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Tingkat Dan Tipe Asosiasi Enam Jenis Paku Epifit Dengan Jurnal Kehutanan Papuasia 1 (1):18-27 (2015) Sirami TINGKAT DAN TIPE ASOSIASI ENAM JENIS PAKU EPIFIT DENGAN POHON INANG DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM GUNUNG MEJA MANOKWARI (Levels and Type of Association Among Six Epiphytes Fern Species and Host in Gunung Meja Natural Tourism Park of Manokwari) Elieser Y. I. V. Sirami Jurusan Manajemen Hutan Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Negeri Papua Manokwari Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari-Papua Barat E-mail:[email protected] Diterima: 27 April 2015|Disetujui: 3 Juni 2015 Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tipe dan tingkat asosiasi antara enam jenis paku epifit dengan pohon inang di TWA Gunung Meja Manokwari. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dengan teknik survei sampling. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah pengambilang contoh sistematik. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah jumlah individu enam jenis paku epifit, dan jenis dan jumlah individu pada pohon inang. Tingkat asosiasi ditentukan berdasarkan indeks Jaccard dan indeks Dice. Sedangkan tipe asosiasi ditentukan menggunakan tabel kontingensi 2 x 2 melalui perbandingan nilai harapan dan nilai pengamatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkann bahwa tingkat asosiasi antara paku epifit dan pohon inang bervariasi dari rendah sampai tinggi, dan sekitar 81,40% terjadi asosiasi positif dan 18,60% negatif. Asosia tertinggi terjadi antara Asplenium nidus L., dan Pometia coreacea, eiPometia acuminata. Pyrrosia numularifolia dengan Cerbera floribunda, Decaspermum fruticosum dan Dracontomelum dao. Psilotum complanatum Sw., dengan Spathiostemon javensis. Faktor-faktor yang menentukan terjadinya asosiasi adalah distribusi pohon inang, tekstur batang, kekuatan batang dan alelopati. Kata kunci: Tingkat Asosiasi, Tipe Asosiasi, Jenis Paku Epifit, Pohon Inang, TWA. Gunung Meja Abstract Purpose of this study is to know the levels and types of association among six epiphytes fern species and their host in Gunung Meja Natural Tourism Park of Manokwari. Method used was literature study based on the thesis by Yunita A. Y. Raubaba 2005 about association of climber fern species and epiphytes fern Species with some forest plants in Gunung Meja Natural Tourism Park of Manokwari by. Data collected were individuals of six epiphytes fern species, presence-absence frequency of ferns in the host, and number of host species. The association levels were identified using Jaccard index and Dice Index, while association type was identified using contingensi tables by compared observation value (a) toward expectation value E(a). Research indicate that association levels of epiphytes fern with host were variously from low to hight. About 81,40% association was positively and 18,60% was negative. Highest association among Asplenium nidu L., and Pometia coreacea, Pometia acuminata. Pyrrosia numularifolia with Cerbera floribuda, Decaspermum fruticosum and Dracontomelum dao. Psilotum complanatum Sw., with Spathiostemon javensis. Factors affected the association are abudance and distribution of tree host, bark texture, bark hardness and alelopaty. Keywords: Association Levels, Association Types, Epiphytes Ferns Species, Gunung Meja. 18 @ Asosiasi Peneliti Biodiversitas Papuasia dan Fakultas Kehutanan Jurnal Kehutanan Papuasia 1 (1):18-27 (2015) Sirami PENDAHULUAN disebut asosiasi positif, sedangkan jika suatu jenis tumbuhan tidak hadir secara Salah satu kelompok tumbuhan yang bersamaan disebut asosiasi negatif membentuk masyarakat tumbuh-tumbuhan (McNaughton dan Wolf, 1992 dalam dalam sebuah kawasan hutan adalah jenis- Kurniawan et al., 2008). jenis Paku epifit. Paku epifit adalah Mempelajari asosiasi antar jenis Paku sekumpulan jenis Paku yang tumbuh epifit dengan pohon inang dalam hutan dengan cara menempel pada tumbuhan lain tropis, perlu memperhatikan tiga hal utama sebagai inang namun tidak berefek negatif yaitu tipe dan tingkat asosiasi, karateristik pada inangnya, sehingga sangat rentan jenis Paku epifit dan karakteristik tumbuhan kerusakan. Agar dapat tumbuh dan inang. Karakteristik jenis Paku meliputi berkembang sangat ditentukan oleh bagaimana cara menyebar, bagaimana seberapa lama jenis inangnya tumbuh organ penyebarannya, apa vektornya sampai kembali terdekomposisi menjadi adakah faktor biokimia berperan di sana tanah. atau faktor-faktor lainnya. Sedangkan Sepertiga dari jenis Paku di dunia parameter penting yang mudah diketahui digolongkan sebagai epifit (Benzing, 1990). dari tumbuhan inang adalah ada tidaknya Genera Paku (paku-pakuan) yang bersifat unsur biokimia seperti alelopati, tekstur dan epifit adalah Asplenium, Colysis, Crypsinus, kekerasan kulit, tinggi dan diameter atau Davallia, Dictymia, Drynaria, Humata, keliling batang, bentuk tajuk dan pada strata Lemmaphyllum, Lepisorus, Microgramma, mana pohon inang berada. Microsorum, Nephrolepis, Niphidium, Dalam kaitannya dengan fungsi Phymatodes, Platycerium, Pleopeltis, kawasan TWA Gunung Meja, maka studi Polypodium, Pyrrosia, Selliguea (Hietzh, asosiasi jenis Paku epifit dan pohon inang 2010). Pemanfaatan kekayaan tumbuhan dapat menjadi sebuah atraksi ekowisata epifit sangat terbatas karena manfaatnya potensial bagi pengembangan fungsi belum banyak diungkap melalui hasil-hasil rekreasi dan fungsi pendidikan di kawasan penelitian. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan tersebut. Di sisi lain hasil studi asosiasi epifit termasuk kelompok paku-pakuan dapat pula dijadikan dorongan bagi pada tegakan pohon, dipengaruhi banyak peningkatan pengamanan kawasan, dan faktor di antaranya mikroklimat dan ciri-ciri salah satu bahan evaluasi keadaan struktur canopi setiap pohon inang (Setyawan, vegetasi. 2000). Beberapa hasil penelitian terdahulu Di hutan tropis basah, jenis-jenis mengungkapkan bahwa kelompok Paku Paku epifit biasanya dijumpai tumbuh pada epifit umumnya ditemukan dalam jumlah tajuk hutan yang rapat dan sejuk. Berada jenis yang lebih sedikit bila dibandingkan dalam komunitas hutan yang padat dengan jenis Paku teristrial. Mambrasar memudahkan asosiasi dengan tumbuhan (2004) menjelaskan bahwa terdapat 13 lain mudah terjadi dan merupakan cara Paku epifit di Pulau Yoopmios dalam hidup utama jenis-jenis Paku epifit. kawasan Taman Nasional Teluk Bagi jenis-jenis Paku epifit, asosiasi Cenderawasih. Raubaba (2005) melaporkan dengan tumbuhan inang adalah keharusan bahwa terdapat enam jenis Paku epifit di agar dapat bertahan hidup dan berkembang. TWA Gunung meja. Di Arboretum Anggori Fenomena ini menunjukan bahwa asosiasi terdapat delapan jenis yaitu Platycerium adalah fungsi dari media untuk tumbuh bifurcatum, Pyrrosia sp., Microsorium sama dengan tanah bagi jenis-jenis Paku diversifolium, Microsorum superficiale, teristris. Asosiasi adalah suatu tipe Merynthosorus sp., Drynaria sp., komunitas yang khas, ditemukan dengan Asplenium nidus, Nephrolepis acutifolia kondisi yang sama dan berulang di (Ayer, 2009). Di hutan tanaman wanariset beberapa lokasi. Jika suatu jenis tumbuhan Anggresi ditemukan tujuh jenis yaitu hadir secara bersamaan dengan jenis Asplenium nidus, Asplenium musifolium, tumbuhan lainnya dan tidak akan terbentuk Drynaria sp., Microsorium sp1., tanpa adanya jenis tumbuhan lainnya 19 @ Fakultas Kehutanan Unipa dan Asosiasi Peneliti Biodiversity Papuasia Jurnal Kehutanan Papuasia 1 (1):18-27 (2015) Sirami Microsorium sp2., Microsorium sp3., dan Meja merupakan masalah yang akan Pyrosia sp. (Sawasemariay, 2011). dijawab dalam kajian ini. Penelitian ini Epifit merupakan kelompok dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat dan tumbuhan yang mengakomodasi sejumlah tipe asosiasi antar enam jenis Paku epifit jenis fauna dan diduga sebagian besar atau dengan pohon inang di Hutan Wisata Alam kurang lebih 30.000.000 jenis serangga di Gunung Meja. Hasil Penelitian ini seluruh dunia dapat dikaitkan dalam ukuran diharapkan menjadi masukan penting bagi yang signifikan terhadap tempat tinggal dan penelitian ekologi tumbuhan epifit dan makanan yang disediakan oleh komunitas pelestarian jenis-jenis Paku epifit di TWA epifit (Erwin, 1983 dalam Benzing, 1990). Gunung Meja Manokwari. Menurut Andama et al., (2003), Paku epifit Penelitian bertujuan untuk berfungsi sebagai filter ekologis untuk mengetahui tingkat dan tipe asosiasi enam membentuk kerapatan, struktur dan jenis paku epifit dengan pohon inang di komposisi jenis serta mempengaruhi Hutan Wisata Alam Gunung Meja. Hasil distribusi spasial permudaan jenis lain. Penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi masukan Paku juga berfungsi menghilangkan logam penting bagi penelitian ekologi tumbuhan berat seperti arsenik dari tanah dan epifit dan pelestarian jenis-jenis paku epifit menstabilkan tanah. Memiliki simbiosis di TWA Gunung Meja Manokwari. dengan bakteri yang mengubah nitrogen dari atmosfer menjadi senyawa yang BAHAN DAN METODE berguna bagi tumbuhan terutama famili rumput-rumputan serta menyediakan Penelitian dilaksanakan di Taman habitat bagi spesies lain. Wisata Alam Gunung Meja Manokwari, Paku epifit menampung massa pada bulan Mei 2005. Metode yang humus, menjadi tempat bersarang dari digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah banyak spesies semut arboreal dan metode deskriptif dengan teknik survei invertebrata lainnya. Paku epifit sangat lapangan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang sensitif terhadap kelembaban dan sinar digunakan adalah Systematic Line matahari langsung. Perubahan iklim mikro Sampling. Jalur utama dibuat sejajar jalan di bawah tajuk hutan akibat perubahan dalam TWA Gunung Meja, sepanjang 2 tutupan kanopi karena penebangan atau Km. Anak jalur dibuat tegak lurus jalur kesehatan pohon yang buruk cenderung utama dengan lebar 20 m ke arah Utara. mempengaruhi distribusi Paku epifit pada
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