DOCSLIB.ORG

Media Monitoring During the Electoral Campaign for the Early Parliamentary Elections of July 11, 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Media Monitoring During the Electoral Campaign for the Early Parliamentary Elections of July 11, 2021 Media monitoring during the electoral campaign for the early parliamentary elections of July 11, 2021 Report no. 5 July 2-10, 2021 This report has been prepared with the financial support of the Office of the Embassy of the Netherlands in Moldova. General data Purpose and objectives of the project: Monitoring and informing the public about media behavior during the electoral campaign and access of electoral competitors to the media. The monitoring aims to analyze reporting trends that may affect the performance of media outlets and compromise their ability to provide truthful, unbiased, and pluralistic information to the public. Monitoring period: June 1 – July 10, 2021 Criteria for selecting media outlets for monitoring: • Audience / impact: national, regional • Type of media: audiovisual • Form of ownership: public, private • Language of broadcasting: Romanian, Russian List of monitored media outlets: Moldova 1 (19:00) – public television, national coverage, broadcasts in Romanian and Russian Prime TV (21:00) – private television, national coverage, broadcasts in Romanian and Russian Primul în Moldova (18:00) – private television, national coverage, broadcasts in Romanian and Russian Publika TV (online version) – private television, national coverage, broadcasts in Romanian and Russian Jurnal TV (19:00) – private television, regional coverage, broadcasts in Romanian and Russian NTV Moldova (19:00) – private television, regional coverage, broadcasts in Romanian and Russian RTR Moldova (20:00) – private television, regional coverage, broadcasts in Russian and Romanian TV 8 (19:00) – private television, regional coverage, broadcasts in Romanian and Russian Pro TV (20:00) – private television, regional coverage, broadcasts in Romanian TV6 (19:00) – private television, regional coverage, broadcasts in Romanian and Russian ABBREVIATIONS CPA – central public administration LPA – local public administration AUR – Alliance for the Union of Romanians CEC – Central Electoral Commission BECS – Electoral Bloc of Communists and Socialists BERU – Electoral Bloc Renato Usatîi PACCC – Civic Congress Joint Action Party PACE – Building Europe at Home Party PAS – Action and Solidarity Party PDCM – Development and Consolidation Party from Moldova PDA – Democracy at Home Party PDM – Democratic Party of Moldova PLD – Party of Law and Justice PNOI – NOI Party PPDA – Dignity and Truth Platform Party PPPO – People Power Political Party PPPS – Party of Change Political Party PP Șor – Shor Political Party PUN – Party of National Unity PVE – Ecologist Green Party PMPSN – Hope Professional Movement Party 2. Methodology We monitored the entire content of the main daily newscasts from each television station, analyzing materials of direct and indirect electoral nature. The materials were subjected to a content and context assessment to determine whether they are favorable or unfavorable to any party or other political entity. Also, the materials were analyzed according to the following criteria of objective media coverage: Impartiality and objectivity. Political partisanship: According to the Code of Audiovisual Media Services (CAMS), by virtue of the fundamental right to information, media service providers must a) ensure a clear distinction between facts and opinions in the news; b) inform about a fact or event correctly, verifying information and presenting it impartially and in good faith (Article 13 (1)). At the same time, according to ethical standards, the news should be unbiased and objective and should not favor any parties / groups / persons at the expense of others. The presence of discriminatory elements in reports and news stories is the first sign that reality is presented through the journalist’s opinions. The filtering of news and minimal analysis of history and context also suggest that the interests of certain actors, and not of the general public, are being protected. Furthermore, the Electoral Code stipulates in Article 69 (5) that mass media shall not adopt privileged treatment towards electoral competitors by virtue of their social status and/or functions held by their candidates. Pluralism of opinion. Fairness and balance of sources: In order to be fair and balanced, materials must present all the sides concerned, especially when it comes to controversial topics, and must treat opponents equally. The media must also ensure access to a multitude of diverse opinions that would help the audience create their own opinion on the covered topics. CAMS stipulates that in audiovisual news programs, for which accuracy and fairness are essential, reports must come from reliable sources, with sufficient documental proof of the facts, with a credible and impartial approach to events, and with balanced coverage of different opinions (Article 13 (4)). Language and images used: Exaggerations and deliberately used indecent language, such as derogatory language or labels attributed to certain individuals or organizations, as well as images manipulated so that certain parties appear in a negative light, raise serious questions about compliance with ethical and professional standards. The ethical behavior of journalists is questioned most of the time when images present aspects that do not correspond to reality, when they are rigged, but also when news stories are illustrated with images that are not related to the text. The CAMS prohibits the dissemination of reports that are likely to propagate, incite, promote, or justify racial hatred, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, or other forms of hatred based on intolerance or discrimination on grounds of sex, race, nationality, religion, disability, or sexual orientation (Article 11 (2)). 3. Monitoring data Moldova Involvement in the coverage of the electoral campaign During the monitoring period, Moldova 1 had eight editions of the main daily newscast Mesager, in which it broadcast 73 election-themed news stories. With the exception of one material of indirect electoral nature, they appeared in the section of Early Parliamentary Elections 2021, and their total volume was 5,431 seconds (1.5 hours). The public television focused on informing about the electoral priorities that competitors presented at the debates organized by Moldova 1, at protest actions, or at meetings with voters. About a quarter of the news stories (18) focused on the accusations of some parties against others. The journalists also informed about the organization of the electoral process (printing of ballots, allocation of the money needed for elections, the number of polling stations in the Transnistrian region), the results of opinion polls, the conclusions of the Promo-LEX Association regarding the conduct of the electoral campaign, etc. Impartiality and objectivity. Political partisanship During the last week of the electoral campaign, Moldova 1 treated most of the competitors in a neutral manner, except for a slight favoring of BECS and disfavoring of PAS and President Maia Sandu through selection of topics and the angle of approach. While BECS was the protagonist of materials on campaign activities and accusations made by some representatives of the bloc, PAS and the Presidency were placed mainly in the position of responding to accusations, as well as in news about campaign activities. In addition to news about BECS’s electoral commitments, Moldova 1 chose to report on accusations made by some PSRM MPs against members of PAS or the Presidency: complicity in the bank fraud, hidden interests in the auction of forms for biometric passports, external financing or financing through foundations and organizations. In one case journalists noted, “Confrontation between parties continues.” On July 5, the station broadcast a news story about an investigation by the foreign publication New Europe, according to which western actors invested about 56 million euros to ensure the PAS victory in the elections. The station did not demonstrate the journalistic effort to verify the veracity of the information, and the next day, July 6, it said in the intro of another news story, “The General Prosecutor’s Office might investigate the information from the European publication New Europe.” It did not refer to official sources from the Prosecutor’s Office, but to the statements made by the socialist Bogdan Țîrdea at a briefing, who said, “PSRM was the one to take action, having asked the CEC to investigate the illegal external financing of PAS.” There was no reply from CEC or the General Prosecutor’s Office. On July 7, Moldova 1 informed, from another briefing of the socialist Țîrdea, that the politician presented the Russian version of his book about the civil society in Moldova, in which he writes that Maia Sandu used “dirty money, washed through NGOs.” Another news story on the same day told of the press conference of a group of teachers who declared their support for BECS in the elections, saying, “They are worried that a new stage of school and kindergarten closures will follow in the country if PAS comes to power. The teachers reminded that, when Maia Sandu was at the head of the Ministry of Education, 119 schools were closed.” “In ten years, the total number of pupils and students has decreased by 10,000, and of teachers – by over 11,000 people,” the intro to the story said. On July 9, while presenting the information that the CEC appealed against the decision to reduce the number of polling stations on the left bank of the Dniester, Moldova 1 preferred to include separately the reaction of BECS, which protested in front of the Supreme
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report 4, Promo-Lex, June 15-24, 2015
    THE CIVIC COALITION FOR FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS PROMO-LEX ASSOCIATION REPORT No 4 Monitoring of the General Local Elections of 14 (28) June 2015 Monitoring period: 15-24 June 2015 Published on 26 June 2015 Chisinau, 2015 1 All rights reserved. The content of the Report may be used and reproduced for not-for-profit purposes and without the preliminary consent of Promo-LEX Association, provided that the source of information is indicated. The Monitoring Effort of the General Local Elections of 14 (28) June 2015 is supported financially by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Council of Europe, and benefits of technical assistance provided by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI). The opinions presented in the Report belong to authors and do not necessarily reflect the donors’ view. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 FINDINGS .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 DEFICIENCIES OF THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REGARDING THE CONDUCT OF THE SECOND ROUND OF ELECTIONS ............................................................................................................. 5 ELECTORAL BODIES .................................................................................................................................. 6 ACCREDITATION
    [Show full text]
  • Moldova, Early Parliamentary Elections, 11 July 2021
    INTERNATIONAL ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION Republic of Moldova, Early Parliamentary Elections, 11 July 2021 STATEMENT OF PRELIMINARY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS The 11 July early parliamentary elections were well administered, competitive and fundamental freedoms were largely respected. While lower-level commissions enjoyed trust, key decisions of the Central Election Commission brought into question its impartiality. Candidates had ample opportunities to campaign and voters were provided a wide range of alternatives. The lack of effective campaign finance oversight left potential breaches unaddressed. Numerous televised debates allowed voters to be informed of contestants’ policies, but the majority of monitored news outlets displayed bias. The legal framework does not adequately regulate electoral dispute resolution, and the handling of electoral complaints further highlighted the importance of strengthening judicial independence. Election day was calm, transparent and the process was assessed overwhelmingly positively despite isolated cases of overcrowding and non- adherence to procedures. The legal framework is generally conducive for the conduct of democratic elections. The parliament’s 101 members were elected under a proportional representation system, which was reintroduced more than one year prior to its application and following an inclusive consultation process, in line with international good practice. Some key aspects of the electoral framework were also revised, including the lowering of thresholds for parties and blocs and strengthening the gender quota for candidate lists by introducing a placement requirement, in line with previous ODIHR and the Venice Commission recommendations. While some previous ODIHR and Venice Commission’s recommendations were addressed in recent amendments, further improvements are needed in particular to the legal framework on the complaints and appeals process and campaign finance oversight.
    [Show full text]
  • Moldova 2021 STATEMENT of PRELIMINARY
    ENEMO International Election Observation Mission Early Parliamentary Elections, 11 July - Moldova 2021 STATEMENT OF PRELIMINARY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 12 July, 2021 ENEMO preliminarily assesses that the electoral process, including the Election Day, was conducted mostly in line with international standards. Elections were administered efficiently and in a transparent manner by the electoral administration, although some of the most important CEC decisions put into question the impartiality of some of its members. The campaign was competitive but marred by a number of alleged violations including misuse of administrative resources, illegal financing, and vote-buying. The polarized and largely biased media landscape, as well as the dissemination of false information, have limited the range of political views presented to voters. Delays in complaints adjudication as well as inconsistent decisions on key aspects of the electoral process additionally affected legal certainty. 1 | P a g e On 1 June the European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations (ENEMO) deployed an International Election Observation Mission (IEOM) to Moldova to observe the Early Parliamentary Elections of 11 July 2021. This is ENEMO’s fifth mission to Moldova. ENEMO has accredited a total of 7 Core Team experts and ten long-term observers (LTOs). Due to health risks created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the IEOM is operating partially remotely, with only a part of the Core Team being deployed in the country. LTOs were additionally deployed in Moldova for Election Day, to observe a selected number of polling stations. ENEMO observed the opening of polling stations, voting and counting processes at 158 polling stations. Additionally, up until July 10, the ENEMO IEOM conducted 738 meetings, 274 with election management bodies, 98 with political parties, 58 with candidates, 94 with state officials, 59 with media, 138 with domestic civil society organizations and 17 with other stakeholders, in addition to observing 23 campaign activities (meetings or rallies).
    [Show full text]
  • Media Monitoring Moldova 1St Round
    Moldova – Local Elections 2007 OSCE/ODIHR EOM’s Media Monitoring prior to the 1 st round of elections Since the start of the campaign on 4 May, the OSCE/ODIHR EOM has monitored six TV stations and nine daily and weekly newspapers. In addition, the monitoring team has undertaken analysis of the main news broadcasts of two regional TV channels and two radio stations. The media unit has been analyzing the programs and daily publications, assessing and producing findings on the time or space allocated to all candidates and parties running in the local elections, as well as the time/space allocation given to all the relevant political entities. The tone of the coverage was also evaluated. Quantitative analysis measures the total amount of time and space devoted to election contestants on news and information programs. Qualitative analysis evaluates the tone in which the relevant political subjects have been portrayed – positive, neutral or negative. While the monitoring focused on all political and election-related programs and broadcasts in the prime time (from 18:00 till 24:00), the enclosed charts show only coverage of relevant political subjects in the prime time news programs. While the monitoring included all the registered political subjects and entities, the enclosed charts show only those subjects receiving significant amounts of time/space. Complete results of media monitoring, including the patterns observed on other TV channels, radios and newspapers, as well as the coverage provided in the run-up to the 17 June second round contests, will be published concurrently with the final report. Explanation of the charts The pie charts show the total percentage of airtime or space allocated to relevant political subjects for each media outlet in the defined period.
    [Show full text]
  • National Dataset ZA4793
    TECHNICAL Reports 2010|17 EVS 2008 Method Report Country Report - Republic of Moldova Documentation of the full data release 30/11/10 Related to the national dataset Archive-Study-No. ZA4793, doi:10.4232/1.10184 European Values Study and GESIS Data Archive for the Social Sciences Acknowledgements The fieldwork of the 2008 European Values Study (EVS) was financially supported by universities and research institutes, national science foundations, charitable trusts and foundations, companies and church organizations in the EVS member countries. A major sponsor of the surveys in several Central and Eastern European countries was Renovabis. Renovabis - Solidarity initiative of the German Catholics with the people in Central and Eastern Europe: Project No. MOE016847 http://www.renovabis.de/. An overview of all national sponsors of the 2008 survey is provided in the “EVS 2008 Method Report” in section funding agency/sponsor, the “EVS 2008 Guidelines and Recommendations”, and on the web- site of the European Values Study http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu/evs/sponsoring.html. The project would not have been possible without the National Program Directors in the EVS member countries and their local teams. Gallup Europe developed a special questionnaire translation system WebTrans, which appeared to be very valuable and enhanced the quality of the project. Special thanks also go to the teams at Tilburg University, CEPS/INSTEAD Luxembourg, and GESIS Data Archive for the Social Sciences Cologne. 2 GESIS-Technical Reports No. 17 Contents Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • ENEMO International Election Observation Mission Early Parliamentary Elections, 11 July
    ENEMO International Election Observation Mission Early Parliamentary Elections, 11 July - Moldova 2021 INTERIM REPORT 01.06.2021-25.06.2021 30 June, 2021 ENEMO considers that the existing electoral legislation provides the main preconditions for conducting competitive early parliamentary elections. However, there are a number of insufficient and unclear regulations requiring to be addressed in order to avoid contradicting interpretations and improve the electoral legislation. The electoral administration mostly managed their activities within the legal deadlines and acted transparently, though some decisions of the CEC raised questions regarding impartiality of some of its members. On 1 June 2021, the European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations (ENEMO) officially deployed an International Election Observation Mission (IEOM) to Moldova to observe the upcoming Parliamentary Elections of 11 July 2021. ENEMO has accredited a total of 7 Core Team experts and ten long-term observers (LTOs) working in five teams. Due to health risks created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the IEOM is operating partially remotely, with only a part of the Core Team being deployed in the country. On Election Day ENEMO will observe the opening of polling stations, voting and counting processes. The Mission is headed by Dr. Zlatko Vujovic. This is ENEMO’s fifth mission to Moldova. The presence of ENEMO during the 2021 Early Parliamentary Elections in Moldova will provide the national and international community with elaborate information about the electoral process. Up until 25 June, the ENEMO IEOM has conducted 408 meetings, 132 with election management bodies, 64 with political parties, 37 with candidates, 50 with state officials, 31 with media and 82 with domestic civil society organizations, 12 with other stakeholders, in addition to observing 20 campaign activities (meetings or rallies).
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Public Policies in Moldova - 4
    Monitoring Public Policies in Moldova - 4 EaP CSF, Moldovan National Platform, Working Group 1 April 2020 This report was compiled within the project „Building the State of Law and Democracy: the Contribution of Civil Society” with the financial support of the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Bucharest. The content is the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the view of the donors. ” Transparency International – Moldova 31 August 1989 Str., 98, of., Chişinău, Moldova, MD-2004 Phone: +373 22 203484, + 373 22 203485, Email: [email protected], Web: http://transparency.md Institute for European Policies and Reforms Bucuresti Str, 90, of. 20, Chişinău, Moldova, MD-2001 Phone : +373 22 788989 Email: [email protected], Web: http://ipre.md/ Promo-Lex Ştefan cel Mare Str., 127, Chişinău, Moldova, MD-2004 Phone: + 373 22 450024, E-mail: [email protected], Web: https://promolex.md/ Centre for Independent Journalism Sciusev Str., 53, Chişinău, Moldova, MD-2012 Fhone: +373 22 213652, +373 22 227539, Email: [email protected], Web: http://media-azi.md/ Legal Resources Centre from Moldova Sciusev Str., 33, Chişinău, Moldova, MD 2001 Phone: + 373 22 843601 ext. 109, E-mail: [email protected] , Web: www.crjm.org Association of Independent Press Bucureşti 41/5 Str., Chişinău, Moldova, MD-2012 Phone: +373 22 220996, + 373 68 983 983, E-mail: [email protected], Web: http://api.md/ Institute for Development and Social Initiatives (IDIS) "Viitorul" Iacob Hîncu Str., 10/1, Chişinău, Moldova, MD-2005 Phone : +373 22 210932,
    [Show full text]
  • English Version of This Report Is the Only Official Document
    OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights Election Observation Mission Republic of Moldova Early Parliamentary Elections, 11 July 2021 INTERIM REPORT 03 June – 17 June 2021 22 June 2021 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • The President called early parliamentary elections for 11 July, after the parliament declined to give the vote of confidence to the President’s two nominees for prime minister. The Constitutional Court affirmed the constitutional basis for the dissolution of parliament and annulled the state of emergency declared by the parliament that would have prevented dissolution of parliament. • The parliament’s 101 members are elected by proportional representation from closed candidate lists or as independents. The legal framework underwent significant amendments since the last parliamentary elections, including the return to a proportional electoral system, the lowering of electoral thresholds for parties and blocs, and the strengthening of the 40 per cent gender quota with a placement requirement on candidate lists. • The elections are administered by the Central Election Commission (CEC), 37 District Electoral Councils (DECs) and some 2,150 Precinct Electoral Bureaus (PEBs). The CEC has so far met the legal deadlines in preparation for the elections and its sessions have been open to observers and media and streamed online. The CEC’s decisions on the number and location of polling stations abroad drew criticism and legal challenges on the perceived disenfranchisement of diaspora voters. An instruction on the preventive measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic during the electoral period was adopted by the authorities. • The centralised voter register, maintained and updated by the CEC, is extracted from the population register.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring of the General Local Elections of 20 October 2019 from the Perspective of the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities
    Monitoring of the General Local Elections of 20 October 2019 from the Perspective of the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities Monitoring period: 18 October 2019 – 13 November 2019 Project funded by the Project co-financed by Sweden European Union The Report was produced as part of the Project ‘Civil Society Advocacy for Inclusive and Fair Elections in Moldova, Compliant with EU and OSCE/ODIHR Recommendations and Human Rights Commitments’, implemented by the East Europe Foundation (EEF) in partnership with the ‘Partnership for Development’ Center (PDC), Piligrim Demo, and Tarna Rom, funded by the European Union and co-funded by Sweden. The opinions expressed herein belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the donors’ view. Chisinau, 13 November 2019 TABLE OF CONTENS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................4 METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................7 KEY FINDINGS ON THE FOLLOWING: I. Degree of persons with disabilities’ inclusion by the election candidates in the election campaign. Representation of persons with disabilities on the lists of candidates and their involvement in election campaign activities...............................................................................9 II. Accessibility of the information on election candidates’ platforms for persons with mobility, sensory, mental,
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Moldovan Political Situation and Reforms 2019-2020
    Analysis of Moldovan Political Situation and Reforms 2019-2021 By ECEAP Senior Research Fellow Aap Neljas Abstract Moldova is among the European Union’s Eastern Partners one of the closely integrated countries enjoying benefits of Association Agreement, including a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (AA/DCFTA). Among the EU’s Eastern Partners Moldova, together with Ukraine and Georgia has clearly been among the most successful in conducting reforms necessary for closer integration with the EU. Moldova has a working democracy with competitive electoral environment, and the freedoms of assembly, speech, and religion are mostly protected. However, Moldovan political system is still a developing one, where democratic institutions remain weak and progress in establishing rule of law and protection of freedoms has been uneven. Nevertheless, it could be said that Moldova has achieved moderate success, although there also have been relapses, in implementing many key reforms necessary for developing country’s political systems and economic performance and integrating more closely with the EU. The result of presidential elections in December 2020, where pro-European Maia Sandu won, and the results of recent public opinion polls show growing support for pro-European political forces. The new President Maia Sandu has called for action to stop corruption and the expropriation of state assets, strengthen anti-corruption institutions and involving the EU in their investigations and establishing an independent judiciary. Currently there are political disagreements, whether there is a need for an early Parliamentary election. If there will be early Parliamentary elections in 2021 there is the possibility that a new Government could be formed, which is ready to implement substantial pro-European reforms to improve Moldova’s democratic governance and market economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Moldovan Headaches
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eDoc.VifaPol Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg Claus Neukirch Moldovan Headaches The Republic of Moldova 120 days after the 2001 Parliamentary Elections Working Paper 3 Moldovan Headaches The Republic of Moldova 120 days after the 2001 Parliamentary Elections 1. Introduction The 2001 Parliamentary Elections in the Republic of Moldova were conducted in an atmos- phere of extreme social and economic hardship. The average monthly salary in the former Soviet Republic, sandwiched between Romania and Ukraine, is around 30 US-Dollar today and the real GDP of the country has fallen to 30 percent of the pre-independence level1. Moldova, which has no natural resources and whose economy is dominated by the agricul- tural sector, has now replaced Albania as the poorest country in Europe. When Moldovans were asked in a recent opinion poll what they fear most, 39 percent of the respondents an- swered ‘poverty’. In the same poll 87 percent stated that their income is hardly enough to cover their minimum expenses and 52 percent said that they would leave Moldova for good or at least for a certain period of time2. Already today over 700,000 Moldovan citizens are said to be abroad. Ten years after independence, Moldova has become a country without much hope, battered not only by economic decline, corruption3 and debt4 but also by an identity crises. The discussions of the early nineties, on whether Moldova is a nation in its own right or simply an offshoot of Romania, have quieted down, but not disappeared altogether.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL SECURITY and DEFENSE of the REPUBLIC of MOLDOVA the Institute for Public Policy
    Institutul de Politici Publice NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENSE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA The Institute for Public Policy 1 2 The Institute for Public Policy NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENSE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Edition supervisers: Dr. Arcadie Barbarosie, Dr. Viorel Cibotaru Study conducted by the Institute for Public Policy within the international project Strategic assessment of the national security and defence of the Republic of Moldova in collaboration with EURO-ATLANTIC CENTRE OF MOLDOVA CONFLICT STUDIES RESEARCH CENTRE, THE ROYAL MILITARY ACADEMY SANDHURST, CAMBERLEY, SURREY, GREAT BRITAIN SCOTTISH CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY, GREAT BRITAIN Editura Arc Chiºinãu, 2002 3 CZU 355.1(478)+32.001(082) N 26 Edition supervisers: dr. Arcadie Barbarosie, dr. Viorel Cibotaru Translators: Stelian Rusu, Nicoleta Culava Editor: Genoveva Bolea Cover design: Mihai Bacinschi Computerized editing: Natalia Dolghi The book is published in the Republic of Moldova. The Open Society Institute, Program LGI/PPCI (Budapest) and Soros Foundation Moldova financed the development of studies included in this book. The opinions included do not reflect necessarily the positions of financing organizations. THE INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY The Institute for Public Policy is an independent, nonpartisan and nonprofit organization, committed to the values of individual liberty, democratic society, rule of law, free market economy. Through research, publications, policy recommendations and public forums the Institute provides political, business, academic community and media leadership with a deep analysis of public policy issues confronting our society in order to improve the policymaking process. Institute for Public Policy activity is consolidating on the following fields: educational policies, European integration, corruption, public opinion polls, conflict management, national security and defense.
    [Show full text]