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Home , BeiDou, Fengyun, Gaofen (satellite), Long March 1, Long March 2F, Long March 3

Chinese Space Policy and Space Related Activities（Especially SSA）

4th March, 2016 International Symposium on Ensuring Stable Use of Outer Space ＠The Grand Hall, Tokyo HOST：The Office of National Space Policy, Cabinet Office, GOJ Teruhisa TSUJINO Visiting Fellow, Japan Science and Technology Agency（JST)

1 ☆Early Stage（1950s） “Nuclear Bombs, Missile & ” ☆At present ： Purpose of space development ・Realization of a “Moderately affluent society” ・Improvement of the “Comprehensive national strength”

☆Space white paper 2011

☆National Security Law 2015

☆National civil space infrastructure Long Term Development Plan (2015- 2025)

2 （１）Back Ground Social contradictions are multiple, in the foreseeable or foreseen difficulty variety of crisis, has been exposed as never before. （Jan. 2015, Chinese Communist Party conference on “National Security Strategy”）

（２）Provision of space activities Article 32: The State persists in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, international seabed areas and polar regions, increasing capacity for safe access, scientific investigation, development and exploitation; strengthening international cooperation, and preserving the security of our nation's activities and assets in outer space, seabed areas and polar regions, and other interests. http://chinalawtranslate.com/2015nsl/?lang=en#_Toc4 23592312 3

EO Land Ocean Atmosphere High Resolution Optics Ocean Color Weather Medium Resolution Constellation Optics Ocean Climate Radar Dynamics

（SAR）

Special Purpose Geophysical Surveillance Composition

http://zfxxgk.ndrc.gov.cn/Attachment/%E9%99%84%E4%BB%B6( 8).pdf National civil space infrastructure Long Term Development Plan (2015- 2025) p6～p11 4 1970 DongFangHong（DFH)1（ （LM-1)） 1975 Recoverable Satellite(FSW)（LM-2A） 1984 GEO Experimental （LM-3） 1988 Meteorological (FY)1A（LM-4） 1992 Australian ComSat B1（made in USA）（LM-2E） 1996 708 （made in USA） （LM-3B, Launch Failure） Several people were killed by the crash of . 1999 BeiDou(BD)1A（LM-3A） 2003 Manned Spaceship (SZ)5（LM-2F） 2007 Lunar Exploration Chang’E（CE)1（LM-3A） 2010 First Quasi Zenith satellite BD 2-IG1（LM-3A） 2015 Small Launch Vehicle LM-6 & LM-11

FSW=FanhuiShiWeixing（Recoverable Satellite）、FengYun＝ and Cloud、Beidou＝Compasss、ShenZhou＝Magic Vessel、Chang’e＝Name of a female who had gone to the Moon 5 ２．２ Number of Chinese Satellites Third in the World after Russia and United States

Total by 11th Feb. 2016 GEO Sector Mission Major Applucations Number (Included） Communications Telephone・TV・Data Relay 15 13 Earth Observation Agriculture・Disaster・Ocean 23 1 Meteorological 15 8 Navigation Positioning・Timing・Navigation 25 15 Civil Lunar Exploration Lunar Surface・Landing 3 0 Scientific Astronomy・Geospace 15 0 Manned Human Space Flight 5 0 μG Biology・Material Experiment 1 0 Engineering Various technology 58 0 Commercial Commercial Commercial Broadcasting 27 22 Comms Universities Education・Engineering 21 0 Reconnaissance Reconnaissance 60 0

Military Mil Comms Military Information 12 9 6 Mil Engineering Various technology 3 0 Total 283 68  Total 232 till 11th Feb.（Including Launch Failure）

 LM-1 2（Jiuquan2）

 LM-2 89（J62、Xichang10、Taiyuan17） Jiuquan Taiyuan  LM-3 84（X84）  LM-4 47（J8、T39）  LM-6 1（J1） Xichan g  LM-11 1（J1） Location of Total 224（J74、X94、T56） Launch Wenchan Site g  2（J2）  Fengbao 6（J6）

Wenchang（Hainan Provence） has started operation in 2014,but not yet launched any launch 7 Planned Launch Launch plan for 2016 (more than 20) - First launch from Wenchang launch site in Hainan Province (performance test?) - First launch “(TZ)1” resupply vehicle from Wenchang - Navigation satellites “BeiDou 3 “by (MEO & GEO?) - Launch manned spaceship ”“ and “TianGong 2” by - Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) and Quantum Science Satellite (QSS), Space breeding Satellite “ShiJian(SJ) 10”, etc. - Earth observation satellite “（GF) 3 ” “GF 5”, “（ZY)”, “（YG)”, etc. - Foreign communications and broadcasting satellites (Belarus, Nicaragua) Launch expected after 2017 - Lunar Sample Return ”Chang‘E 5“ (2017), Lander（far side）”Chang‘E 4” （2018） - Three modules of the ”Tiangong“ (2018 - 2022) - Super Heavy Launch Vehicle ”LM 9“ - Various Earth Observation Satellites(Constellations) - Navigation satellite “BeiDou 3” remaining 29 satellites (up to 2020) 8 - Many Communications and broadcasting satellite for domestic

2.4.1 Land observation Satellites High Resolution (GaoFen) had been launched 1, 2, 4 (GEO), 8,9. Total 5 satellites Environment (HuanJing) had been launched 1A, 1B and 1C （radar）. Land surveying (TianHui) 3 satellites. Cooperation with Brazil （CBERS ） 4 satellites Resources (ZiYuan) 3 satellites. Jilin Province government has launched a commercial Earth observation satellite "JiLin “. It Will grow to over 100satellites constellation.

2.4.2 Marine observation satellites Launch the ocean (HaiYang) 1A · 1B and 2 .3satellites

2.4.3 Atmospheric observation satellites FengYun 2(geostationary satellites) seven (A – G). 3 satellites in operation. Fengyun 3(polar satellites) had been launched three (A - C). All satellites in operation. 9

２．５ Navigation  BeidDou , BeiDou 2, BeiDou 3(GEO 10, quasi-zenith 7, MEO 8)  Regional navigation system has complete in 2012, including the Southeast Asia.  BeiDou 3 is expected to improve positioning accuracy by about 4 times.

２．６ Satellite Communications  ChinaSatcom, APStar, Asiasat are operating 19 Satellites  Exported satellites to Nigeria, Venezuela, Bolivia, Laos and so on. １５ｔｈ Jan. 2016 Belarus Sat Launched.

２．７ Scientific satellites , SJ-6, recoverable satellite（FSW） 10 Dec 2015 First Dark matter exploration satellite

- ShenZhou (SZ) 5 (2003, one crew, SZ-6 (2005, 2 crew), SZ-7 (2008, 3 crew , ) - 2011 TianGong（TG) 1 and the SZ-8 (unmanned) docking - 2012 SZ-9 (3 crew, including one female) - 2013 SZ-10 (3 crew, including one female) - Astronaut number reached 10 person (total 12 person departure), total 104 days staying in space.

Future Plans 2016, launch of "SZ-11" and “TG-2" . Manned docking 2016, launch of resupply vehicle " TianZhou (TZ) 1 ". Unmanned automatic docking 2018, launch of the core module of the space station "TianHe" 2020, add a lab module “WenTian” or “” to the Space station “TianGong" 2022, Complete the space station by adding a second module. 2024, if ISS operation ended, there is a possibility that “TianGong“ may be the only manned base in the world.

Considering connection of foreign modules or foreign spaceship. “TianGong" is available to connect up to six modules. 11

TianGong=Palace in the sky, TianZhou=Skye Vessel, TianHe=Milky way, WenTian=Monitor the Sky, XunTian=Around the Sky  Chang’E 1 October 24, 2007. Orbiting altitude was 200km.  Chang’E 2 had been launched on October 1, 2010 Orbiting altitude was 100km. To take advantage of the extra fuel to move, such as the implementation of the approach to the observations and Lagrange point L2 of the asteroid.  Chang‘E 3 on December 2013. Landed on the moon and release a rover.  Chang‘E 5 T1 had been launched on October 24, 2014. After moon flyby, succeded re-entry to Earth.

Future Plans  Chang‘E 5 moon sample return in 2017.  Chang‘E 4 will land on the far side of the moon in 2018 .  Manned lunar base may be built in around 2025 - 2030, from short-term stay to long-term stay 12

II. Progress Made Since 2006 8. Space Science 4) Space environment exploration and forecasting

9. has monitored space debris, and given early warnings against them, ensuring safe flight of Chang'e-1 and Chang'e-2 lunar probes, and Shenzhou-7 manned spaceship. China has steadily pushed forward its work on space debris mitigation, fully inactivating Long March rockets, and moving a few aging GEO satellites out of orbit. China has also worked on protecting manned spaceship from space debris.

III. Major Tasks for the Next Five Years 8. Space Science It（China） will also conduct scientific experiments on forecast the space environment and study their effects.

9. Space Debris China will continue to strengthen its work on space debris monitoring and mitigation and its work on spacecraft protection. China will develop technologies for monitoring space debris and pre-warning of collision, and begin monitoring space debris and small near-Earth celestial bodies and collision pre-warning work. It will set up a design and assess system of space debris mitigation, and take measures to reduce space debris left by post-task spacecraft and launch vehicles. It will experiment with digital simulation of space debris collisions, and build a system to protect spacecraft from space debris.

V. International Cooperation(summary) -- China participates Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee. China has also developed multilateral exchanges and cooperation in space debris. The nation's independently developed space debris protective design system has also been incorporated into the protection manual of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee. -- China takes part in activities organized by the International Astronautical Federation, including space debris issues. 13 http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7145648.htm

 China has destroyed a (operation ended Fengyun 1C) by the missile in 2007.  It caused more than 3000 space debris, hardly reduce. This has become a threat to orbiting satellites of low altitude.

Source： SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY TRENDS QUARTERLY R E V I E W, N o. 4 5 / D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 2 Space Situational Awareness to Mitigate Disastrous Risks from Space http://www.nistep.go.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/NISTEP- STT0045-2E.pdf .

As a result of this event, interest for Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and the International Code of Conduct (CoC) have increased worldwide. When China carried out scientific observation experiment using ballistic flight rocket, it reached about altitude 10,000km in May 2013.

14 Space Debris Monitoring ・The Purple Mountain Observatory installs space debris dedicated telescopes （65 / 73cm）. ・ China Academy of Science(CAS) /Changchun artificial satellite observatory constructs a facility for "space target observation base" by around November 2016. The diameter of the optical telescope is 1.2m.

Mitigation and Reduction  After orbit insertion, by lowering the speed of the upper- stage rocket to re-entry earlier.  Satellite design along the IADC standard  Raise the altitude of the geostationary satellite that ended the operation

Protection China will experiment with digital simulation of space debris collisions, and build a system to protect spacecraft from space debris. 15 Asia Pacific Space Cooperation Organization(APSCO) is led by China, eight Member States and the non-ratification of Indonesia and associate member countries are working for the implementation of various projects. Asia-Pacific Ground-Based Optical Satellite Observation System (APOSOS) is a project to build a space object observation facilities by optical telescopes in each country, carry out the world observation network for the target object .

APSOS map 16

 Space weather research of China has been carried out mainly in the CMA and 5 CAS institutions. Government - China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) - National Space Science Center(NSSC) - National Astronomic Observatory, China (NAOC) - China Research Institute of wave Propagation (CRIRP) - Institute of Geology and Geophysics (IGGCAS) - Polar Research Institute of China(PRIC)

 Now leading organization among them is “State Key Laboratory of Space Weather (SKSW) belonging to National Space Science. http://english.nssc.cas.cn/l/dss/SKSW/

 A large number of universities are participating in the research. http://www.spaceweather.ac.cn/ 17  The current central challenge is “Meridional project” (official name is “the Eastern Hemisphere space environment comprehensive monitoring network”). “Meridional project” has installed 15 domestic observation stations at 120 degrees east , along the 30 degrees north , using sounding rockets, monitoring middle and upper atmosphere, the ionosphere, magnetosphere.  China says that this project is comparable to human space flight or Lunar exploration.  China insists that scientific observation by ballistic flight rocket(not missile) in May 2013 is a part of this project.

18  Observed flight of Chinese rocket in Japan (activity within the Meridional project) Libr a

Satur n

13 May,2013 23:10JST 19

 In China, Purple Mountain Observatory（PMO、紫金山天文台） is the leading organization for observing NEO, which belongs to the CAS/NAOC(National Astronomical Observatory of China).  Observation facility of NEO was placed in the vicinity of the boundary of Jiangsu and Anhui. It is named “Xuyi（盱眙） Observation Station” (XOS, longitude 118°28′E , latitude 32°44′N, Altitude above sea level 180m). XOS http://english.pmo.cas.cn/rs/fs/200909/t20090918_39134.html

XOS is the only one celestial dynamics measuring base in China. It is mainly engaged in research of the dynamics of system and artificial satellites. Optical telescopes for observing NEO is 105 / 120cm diameter. It is China's largest Schmidt telescope. Source：http://www.pmo.cas.cn/jgsz/gctz/xygcz/

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- China has destroyed the weather satellite (non-operational Fengyun 1C) by the missile in 2007, and caused more than 3000 of space debris, hardly decreased even now after nine years. As a result of this event, interest for Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and the International Code of Conduct (CoC) have increased worldwide. - China has published the space white paper of 2011, showing not only plans for observation and reduction and protection of space debris, but also included activities for Space Weather and Near Earth Objects. - China has legislated the National Security Law in 2015. Article 32 was enacted to keep the space assets as a social infrastructure. Plays an important role for the well-off society space assets is that China is aiming, where you want to reduce the disaster risk derived from the universe, such as space debris. - For the space debris, to understand that it should be addressed in the international cooperation, such as to develop a manual on the basis of the proposal of the 21 countries, actively participate in the activities of United Nations agencies. After 2016 China will launch LM 5 and extend various