !, pp . S6-57, 67-68.. ..Di lli Raman Regmi, Modern Nepal;. pp •. 179-lBJ . · · 26 .. Wi t"iiani K irkpa tri.ck,. kl 'J.ccotint ·of Thd Kingdom of •N0paul, pp . 7 and 350-352 ; Yogi Naraharinath, Itihas Pr�kashma Sandhipa tra SanfrDh�� PP.: . 20-22o. . 2 7. William Kirkpotrick, op. · c it ;; ··pp� .349-354; .u:o E. • ��e ,. .,2• cit., pp . 57-58, 67-69 •. Contd . .o. .· l.54�:·. troops. The troops thus recruit.::d wEa:re ca.Ll,;d·Tilangat. Lat.or, all tha native troops und�r the English began to 0�0 knov,,T. DE Tilangns ,?8 Imitating th.. English Tilimgas:, NApal had star'tud raising some troops sin·ce th-- 2 • n Sh2h.. Such tr ops wf.)�e also called Tilanga s . 9 timG o f Prith vi Naraye o • . � . ,. ' i ,...• . . . Thi::set. Tilangas, who werz dressed· in English styb uniforms, we r-;; wrongly taken bY the Chine so colllJll,.'.)nd(:;r who fought agains t N•..,pa l os Bnglish l,roops. H,➔ then submitwd a report. to Chio;st' Emperor Chien-lung (179.3 to 1852 VikramD)3 0 to the effoct tha_t thci Company 's profossion of n8ucrc1 li5{ in tha war was fals� . end that it was actl.l[J1.ly aiding th� N�pn l Govdr nmr nt. In· Bhadra 18 50 Vikrama, George McC rtney visited the court of Emp�ror a J2 Chien-lung as th'=' envoy of King G-:iorgd III of Brita in (185 ?- 18 76 Vi krom.:i ) . The Ch:inu sQ a,,rt i·0rities inquire d of Mc Cartney ·as to why tho English shou ld have assist.0 d i�·c: p Chien- lung, who \ : s angry with th-;;i English, sant :McCartney from Chi.nn soon.35 As a r.::. sult, MoCartneyt1 s mission to China did not y:ie: ld the ex-: pect�d rdsults .36 28. Shyam Sundar Das� Hindi Shabda-Sagar, p. 1415 • 29.• N!JY�. Rci j Pant, Devi Prasad ?handari, G�utnm Bejrn Bc=; jracharya and . 1 5 Din\3sh rlu j Pant (..:id. ). Sr.r- i S .i?rithvi N�r.:.iyan Sh.a h .Ko Upan(;S;, Ccw:-:i..: C of King Frithvi Narayan Shah), pp . 330-395; DhanabGJra BajrDch� ryLl a nd Gnyan Mani Nepal (eds. ),, J.::yaretnakoranat.::ika , pt. -83 � )"J. stiri 5 Prithvi' Nar·ayan Shah· Ko Upadesh, pp. 1349-1350. Jl.: Samue l Turner, 2£• cit·.t,. p. 4LO •. 32 . M,arga W. Fis her end Leo E •.:o s,o, Englmd, India, N'-'pal, Tib1:, t, Chin.i, · · ·1165-19-58, pp . 1:, 5-• . 33. illistair Lamb, "Tibet In Anglo-Chinese Re latio n-s-, 1767,..1842. 11 Journal of The Roya l .llsia ic Society, 2014 ( 1957 �t. D . ) , Vols � 3-4 , p � 174• � _t 34. Dilli R aman Rc:igmi, Hodorn NepD l, p . 2 25.·· r.� 3�. John Pemb le, op. cit., p. 68 . ___)6. Dilli Raman Rt: gmi, ££• .£.!!:• , p. 204 . ----...... Contd••• 155 •. Taking ttdvanuge of the civil war in Tibe t, China intarfercd in thtJ affairs of tb.vt st�te ._ . Since 1785 .VikrDIDl:l ,· Chin� had b�en _stationing its rdpresent at :i.,ve as wll as troopos _in Tibe�,- thorciby r\.l.li_ng over that St£1 -w . 37 Following ti1e outbrenk of tho Nepal-China war, all routes leading to Tibet from India w:ere -closE!d for thE. Engli ,h and English sub j-: cts on th� order of Chien-lung .JS · ,.· On learning of Chien-lung 's disp leasure at the Eng lish, George III · .::wrote a letter to him in 1852 Vikrama •. That le tter falsely claimed tha t th� En glish had ttacked Nepa l f rom tho rear wht-!} it was invol . 9 ved ·i_n <'l war with _C l:ina . 'l'h o aim behind thois delibei'ci te fa lsehoo· · d was to · 1mpro vl:l relations wir,h Cr.ina •.39 Ev�n after. the doa th of Chien-lung in tho winter of ·1852 Vi krnma,40 his Policy of barring Englishmen and Eng li�:r subj, cts from entering int o Tibet w�s - continued. In 1868 Vikr�a , .:in Englishn:m narnad Thomas Mcirining; aga in went to Ti�_t in disguise . How0ver, on· order· s frorr{ Peking, he wns soon ·expelle<;l· from Tibe t ,41 . , . '. Bacause of Chinc1o1 s po l 5.:7 not to et l Englishmm, enter into· Tibe t, as .well as of- doubt.3 whe �h<.:r Nepa l too would refuse to parmit thair entry 1 into Garhwal, which was then unde r NdpaJ.: � oonotr�l, Mo.o rcroft decidod to s lip into Tib�t secretly. �t that t:i.m�, a group of Sa·nyc:; sis callt:3d Gosains used to -,traval to Tib�t through 1fopal for th� purpos G of trade .42 l-'.io o.ccroft th•)ught th�t he coul,d enter into. Qarhwal --;,5 th th� pU'miss·ion of -N(;pal oucc:; he mann ged to reach Tib et in the gu.1,.sa of a Gosain . H,:i thcught tt at h.;. could th� avo id various difficulties in hj,s futur1.:: tr ips to ·: L.k t� hccor dingly, Moorcr�ft end Henrscy, disguist::d as saffron-clad Gosains , ent.,;;ri::d · into N'epa li territory : :i .I3aisakh 29, l.869 V�rama , They carried with th..;m mus kets _wrappod in saffron cloth. They were accompanied by Harshadeva , onu Pandit, am one Afghan soldier na�ed Gulam Haide r Khan . Th�ir luggag�s · ·were carried by 30 or 35 �ort�rs .43 37. Sepc n Shakabpa , PP• l40-l44 . 38 . Cl�ments Ma rkham, .2£• ill• , P• 79 . ·· · 39. John Pemb lt..,o, 2.E• ill•,P • 68 . 40. MargarE1t w. Fisher and :Wo E. Rose, 2£• cit., p. J . . . . 41. Clements MDrkham,,2£. cit.o, p. 80� · ··· • • ·, • • • _: : .. • J : .� ' • l • • • f • ' • e 11, � P• ·124:::,:12, . Kiran C handraoChaudhari, Jm l 42·�o·-11Travels o f• G eorge Bogo P _ g o Nepalese Ralations, pp . 40 and 6Q. 43 . Hqgh Pears, P• 69. Contd,.•o .• "156 . . ·.. Hearsay,· with the"'. cooperation of H�rshadeva , started p reparing maps of roads immediatoly afte r. i:;:nt,Jring into NE:·pBli territory . He-did no t USO instrum�nts for -this -p�pos�, lest this srwuld rous�· S'..lSpicio '.1 nnong tha 0 N,;.;paU,s. Instead, he., mea surod t,,ne tt.e ::. 0'-.:iu, 2. footsteps c � -HarshadE:Vil 44 clllcul. att::d as equal to 4 fe . 1'h.a pa rty of spies did no t travel through, the main route , but passed through a. place named . Lohawa in Garhwa l, wher0 it· mixCJd with pi4.,rims trave ll,.ing to Badrinath. On a'rrlving a t Jos hi.math, ·it laft th,; rout� to Badrinath, and he aded for Tibet through Painkharid, '£ he Jimidar of -Garhwa l came to koow of this and r1::;portad tho ma ttar to the local Thanedar as well f5 to the locc1_l comroonder of the lfop.;1li t'rcnps, Subc dar Ratn" Simhn .Rana • . Cha.utara BDm Shah, administra"'tor of Garhwa l and Kurnaun, who wa s strrJ ing Qt ,4}mora, wa s also infonned that Englishmen,; disguisdd as me�diconts, had go� to Tibut through Garhwa l. Ho sent a report in t.his regard ·Lo Kat�ndu. On . J� stha 24. (June 9), Moorcroft and his party reached the Himalayan area"'. of. Niti, which was situ.:! ted 18 mili;:s north-east of Jo shimath and a 44 . Ibid, p. 69. 45 . Ib id, pp . 69-70. 46. Rahul Sankrityvyci n,· �arhwal, p. 251. ,) � .•,!. /. �adri Da"'tta Pande, Kumaun Ka Itiha e, op-. . cit., p . 67 . ThtsN .is· a ro ad t'rom _Dann.:i in th•:: Himalayan region of Kumaun to MDnsarovar. -· ... Contd ••"'• 157 . to sell th1::m in order to meot our travelling expenses . It is tr-:.1..: th3t ,:;.; ares. carrying some -Wuapons , but thu.:;iu are not meant !'er : t-:::1cking any · p�rson. Wo have brought th0se wearons pure ly' for s.::.Lf- dO:ltlns�. I f you find it di.fficult to release us only on the ground · that we a re · armed; ·we 3r1;; -prepared to laavc _ th& s& "i-ieapons somewhore at this place. 11 This reply had soma tiffect on the ruler of Niti. He askod them to wait at least for 15 days to obtnin an entry p•armit from tho Tibetan officer across th;l b ordi:ir. HowE/ ver, no such p0rmission was obtaioosdev en a· fter 15 days. '.Ibis lad Moor croft and his m-=-n to stisp,- ct that the rular of Niti was deceiving tham. Thereupon , M oorcrc• ft ht:mb ly pres,0 ntad somci gifts to the ofi':.cicls of Niti. On L, shnd 12 , Hoor--;roft :anci his party wure gran-wd permission to �nti.-r into Tibet . 46 . · . , · On Ashadh, Moorcroft and his men left from Niti _ and cros s(.; d th0 border with Tibet . On .Ashadh 22., thuy arrived a t ·tha Tibetan principa lity of Da�a , situa ted 30 milo s oorth of Niti. The naxt morning� th;::y.c alled on · the rulesr of Dawa. After -presenting him with 3 yards of s�pa rfine cloth, some s� ar and spices on a brass plete, t!- t)y asked him for parm ission to pro ce�d onward. Fkas:od with the se presents, t.L0 ruler o.f D.,1wa wroti a lc tt.)r to th,,f authorities of Gartok situated about 40· miles away from : Dawa, recommending permi ssion to Moorcroft and his party to proceed t o c hr ugh that route� 'l'he Tt>ply sent from Gartok, 'Whi h �s po¢,tives · · , : reached Dawa on Ashadh 2 7 .49 · · According ly, on Ashadh 31, Moorcroft and his ·party le ft Dawa . 'Ibey r1::c:i chGd Gartr)k 6 d ays l.atar. Tho following d ay, on Shravan 5, tht:y mvt th,1 r•1for of �ar'_;oka nd purcha sad woo l in large quantitit3s, thtir . · · t:by .;;stab- lishing wada relations with western Tibd t.5 0 . Moorcroft' s primary objectiv�, ninooly, thtl establis�nt of trado relatio ns with Gartok was thus rG&lized, How3ver, not cont t:nt �d th this, he sought and obtaine d permission to trav.,1 to Tibet fro m Niti in the cap acity of a pilbrim to Manasa rovar. He the refore decided to proceed to M.:in asaro var.51 Pf ':lple had then almost forgotten that a- European- named .Ant.'.).nio Andrs,,C::·, , bad ri.::ached Manasarovar in 168 1 Vikrr,mn, i.e., 200 Yl:Drs c:igo.52 It wD s thon widely ,be li.:.;Wd t.hat n,'). .Europ6"an h�d visit,;;ci the 4� . Hugh :f,ears, £.E,• Ci�., pi;,. 70-71. 49.,. Ibid, PP • 71-74. 50. Ibid, pp . 14-75:. 5l. Ibid , -- P• ·,75 · . . 52. Clements Markham, .2.B· cit ., 11�5 6 . Contd ••-. 158. g Manasarovar lake, a famous center '�f piigrima �:;:' FJr· ttiis r.-ason, this lrJkl:i was unknown to the _Europeans at t.hat tiloo.Moorcr oft ,.therefore tb'.) tight that he could g ain fame as an uxp lorer all over Europe in cbse he suc ccleddd in re3ching Mann sarovar and writing an account of it . Thcs,.a �rnp ting prospects -promptud him tot· seek p-.;nnissio·n from the rol.:ir of Garwk to visit Manasarovar .· The rulGr of Gartok· pf;rmi ttaq Moorcroft w prb cedd straight to Manasarovar and back thr�ugh _ Niti wi thout visiting Dny oth�r p l.ace. Accor�ingl.v Moorcroft arid his porty l0 ft Gartok for , _t· Manasarovar on Shravnn' 11.53 . · . ... , . •. . This party reac hod Ravanahrad on Shravan 21 and J: 55 W�en it arrived in Dawa on Bhadra 9 on its Wi:lY back f.rorn Manasarovar, the local ruler sought to arrest Moorcroft ond other members of his pa rty.Ho'li- : -�ver,Debu Budha, a member of 1he ruli.ng fomily uf 'Juhar .Bhot who was in la£igu..: with the British, s ucce The · inhabitants of Kumaun used to buy bol'AX anq o ther . commo,;:.titie s fr,..1m Juhar Bhot, which they sold. to the poopl� of the south. 'l'his tra de yi01J..;j co�ider8ble profit to the inhabitants of Kuma un, which thc:n foriood pnrt of Nepal.Wit h a view to i:ie priving tn1:1 ·Nepalis of this profi:t , Moorcroft and his men established direct co!Tlllcrcial contacts with tho inhabit�nts 0f Juhar .Bhot at tnat time • . ,. · .. '· 53 � Hugh Pears,· 2£• ·£!..!. , pp . 75-76 . 54. �, pp. 76-77. 55. ill.9_, p . 77. 56. Kumaun Ka Itihas, .22•cit . , p. 76. \57� _µugh Pears, 2E.• 2!1·, p. 77. 11 56� Mahesh Ra j Pant, "Bir Bhakti Thapa .t ( Tho Brav€1·,· __Bhakt · · ·.i · T· �a ·pa ,.) ·, Pumimat, 12, pp. 53-54, 96-5?·. Contd ••t• 159. On -Bhndra 19, 1869 Vikrama , Hawkins wrote an innocuous m1;: ssag;;; fr, ;m Bareilly tc Dam S�nh. The ma ssage re ad as follows , 11Moorcrol't msy r(;;ach · TibtH, safely. But they are a froi d lost . thf.:,y sh.:iuld b� '. 1 0t:1i"'nod in Nt:. pa"'i on their return from Tib et"'. Bucause of. thi� fear , Dr"'. H--orcroft has gono to Tibet to purcha se some horsos_ and enjoy travel .in that country. Captain Henrsey too may })ave gonn thora al_ong with Moorcrof t . R-! ar�g .in mind t h.:' f-ri,"ndshi p b.etween _th.a Company and Nepal; yo u are requested_ to take car\-3 -:, :. ':.hese men when they return from Tibe t, and escort ·the m safely to thi.:: 1 border."'1 This massage was received by Bam Shah on iishwin 15, . 1869 Vikrruna . Ha forwEirded th_a messago to Ka"'t.hm,: mdu, along with a � rsona l lotter sta t ing tM t tho Englishn0Il whom hE• h3d pri:;ViC>Usly describE;d as diSff,Uis�d m,.;n wer.:.: actua lly inflUt3ntial p0rs,~ms . "ldt�r arr;ving at Chandpur, situa t�d at a distanci:: of 8 mil.as ·from 6 Karn�1 ?r�,.) ·ag, !,9 Moorcroft and his party mt:t Banu�o 'Ihapa, 9 wq_o_ w� s th0 N,:::pa li officer of tha t a rea"'_. On .Ashwin 27, Bandeo Thapa inquired of them w hy they had p as sod through if opali territ,Jry incognito. They str� ighu=n,r�y replied tha t thtiy could mt havd en-wr ed 'l'ibet had not tht1y moved in dis guise, that in any ct:se, thoy had n,.t Jone �nything bad by trav�"'ling t.hmugh Nt1pa li territo ry i:1 this manner, ana that thare was no reascn w"'hy · they should not � aLJ.owed to movi; abrrnt inside NEipal whcm th'. �\ r-c:1Jalis coulC::tr ave:l freoly within thc.l C�mpanyI s wrri tory. (To B� Concludod) . 59. Rahul S n\r:.tyayn ,"' Ga rhwa l, p. JJ4 . a n _ 60. Hugh Pears, £E • cit., p . 78. '.i.'he na me of thcl Nt pali officer fui:, b,;::,en givan as Banda Thapa ; This is not a common Nepali qa100 . MorGov�r, th�re is no reference to this na rw in coni;i;mporary Nopali docu�nts . Bandeo Th?pa wns tho namo of Bhakti Thapn's elder brother. (Pumima , 21, p. 40)"'. r have·ther e for,:,_: givun the name of this Nepali officer as Bandeo Thapa. ' Bhakti Thapa was 70 ye ars old wh,.m he was kille d in th0 bnttlu -:)f fuuthal on Bais akh 6, 1872 Vikr::imn"'. (Surya Bikram Gny3wali , J..mC! r .Sir'.h.'.'l Thapa, pp. 102-lOu )"'. Ji.c cordi:-ig to Hugh P8cJrs (p. 78), Bandeo Thci pD ·.."'. ..; about 70 y,a':),rs old wh2r. h:3 met Moorcro"'ft in 186 1 Vikrama . 'Ihi s co�oboraws my view. 1.60. Restoratbn Of kbolish?-d Rajya·s S�veral principa liti·.s in the wstern"'.hi ll region which had b(;en ab ....li shed during this lat t.er part of thl;j eighteenth century were rttstorod during thia· 1860 1 s in apprecie.tion of the coop,;;ration which they rendered during the Nepal-Tibet war (1855-56"') , as wl.l as during the military exp�ditiun which Prins Minist:.:ir /ung Bahadur updvrtook in 1857 t.o htt lp the Br-itish suppr.css the Indian urJ.ti1zy-. Tht1se Rajyas inc ludad tht; following :- l. Garhunkot 2 •.Ga lkot J. J3hirl. h.. Kaski 5. Ma ln.-3ta In 1851-52, th�re ware J Rajyas , or principaliti�s of f�udatory stDtus, in tho King dom of Nepal which enjoy,:1d full interna l autonomy on paym,mt of an annua l tribute (Sirto) . These Rajyos and the paymunts duo from tncm word as follows:- 1. Raja Gajaraj Simha of Ba jhang ••• Rs 501 2. Raja -o·f Mustang ... Rs 8°f, and tc.ngan horses . 3. RaJa Gajendra SimhD -of Tha lahara ••• Rs 25 . (S.B. Maharj an) .