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Tribhuvan University in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE

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Tribhuvan University in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE NEPAL–BRITAIN RELATIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GURKHA SOLDIERS A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Tribhuvan University in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE Submitted by RAM NARAYAN KANDANGWA Central Department of Political Science Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu, Nepal March 2008 LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION We, the undersigned, certify that this dissertation entitled, Nepal-Britain Relations with Special Reference to Gurkhas, was prepared by Mr. Ram Narayan Kandangwa under our guidance. We, hereby, recommend this dissertation for final examination by the Research Committee of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, in fulfilment of the requirement for the DEGREE of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE. Dissertation Committee: _______________________________ Prof. Dr. Ram Kumar Dahal Supervisor _______________________________ Prof. Dr. Shyam Kishore Singh Expert _______________________________ Dr. Prem Sharma Expert Date: ___________________ 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research work would in no way have been completed without the invaluable guidance, cooperation and assistance from numerous experts as well as help and inspiration from many people of various walks of life. This researcher would like to express the deepest indebtedness to his most respected and revered supervisor, Prof. Dr. Ram Kumar Dahal, TU, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, who provided extremely important guidance and suggestions ever since I embarked on this work. This work, in the absence of his constructive and perpetual instructions, would have been unthinkable. In similar fashion, this researcher owes enormous gratitude to Prof. Dr. Shyam Kishore Singh, TU, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, who also did not lag behind in giving essential instructions and advice. This researcher is also immensely grateful to Dr. Prem Sharma, Programme-in-Charge, CDRD, TU, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, for continuously providing very useful guidance and suggestions and generously sharing his wide knowledge in research methodology. I also would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge with my appreciation the support and useful advice I received from Professor Dr. Tribhuvan Nath Jayaswal, Central Department of Political Science, TU, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Human Rights Activist and Lawyer Mr. Gopal Siwakoti ‘Chintan,’ Kathmandu, Reader Dr. Surendra K. C., Central Department of History, TU, Kirtipur, Kathmandu and Dr. Gobinda Subba, English Department, Mahendra Multiple Campus, Dharan. I am equally obligated to Dr. Tirtha Raj Luitel and Mr. Santa Bahadur Thapa (Ph.D. Scholar) who from the early days of this project helped me in many ways. It would not be a justice to forget mentioning the names of GAESO secretary, Mr. Mahendra Lal Rai and Central Committee Member (GAESO), Mr. Naren Rai who at all times encouraged me and provided the materials available in GAESO’s archive. Many other friends such as Mr. Gajendra Isbo, Mr. Bhakta Sher Rai, Mr. Baudha Man Limbu, Mr. Santosh Thalang, Mr. Ramesh Rai, Mrs. Sanu Subba, Mrs. Pancha Kumari Limbu, Mr. Dhan Raj Limbu, Mr. Chhatra Limbu, Mr. Rajendra Lingden, Mr. Lal 3 Subba, Mr. Mani Kandangwa and Lieutenant Colonel (retired) Mr. J. P. Cross, deserve my sincere thanks for their incessant encouragement and cooperation to me. Mr. Nabin Kandangwa, my brother, Major Chandra Prasad Limbu (ex-British army), my brother in-law, Inspector Gobinda Kandangwa (Singapore Police), my brother and all brothers, sisters, brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law took my project as their own, and helped me in innumerable ways, hence special thanks is due to them. I owe a heavy debt to my father and mother. My father, Mr. Chandra Man Kandangwa, always provided me valuable suggestions and mother, Mrs. Maha Laxmi Kandangwa, always remained a fountain of inspiration. Appreciation is due to my wife Mrs. Homa Kandangwa (Sitaula), who completely freed me from all household burdens and remained ever an unceasing source of encouragement, advice and inspiration. I am in no way less thankful to the librarians of the British Council, Lainchour; Keshar Library, Kantipath; Central Library, Kirtipur; Trade Promotion Centre, Nepal-Britain Chamber of Commerce and the staff of the GAESO archive, and National Archive Nepal for providing me necessary assistance while using the materials available there. I would like to express my shortcomings through this in presenting my weaknesses in translating several excerpts from the books and other miscellaneous sources I used as references and which were in Nepali. I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Swayam Prakash Sharma, the retired Lecturer of English and former Programme-in- charge of the Post-Graduate Programme (M.A. in English, and M.B.S.), Mahendra Multiple Campus, Dharan, for proof-reading of this thesis. Lastly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Sahadev Maharjan, who undertook the most problematic job of computer setting, typing and printing. Ram Narayan Kandangwa Dharan 4 March 2008 CONTENTS Recommendation ii Acknowledgements iii Contents v List of Tables viii List of Abbreviations/Acronyms ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1-17 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study 6 1.3 Statement of the Problem 6 1.4 Literature Review 7 1.5 Operational Definition 15 1.6 Methodology 15 1.7 Limitations 16 1.8 Organization of the Study 17 CHAPTER TWO: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 18–63 2.1 Nepal-British-India Relations during Shah Period (1768-1846) 18 2.1.1 Diplomatic Effort of British-India 22 2.1.2 King Rana Bahadur Shah and Relations with British-India 29 2.1.3 Prime Minister Bhim Sen Thapa and his Foreign Policy (1806-1837) 36 2.1.4 Post-War Relations (1814-1816) 42 2.2 Emergence of Rana Regime and its Relations with British-India (1846-1951) 46 2.2.1 Jang Bahadur and his Foreign Policy towards British-India (1846-1877) 51 1.2.1.1 Jang Bahadur’s visit to England (1850) 53 2.2.1.2 Extradition Treaty of 1855 between Nepal and British-India 54 2.2.2 Post-Jang Bahadur Nepalese Foreign Policy (1878-1950) 55 CHAPTER THREE: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS 64–124 3.1 Nepal-Britain Relations during Multi-Party Democratic Era (1951-1960) 64 3.2 Nepal-Britain Relations under Panchayat Regime (1960-1990) 71 5 3.3 Nepal-Britain Relations after Restoration of Multy-party Democracy (1990-2004) 82 3.4 Economic Relations 96 3.4.1 Nepalese Foreign Trade: A Historical Perspective 96 3.4.2 Trade with British-India 100 3.4.3 Trade with British-India during Rana Period (1846-1951) 105 3.4.4 Nepal-Britain Economic Relations after the Restoration of Democracy (1951-2004) 116 3.4.4.1 Joint Venture 122 3.4.4.2 Tourism 123 CHAPTER FOUR: EVOLUTION OF GURKHA RECRUITMENT 125–157 4.1 A Cursory Review of Gurkha Recruitment Practices 125 4.1.1 Gurkha Recruitment in Bhutan 125 4.1.2 Gurkha Recruitment in Sikkim 126 4.1.3 Gurkha Recruitment in Burma 127 4.1.4 Gurkha Recruitment in China 127 4.1.5 Gurkha Recruitment in The Punjab 128 4.1.6 Gurkha Recruitment in British-India 129 4.1.7 Formation of Gurkha Regiments 133 4.1.8 Recruiting Modus Operandi 137 4.1.9 Jang Bahadur and Repudiation 141 4.1.10 Post Jang Bahadur Relations 144 CHAPTER FIVE: GURKHA CONTRIBUTIONS 158–196 5.1 Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18) 158 5.2 Battle of Bharatpur (1825-26) 160 5.3 First Sikh War (1845-46) 161 5.4 Operations against Tribal People 162 5.5 The Indian Mutiny (1857-58) 166 5.6 The Second Afghan War (1878) 169 5.7 Younghusband Mission (1903-04) 171 5.8 The First World War (1914-18) 172 5.9 The Second World War (1939-45) 179 5.10 Malayan Emergency (1948-58) 185 5.11 Brunei Revolt (1962) 188 5.12 Borneo Confrontation (1963-66) 189 5.13 Peace Time Duty in Hong Kong (1967-82) 192 5.14 Falklands War (1982) 193 5.15 Gulf War (1991) 195 6 CHAPTER SIX: CURRENT STATUS OF GURKHAS 197–248 6.1 Discrepancies between British and Gurkha Soldiers 197 6.1.1 Unreasonable Salary 197 6.1.2 Unfair Pension 201 6.1.3 Unjust Compensation 209 6.1.4 Substandard Meal 213 6.1.5 Inadequate Accommodation 214 6.1.6 Unjustifiable Promotion System 216 6.1.7 Disproportionate Family Permission 219 6.1.8 Unfair Uniforms and Civilian Clothes 225 6.1.9 Discrimination on Green Card 226 6.1.10 Discrimination on Parades 228 6.1.11 Hefty Tasks 229 6.2 Humbling Behaviour of British Officers 231 6.3 Violation of Right to Religion 232 6.4 Gurkha Brigade: A Lucrative Human Trade 234 6.5 Britain’s and Others’ Logic 238 6.6 Struggles of Serving Soldiers 244 6.7 Attraction of the Nepalese Youths towards British Army 247 CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 249–264 7.1 Summary 249 7.2 Conclusion 256 7.3 Recommendations 262 APPENDICES 265–309 APPENDIX 1 : Nepal’s Export to United Kingdom 265 APPENDIX 2 : Nepal’s Import from United Kingdom 266 APPENDIX 3 : Written and Oral Interviews of Diplomats, Lawyers and Ex-British Gurkha Soldiers 269 APPENDIX 4 : Questionnaire on “Nepal-Britain Relations with Special Reference to Gurkha Soldiers” 270 APPENDIX 5 : The Victoria Cross Holder Gurkhas 275 APPENDIX 6 : Citations of Gurkha VC Holders from London Gazette 276 APPENDIX 7 : Nepal Map Showing the Birth Places of Gurkha Victoria Cross Holders 296 APPENDIX 8 : World Map Showing Places where Gurkhas Fought During World War I and II and Subsequent Wars Under British Army 297 APPENDIX 9 : Tripartite Agreements after Partition to Retain Gurkha Services in British & Indian Armies, 1947 298 REFERENCES 310–319 7 LIST OF TABLES Table No.
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