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Seing Red: Amencan Foreign Policy Towards Vietnam and the Khmer Rouge, 1975 to 1982 Brenda Fewster A Thesis in The Department of History Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Ans at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada April2000 0 Brenda Fewster, 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 ,,na& du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington StmBt 395. rue Wdlingtori OnawaON KlAON4 OitawaON K1AW Canada CaMda The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microforni, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Seeing Red: Arnerican Foreign Policy Towards Vietnam and the Khmer Rouge, 1975- 1982 Brenda Fewster Between 1979 and 1982 the US supported the Khmer Rouge in the refiigee camps along the Thai-Cambodian border, in the Security Council of the United Nations, and in behind-closed-doors discussions seeking to ensure a place for the Khmer Rouge (as an med force) in a coalition government. The US supported the Kfimer Rouge as a result of a confluence of strategic, trade, and oii interests in and around the South China Sea. In sharp contrast to the diplomatic, financiai, and political support the US gave the Khmer Rouge between 1979 and 1982, Washington had made remarkable and promising strides towards providing aid, and establishing trade and diplomatic relations with Vietnam between 1975 and 1978. During this the, a constellation of pro-Vietnam Amencan business interests, Christian- and Jewish-based organizations, and peace advocates backed liberal Congressional proponents of US-Viemamese rapprochement. Success appeared imminent on two important occasions between 1975 and 1978, but prospects for US-Vietnarnese rapprochement were quashed by January 1979 when Vietnamese forced invaded and occupied Cambodia, and the US normalized relations with China. Washington had before it two compeUing geopolitical poles-Pekhg and Hanoi. In choosing Peking, Washington sidelined Peking's enerny, Hanoi, and to this end, supported Hanoi's other enemy, the Khmer Rwge. iv ACKNOHZEDGEMENTS To Dr. Frank Chemy advisor, I offer my unreserved gratitude and admiration. Dr. Chalk knows and beîieves in the importance of the work to be done in the area of genocide and human rights midies, and inspires those around him with a sense of agency and urgency to act. Frank's humanitarian imperative is equaiied oniy by his inteliectual reach, academic integrity, and conmitment to his students. Doma Whittaker deserves my, and everyone else's, appreciation for her professionalism and efficiency, and for making the History Department çuch a welcoming environment. To the staff and my many friends at Concordia University's Webster Library, 1 owe an enduring debt of gratitude. In particular, I ask my workmates and fiiends fiom the Interiibrary Loans Department to accept my etemai and heartfelt thanks: Claire Delisle; Irene Femandez; Paule Taschereau; Debbie Men (formerly of ILL); and, in memoriam, Elyse Greenberg. Thanks to my fnend and feUow Graduate School colleague, Amar Khoday, for his fonuard-looking nature, integrity, &d wondefil impersonations. To my immediate farnily 1 wish to express my gratitude for their support and thoughtfûlness and the aii-imporîant roots they provide: Shirley Fewster, Clara Fewster- Litinas, Nick Litinas, Christopher Litinas, Daisy Houghting (in memoriam), and Hughes Richmond. No endeavour is worth doing without the presence of art. My thanks go to Naorni London and Samuel Laiîout for their encouragement, fnendship and reaffirming discussions v about art, politics, and Me. Thanks to Elaine Arsenault-an extraordinary person whose storytelling, sense ofhumour, insights, art, generosity and tnendship have e~chedme beyond measure. To Steven Alves, kudos for his hard work and ambition, and the music he shares so joyfùily. It is with pleasure 1 express my gratitude to rny long-time &end, Joanne Morgan-a teacher in the noblest sense of the profession who has always encouraged me with thoughtfulness, feminist pluck, and laughter. Thanks to my fiiend Jaga hpski who generously shares her knowledge of the beauty ofliterature, language, and opera. And thanks to Laura Silicani who so importantly reminds me of the thrili and beauty of athleticism and playfiil jockdom. On an al1 important practical note, thanks to the Quebec govenunent for the generous scholarship awarded me through the programme, Fonds pour la formation de chercheurs et l'aide à la recherche (Fonds FCAR). Likewise, 1 am gratefiil to my employer, Concordia University, for the much appreciated scheduling flexibility that has been ganted to me. 1 extend a special note of gratitude to a diverse group of mangers whose prompt and collegial replies to my queries were such a delightflll surprise: Viuginia Foote, President of the US-Vietnam Trade Council, and, her assistant, Meredith Miller; Frank Martin, President of the American Charnber of Commerce in Hong Kong; and, Thu-Huong Nguyen-Vo, author of Khmer-Yiet Relations and the nird Indixhinese Conjlict. And finally, 1 am gratefbl for the extensive use 1 made of the resources of the Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................ WI.S. LISTOFMAPS ...................................................... k LIST OF TABLES .................................................... x C hapter PART 1. US-VIETNAMESE RAPPROCHEMENT:1975- 1979 2. Congress Battles the Executive Branch: 1975 to 1976 .................. 8 3. The Executive Branch Battles Congress: 1977 to 1978 ................ 36 4. Vietnam's Policy of Equidistance Between Washington and Moscow: 1977 to 1979 .......................... 60 PART n. PUMSHING VIETNAM, SUPPORTTNG THE KHMER ROUGE: 1979- 1982 6. Feeding the Khmer Rouge ..................................... 104 PART m. TRADE, OIL, AND TROUBLED WATERS:THE 1970s 7. The Core Conûict: Vietnam and Cambodia ........................ 13 1 8. The Superpowers: The U.S., China, and the Soviet Union ............. 145 vü BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................'..-....-......-.... 174 APPENDICES .....................................................191 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS illustration 1. 'Tie's Got a Real Firm Handshake" . 19 1 ix LIST OF MAPS Map 1. In Search of Sanctuary ......................................... 192 Map 2 . South-East Asia fiom 1980 untii 1995 ............................. 193 Map 3 . Sketch-Map of the Brevié Line ................................... 194 Map 4 . Cambodia Since 1979 .......................................... 195 X LIST OF TABLES Table 1. 'Where CRS and AID are Big Together" . 196 ABBREVLATIONS AM) ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank AFSC American Friends Service Cornmittee ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, and the United States ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CGDK Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea CIA Central lnt elligence Agency COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Aid CRS Catholic Relief Services CWS Church World Services DK Democratic Kampuchea ECAFE United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East EEC European Economic Community EW Economist Intelligence Unit FEER Far Eastern Economic Review FUNCINPEC Front uni national pour un Cambodge indépendant, neutre, pacifique et coopératif (National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia) GNP Gross National Product ICK International Conference on Kmpuchea ICRC International Cornmittee of the Red Cross IMF International Monetary Fund IRS Internai Revenue Service KPNLF Khmer People's National Liberation Front KR Khmer Rouge MIA Missing in Action NAM Non-Aiigned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCR National Catholic Reporter NSC National Security Council OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries POW Prisoner of War PRC People's Republic of China PRK Peopie's Republic of Kampuchea SALT Strategic Amis Limitation Talks SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refùgees UNrl3RO United Nations Border Relief Operation UMCEF United Nation's Children' s Fund UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia USAID United States Agency for International Development United States Catholic Conference World Bank World Food Program Warsaw Treaty Organization CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION On 25 December 1978, Vietnam launched an attack on Kratie in the Northeastern region of Kampuchea and, only two weeks later, proceeded to capture Phnom Penh. The invasion was carried out by the forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and only nominally by the indigenous Karnpuchean Nationai United Front for National Salvation. It would take another four months to root out Khmer
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