Giovanna Belico Cária Guimarães O Boneco – Personagem

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Giovanna Belico Cária Guimarães O Boneco – Personagem Giovanna Belico Cária Guimarães O Boneco – Personagem: Caracterização do personagem de animação Stop-motion Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Escola de Belas Artes Mestrado em Artes 2012 1 Giovanna Belico Cária Guimarães O Boneco – Personagem: Caracterização do personagem de animação Stop-motion Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes da Escola de Belas Artes da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Artes. Área de Concentração: Arte e Tecnologia da Imagem. Orientador: Maurício Silva Gino Belo Horizonte Escola de Belas Artes /UFMG 2012 2 Ficha catalográfica (modelo) Guimarães, Giovanna Belico Cária, 1975. O Boneco-Personagem: caracterização do personagem de animação stop-motion / Giovanna Belico Cária Guimarães. – 2012 102 f.: il. – Orientador: Maurício Silva Gino Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes da Escola de Belas Artes da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Artes. 1. Boneco – Personagem - stop-motion - Arte – Cinema de Animação 2. Escultura - Teatro I. Gino, Maurício Silva, 1966 - III. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Belas Artes IV. Título. CDD: CDU: código p/BIB/EBA 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao professor Francisco Marinho, com quem iniciei esse projeto. Ao professor Maurício Gino, pela orientação e apoio ao longo de todo o processo, sobretudo durante as (tantas) crises. Ao professor José Américo (in memorian) que contribuiu com suas sugestões e apontamentos. Aos professores Heitor Capuzzo e Ana Lúcia Andrade, que me contagiaram com o encanto pelo cinema e pelo stop-motion. A todo o apoio recebido da Escola de Belas Artes, da UFMG e da CAPES, fundamental para a conclusão desse projeto. Em especial à dona Zina e ao professor Maurílio. Aos tantos obstáculos, que me estimularam a seguir em frente e me esforçar para superá-los. 4 RESUMO Esse estudo procura analisar a caracterização e o desenvolvimento de personagens tridimensionais – bonecos - dentro do cinema de animação em stop- motion. Ele se insere num momento histórico de valorização dessa técnica de animação, seja na indústria cinematográfica comercial, ou mesmo nos roteiros e produções autorais de curtas-metragens presentes em festivais ou nas produções das escolas de animação, como da Escola de Belas Artes da UFMG. Tal estudo pretende contribuir para o estudo da criação de personagens e o desenvolvimento de bonecos para animação stop-motion, servindo de referência para alunos e interessados no cinema de animação como um todo e, sobretudo, no cinema de animação tridimensional e em stop-motion. Para tanto, analisa a evolução histórica das produções em stop-motion, a caracterização física e gestual dos bonecos- personagens, verificando como autores consagrados constroem e desenvolvem seus personagens de modo eficiente em suas obras, expressando ideias e conceitos através do uso dos signos e da escolha de técnicas e elementos físicos direcionados em acordo com roteiros e representações. O boneco-personagem aparece, consequentemente, como uma construção física, gestual e simbólica, metáfora humana em que imagem e gesto representam, evocam e transmitem experiências. 5 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................ 7 1. O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO STOP-MOTION E DOS PERSONAGENS ARTICULADOS NO CINEMA DE ANIMAÇÃO ........................................................ 10 1.1. Primórdios do Cinema ..................................................................................... 11 1.2. Primeiros filmes em stop-motion ..................................................................... 14 1.3. Desenvolvimento do stop-motion nos efeitos visuais ...................................... 18 1.4. Crise e retorno ................................................................................................ 20 2. A REPRESENTAÇÂO HUMANA ATRAVÉS DOS BONECOS ............................ 27 2.1. Introdução ....................................................................................................... 28 2.2. A linguagem simbólica .................................................................................... 28 2.3. O Teatro de Marionetes e os bonecos de manipulação direta ........................ 32 2.4. Aspecto simbólico dos bonecos ...................................................................... 37 2.5. D.I.M. .............................................................................................................. 39 3. A CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO BONECO COMO PERSONAGEM DE ANIMAÇÃO STOP-MOTION ......................................................................................................... 50 3.1. Introdução ....................................................................................................... 51 3.2. Caracterização Física dos bonecos de stop-motion ........................................ 54 3.1.1. Desenho e Forma ..................................................................................... 54 3.1.2. Estrutura de sustentação interna .............................................................. 61 3.1.3. Materiais ................................................................................................... 67 3.1.4. Cor ............................................................................................................ 92 3.1.5. Vestes e ornamentos ................................................................................ 95 3.2. Caracterização cinética dos bonecos de stop-motion ................................... 101 3.2.1. Atuação e Animação do Boneco-personagem ........................................ 106 3.2.2. Timing ..................................................................................................... 112 3.2.3. Pausas .................................................................................................... 120 3.2.4. Poses Fortes ........................................................................................... 123 3.2.5. Linha de movimento ................................................................................ 128 4. ANÁLISE DE FILME ........................................................................................... 131 4.1. Introdução ..................................................................................................... 132 4.2. Lúmen ........................................................................................................... 133 5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ................................................................................ 141 6 6. ANEXO - EXPERIÊNCIA DE CRIAÇÃO DE ROTEIRO E PERSONAGEM ....... 148 7. REFERÊNCIAS ................................................................................................... 155 6.1. REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................................. 156 6.2. REFERÊNCIAS FILMOGRÁFICAS .............................................................. 160 7 INTRODUÇÃO A animação se antecipou ao cinema de captação direta, tendo surgido anteriormente à projeção dos Irmãos Lumiére (1895), marco do nascimento do cinema. Este nasce como fascínio tecnológico e captação e reprodução da realidade, enquanto o cinema de animação nasce como encanto pela imagem sintética, recriada pela mão humana. Ao longo dos anos, foram se aprimorando e estruturando suas metodologias. Dentro dessa evolução, a técnica do stop-motion se desenvolveu, com filmes datados desde os primórdios da animação, passando por grandes diretores e estúdios, a popularização de seu uso como efeitos especiais e visuais no cinema de captação direta, um período de menor valorização no Ocidente e a recente redescoberta da técnica. Ao longo deste percurso, os personagens tridimensionais evoluíram de meros objetos ou bonecos rudimentares a bonecos tecnicamente bem desenvolvidos e refinados. No entanto, e apesar das origens do cinema de animação, pouca pesquisa se encontra sobre a sua caracterização enquanto forma de expressão. Igualmente, poucos estudos se encontram sobre o personagem voltado para o cinema de stop- motion, exceto pelos manuais de construção de bonecos. Encontramos estudos sobre o cinema de captação direta, sobre seus elementos narrativos e construção conceitual e estudos sobre a criação do personagem de animação bidimensional, mas pouco se encontra sobre a criação e desenvolvimento do personagem tridimensional, destinada a filmes de stop-motion com narrativa simbólica / poética. O presente trabalha busca analisar como se dá a caracterização do cinema de animação, privilegiando a técnica de stop-motion, como forma de expressão artística, e a construção, caracterização e desenvolvimento de personagens tridimensionais, destinados a esta técnica de animação, dentro de uma seleção de filmes, privilegiando o curta-metragem de caráter experimental e de narrativa caracteristicamente simbólica/ poética, embora também se utilize de exemplos de longa-metragens de caráter comercial. A trajetória histórica do cinema de animação, situando o cenário da técnica do stop-motion, é abordada no capítulo 1 – Desenvolvimento do Stop-motion e dos Personagens Articulados no Cinema de Animação – apontando, também, o desenvolvimento dos personagens e bonecos ao longo das produções. 8 Para compreender o valor simbólico que pode estar associado aos bonecos, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de personagens, passamos ao capítulo II – Representação Humana através
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