A History of the Expansion of Evangelical Christianity in Nigeria

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A History of the Expansion of Evangelical Christianity in Nigeria A HISTORY OF THE EXPANSION OF EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANITY IN NIGERIA I ) ) A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in ■•v Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of ;■ Doctor of Theology Charles William Knight 1951 SOUTHERN BAPTIST _ THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY LIBI^V IjOUISVILLE.Kt 2825 L£MNGTON ROAD 1 .V., '• •- •*' ■■ -- r;" C" » To Jfy Mother, Wife and Mjr Son .n s-;-. v[ •V PREFACE . I On January 11,• 1940>I received appointment from the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Conven- ■ tion as a missionary to Nigeria. My first work' as a missionary was that of teaching in the theological seminary. While teaching there 1 began,to collect 'material for the writing of the story of Southern Baptist Missions iii Nigeria. My desire was enlarged to include the efforts- of all evangelical groups who soiighf to introduce Christianity in Nigeria. ■ During my' first term of service I had the advantage of living in Western Nigeria at Ogbomosho where I received my first impression of mission work . in 'Nigeria. On my second term of service I lived in Northern Nigeria, at Kadtina and had the opportunity of - - ■ ' Vrewini:^thi"wbrk oT the missionary sbcieties in this areja. I also'had the-'privilege of'spending some time ... ■ in-Eastern Nigeria and saw. the societies at work th^re;. ' During these two terms of service I was' constantly on the alert for any materieil, books, pamphlets or con­ versations that would give me a true picture of Christ- ianity as it expanded. This thesis is the result of the collection of this material. •• ' My aim in this .thesis is to'^trade 'the^ourse of the expansion of evangelical Christianity in;Nigeria. iv during the first one hundred years, 1842 to 1942. The first chapter, as briefly as possible, presents a description of the physical features, people, religions and history of Nigeria. The history of the expansion of evangelical Christianity is divided into four periods: Chapter II, Exploration and Pioneering, 1842 to 1874; Chapter III, Reoccupation and Laying Permanent,Founda- ' tibns, 1875 to 1899; Chapter IV, Organization, Expansion ■ and Indigenous Development, I9OO to 1918; Chapter V, Years of Progress Between World Wars, 1919 to 1942. At the close of each chapter I have placed a statistical table to show the growth of Christianity for each period. The figures are based upon personal - .- surveys, and the best information that could be obtained from mission secretaries on the field. The name of^each _society commonly used in Nigeria is used throughout the thesis :a!rid, wherever abbreviations are used I have followed the most commonly used abbreyiation. _ In preparation of the .material for ..this thesis I’am deeply indebted to the missionaries arid secretaries of all societies working in Nigeria for the information they have so kindly given me."^! am indebted to the■ . Harrodsburg Baptist Church who provided me'with a plabe to study during. the“witing'of the major part of thia' ■ thesis and t Foreign__Mission Board of the Southern V Baptist Convention for permitting me to make this study. I am also, indebted to Miss Jane Phillips who gave in­ valuably service'in typing and to Mrs. Leo T. Crismon who typed the final copy.I wish to thank Miss Rachel Colvin of the Woman's'-^issionary Union, Birmingham ) Alabama, who prepared the maps from my rough sketches and Dr. Leo T. Crismon who made possible the use of numerous books that otherwise would have been impossible to obtain-. A special word of appreciation is due Dr, Henry Cornell Goerner for his kindly and valued words of advice in the preparation of this thesis. <• Louisville,: Ky October 31f.-.1951 Charles Willifam Knight ✓ lU.- V-, ! . ■ ? ■ TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE - PREFACE . iii MAP OF AFRICA XV I. INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUNDS . 1 Geographical location . ■ 1 Physical features of Nigeria 2 Topography ......... 2 River system ........ 4 Flora . .'.......... 5 Climate .......... 6 The people of Nigeria . , . 7 Population of Nigeria . • ' 7 1 Origin and ethnology . r 7 ■ Tribes ............. 6 Languages ......... 9 The religions of Nigeria . 9 Animiism ......... 9 Islam..... 12 History of Nigeria . 16 ^ Early European contacts . 16 Early slave trade .... European-ei^oration . ;■ 19-'^ British occupation . ... 24 Ifodern Nigeria . .. ■. 4 viii »;■ CHAPTER PAGE II. EXPLORATION AND PIONEERING, r842-lg74 . 29 Introduction .............■ 29 Early evangelical missions to Nigerian slaves . .............. ■ 30 Sierra Leone ..............30- Jamaica I*. 34 Missionaries enter Yorubaland34 Wesleyan Methodists • • V ..... 36 Church Missionary Society \ ..... 38 Exploration of Niger river, Flernando Po and Calabar 39 Church Missionary Society on Niger river .................39 First missionary party of the. Baptist Missionary Society ; ........ 40 Scottish Presbyterians located at Calabar ....... 42 Pioneering in Yorubaland . .‘. 44. Station at Abeokuta opened by Church Missionary Society . 45 -Wesleyan Methodists delayed . ... 46 The arrival of American Baptist- missionaries ' W Lagos opened to missionaries . • ^,49 • Abeokuta, hub of Christian activity. 50 Continued, exploration on the Niger and in he ighborihg areas' ■.'> v . ,. .y . , 52 ; The expedition of 1854 • • .! ! ix . CHAPTER PAGE The expedition of ........ 53 Church Missionary Society mission on the Niger opened by S. Ao Crowther . • . 53 Baptist Missionary Society . 57 Church of Scotland — Calabar60 War, persecution and withdrawal64 War in Yorubaland ..... 6k Dahomian efforts to destroy Abeokuta • . • 66 Missionaries expelled from Abeokuta ... 67 Lagos became center of missionary activity ............. 68 Statistics for 1874 ........ 72 III. REOCCUPATION AND LAYING PERMANENT FOUNDATIONS, 1875 - 1899 .................. 73 Introduction .....'.............73 Reoccupation of Yorubaland ........ • • 73 Situation in Yorubaland in 1875 • • • • • 74 . Efforts of Wesleyan Methodists to• xe-enter Abeokuta 75 Abeokuta re-entered by Church 76 Missionary Society . ......... The return of American Baptist missionaries to.Nigeria. .. ...j. " . 7? ■ .f : ^ The attempt of the Wesleyan Methodists ., .78 to open Ibadan ....... .. • • • b^e^pndo #sned by, the Church ,■ ;■ ■ . Missionary;Society^.• •' 78 Great- achifeWnts ip. laying pemancnt:- .79: foundations in Yorubaland . • . I I ■ ■r- X CHAPTER PAGE Lagos, a strong center .....79 Wesleyan Methodist work in Lagos 80 Church Missionary Society in Lagos .... $.0 Growth of American Baptist work 81 Secessions . ...... 82 American Baptist stations . 84 ”Joyful News Evangelists” -. 86. ■ New stations opened by Wesleyan . MethodJ-sts ........... 87 Ecclesiastical changes with the Church Missionary Society ..........88 Liquor traffic in Yorubaland . , 91 Developments along the Niger river . 92. Church Missionary Society first to open stations........'........92 :The visit of Wesleyan Methodists ..... 92 ■ Trouble on the Niger . 95 . ■ ' Church Missionary Society conference at . .-VMadeira. ..............96 The attempt of Church Missionary Society" • . to open medical work at Lokoja . 97 Graham^. Brooke in Hausalahd . '. 97 , Reorganization on the lower; Riger;' ! . 100 .'i Death:of Bishop Crowther• •; . 101 - Pr°g*'®S3. and^,withdrawal in Calabar and area/. " Church Of : Scotl^d ^ h . independent missions/,. ^'■ • ■M xi. CHAPTER PAGE The withdrawal of Baptist Missionary Society . ..............107 Basle mission ..lOS William Hughes — Bug\jma 109 Other missionary societies come to Nigeria • 110 Qua Iboe Mission ...... 111 German Baptists — Gameroons 114 Primitive Methodists . 115 Attempts to open Northern Nigeria .... 117 Statistics for 1399 123 . 124 Introduction '............. • 124 Western Nigeria ‘ i ........ 126 • Missionary personnel increased . , 127 Mother church plan . • • • . 128 Mass-moyements in Ijebu . '• • . 128 Shaki opened * . • • • • 128 Educational work,. ■ 12?;,__ Medical work . • ..m ■ Development of churches; 132 idditional ^bups in lorubaland-- '- 133 V' ■- Secession^. 134 , ... .136. , Eastern Nigeria .' Church Missionary Society ■i. ardhdeaconries r. ■ ;v V,:v'-137:';'? ’T-ssr. xii 'V CHAPTER PAGE Garrick Sokari Braid 138 Church of Scotland Mission . 140 Qua Iboe Mission .... 144 Primitive Methodists . 146 German Baptists . ... 148 Northern Nigeria ..... .149 Church Missionary Society .. 15.0 Sudan Interior Mission . ■ . 151 Church Missionary^ Society at Gierku . '. 153 Mennonite Brethren in Christ Chtirch Mission .......... 156 Sudan United Mission ....... 156 Cambridge University Mission Party .... 158 Church Missionary Society on the Benue river.^ . -. .159 Missioharies not welcome in Muslim emirates .................. 160 Church Missionary Society at Zaria . 161 First Christian community in North, . ..Gimi,. 162 rsudaST'Interior Mission on Niger rl^r 164 Mennonite Brethren in Christ on Niger-;, rriver'.^ . ■ 166, Sudani United.msaion: on;;plateau :: Dutch Reform^; Church :Miehion ; .' i69':r.; Statistics ior I91S. .:. xiii ■s ,<* . CHAPTER PAGE V. YEARS.OF,PROGRESS BETWEEN WORLD WARS, 1919-1942 ....... r. .. 174 Introduction .............. 174 . Western Nigeria........... 175 Changes in'^ssion-personnel . 176 Rise in education facilities . 178 Church Missionary Society bookshops • . IBI Medical missions . .. 182 • The development of churches186 Separatist sects ..... 1S6 Additional societies . i 189 Apostolic Church Missionary Movement . • 189 New Church Society . 190 Christian Council of Nigeria191 Eastern' Nigeria..... 192 Educational missions . 193 Medical missions' ... 196 The development
Recommended publications
  • Report of the Technical Committee Om
    REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF SHARIA IN KATSINA STATE January 2000 Contents: Volume I: Main Report Chapter One: Preliminary Matters Preamble Terms of Reference Modus Operandi Chapter Two: Consideration of Various Sections of the Constitution in Relation to Application of Sharia A. Section 4(6) B. Section 5(2) C. Section 6(2) D. Section 10 E. Section 38 F. Section 275(1) G. Section 277 Chapter Three: Observations and Recommendations 1. General Observations 2. Specific Recommendations 3. General Recommendations Conclusion Appendix A: List of all the Groups, Associations, Institutions and Individuals Contacted by the Committee Volume II: Verbatim Proceedings Zone 1: Funtua: Funtua, Bakori, Danja, Faskari, Dandume and Sabuwa Zone 2: Malumfashi: Malumfashi, Kafur, Kankara and Musawa Zone 3: Dutsin-Ma: Dutsin-Ma, Danmusa, Batsari, Kurfi and Safana Zone 4: Kankia: Kankia, Ingawa, Kusada and Matazu Zone 5: Daura: Daura, Baure, Zango, Mai’adua and Sandamu Zone 6: Mani: Mani, Mashi, Dutsi and Bindawa Zone 7: Katsina: Katsina, Kaita, Rimi, Jibia, Charanchi and Batagarawa 1 Ostien: Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria 1999-2006: A Sourcebook: Supplement to Chapter 2 REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON APPLICATION OF SHARIA IN KATSINA STATE VOLUME I: MAIN REPORT CHAPTER ONE Preamble The Committee was inaugurated on the 20th October, 1999 by His Excellency, the Governor of Katsina State, Alhaji Umaru Musa Yar’adua, at the Council Chambers, Government House. In his inaugural address, the Governor gave four point terms of reference to the Committee. He urged members of the Committee to work towards realising the objectives for which the Committee was set up.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diocese of Lagos Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) Record of Proceedings at the First Session of the 34Th Synod Of
    THE DIOCESE OF LAGOS CHURCH OF NIGERIA (ANGLICAN COMMUNION) RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS AT THE FIRST SESSION OF THE 34TH SYNOD OF THE DIOCESE HELD FROM SUNDAY, 5TH TO WEDNESDAY, 8TH MAY, 2019 Theme: THE UNFAILING FAITH OF OUR FATHERS: EVER SUFFICIENT Venues: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF CHRIST MARINA, LAGOS OUR SAVIOUR’S CHURCH TAFAWA BALEWA SQUARE, LAGOS President of the Synod: His Lordship, The Rt. Revd Dr. Humphrey Bamisebi Olumakaiye, Ph.D The Diocesan Bishop of Lagos and Missioner SYNOD OPENING SERVICE DAY 1 – SUNDAY, 5TH MAY, 2019 OPENING SERVICE 1.01 The First session of the Thirty Fourth Synod of the Diocese of Lagos (Anglican Communion) tagged "The Centenary Synod" kicked off with an Opening Service at the Cathedral Church of Christ, Marina, Lagos on Sunday 5th of May 2019 at 4.00pm. The service was presided over by the President of Synod and Diocesan Bishop of Lagos and Chief Missioner; His Lordship, The Rt. Rev. Dr. Humphrey Bamisebi Olumakaiye. The theme for the Synod was THE UNFAILING FAITH OF OUR FATHERS: EVER SUFFICIENT (2 Timothy 1:5). 1.02. The Diocesan Mass Choir that comprised of choristers from The Cathedral Church of Christ, Our Saviour's Church TBS, Anglican Church on the Peninsula Ajah, St. Peter's Church Ikota and Church of Pentecost Ajah led the First Procession. They were closely followed by the Readers and Agents with the Hymn WIS 4 – ‘A Mighty Fortress is Our God’. 1.03 The Second Procession was made up of the Clergy filing in juniores priores was next with the Hymn A&MNS 156 ‘Come Down, O Love, Divine’ and they were led in by the Priests' Verger.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence in Nigeria's North West
    Violence in Nigeria’s North West: Rolling Back the Mayhem Africa Report N°288 | 18 May 2020 Headquarters International Crisis Group Avenue Louise 235 • 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 • Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Community Conflicts, Criminal Gangs and Jihadists ...................................................... 5 A. Farmers and Vigilantes versus Herders and Bandits ................................................ 6 B. Criminal Violence ...................................................................................................... 9 C. Jihadist Violence ........................................................................................................ 11 III. Effects of Violence ............................................................................................................ 15 A. Humanitarian and Social Impact .............................................................................. 15 B. Economic Impact ....................................................................................................... 16 C. Impact on Overall National Security ......................................................................... 17 IV. ISWAP, the North West and
    [Show full text]
  • A Theological Appraisal of Marriage in Tiv Culture
    Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 12-20-2019 A Theological Appraisal of Marriage in Tiv Culture Emmanuel Ahua Duquesne University Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Ahua, E. (2019). A Theological Appraisal of Marriage in Tiv Culture (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1833 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. A THEOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF MARRIAGE IN TIV CULTURE A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Emmanuel Ahua December 2019 Copyright by Emmanuel Ahua 2019 A THEOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF MARRIAGE IN TIV CULTURE By Emmanuel Ahua Approved April 5, 2019 ________________________________ ________________________________ Prof. Elochukwu Uzukwu, Ph.D. Dr. James Chukwuma Okoye, D.Phil. Professor of Theology Professor of Old Testament Studies Department of Theology Director, Center for Spiritan Studies (First Reader) (Second Reader) ________________________________ ________________________________ Prof. George Worgul, Ph.D. Dr. Marinus Iwuchukwu, Ph.D. Department of Theology Chair, Department of Theology Dissertation Director Associate Professor of Theology ________________________________ Dr. Kristine L. Blair, Ph.D. Dean, McAnulty Graduate School of Liberal Arts Dean. iii ABSTRACT A THEOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF MARRIAGE IN TIV CULTURE By Ahua Emmanuel December 2019 Dissertation supervised by Dr. George Worgul, Ph.D. Marriage is humanity’s essential characteristic. It is the essential union between male and female geared towards raising and sustaining rational family life in society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case Study of Violent Conflict in Taraba State (2013 - 2015)
    Violent Conflict in Divided Societies The Case Study of Violent Conflict in Taraba State (2013 - 2015) Nigeria Conflict Security Analysis Network (NCSAN) World Watch Research November, 2015 [email protected] www.theanalytical.org 1 Violent Conflict in Divided Societies The Case Study of Violent Conflict in Taraba State (2013 - 2015) Taraba State, Nigeria. Source: NCSAN. The Deeper Reality of the Violent Conflict in Taraba State and the Plight of Christians Nigeria Conflict and Security Analysis Network (NCSAN) Working Paper No. 2, Abuja, Nigeria November, 2015 Authors: Abdulbarkindo Adamu and Alupse Ben Commissioned by World Watch Research, Open Doors International, Netherlands No copyright - This work is the property of World Watch Research (WWR), the research department of Open Doors International. This work may be freely used, and spread, but with acknowledgement of WWR. 2 Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge with gratitude all that granted NCSAN interviews or presented documented evidence on the ongoing killing of Christians in Taraba State. We thank the Catholic Secretariat, Catholic Diocese of Jalingo for their assistance in many respects. We also thank the Chairman of the Muslim Council, Taraba State, for accepting to be interviewed during the process of data collection for this project. We also extend thanks to NKST pastors as well as to pastors of CRCN in Wukari and Ibi axis of Taraba State. Disclaimers Hausa-Fulani Muslim herdsmen: Throughout this paper, the phrase Hausa-Fulani Muslim herdsmen is used to designate those responsible for the attacks against indigenous Christian communities in Taraba State. However, the study is fully aware that in most reports across northern Nigeria, the term Fulani herdsmen is also in use.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Catholicism Versus Pentecostalism: the Nexus of Fundamentalism and Religious Freedom in Africa
    Verbum et Ecclesia ISSN: (Online) 2074-7705, (Print) 1609-9982 Page 1 of 7 Original Research Roman Catholicism versus Pentecostalism: The nexus of fundamentalism and religious freedom in Africa Author: Today’s Christians in the age of secularism and other kinds of ideologies struggle to make 1 Felix E. Enegho their impacts felt as they assiduously labour to plant the gospel in the hearts and minds of Affiliation: many. Amid their struggles and worries, they are often confronted with other challenges 1Department of Christian both from within and outside. The aim of this research was to assess the Roman Catholic Spirituality, Church History Church and her struggle in the midst of other Churches often tagged ‘Pentecostals’ in the and Missiology, Faculty of areas of fundamentalism and religious freedom in Africa and most especially in Nigeria. Human Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, Pentecostal theology was aligned with Evangelism in their emphasis on the reliability of the South Africa Bible and the great need for the spiritual transformation of the individual’s life with faith in Jesus Christ. They emphasise personal experience and work of the Holy Spirit and therefore Corresponding author: see themselves as a selected few, who are holy, spiritual and better than others. Some of them Felix Enegho, [email protected] even claim to have the monopoly of the Holy Spirit. This researcher was one scholar who holds the view that there was no church more Pentecostal than the Catholic Church which Dates: has survived for more than 2000 years under the influence and direction of the Holy Spirit.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Comparative Psychology, Vol
    International Journal of Comparative Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1997 COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON POINTING AND JOINT ATTENTION IN CHILDREN AND APES Mark A. Krause University of Tennessee, USA ABSTRACT: The comprehension and production of manual pointing and joint visual attention are already well developed when human infants reach their second year. These early developmental milestones mark the infant's transition into accelerated linguistic competence and shared experiences with others. The ability to draw another's attention toward distal objects or events facilitates the development of complex cognitive processes such as language acquisition. A comparative approach allows us to examine the evolution of these phenomena. Of recent interest is whether non-human primates also gesture and manipulate the eye gaze direction of others when communicating. However, all captive apes do not use referential gestures such as pointing, or appear to understand the meaning of shared attention. Those that show evidence of these abilities differ in their expression of them, and this may be closely related to rearing history. This paper reviews the literature on the topic of pointing and joint attention in non-human primates with the goal of identifying why these abilities develop in other species, and to examine the potential sources of the existing individual variation in their expression. By the time they reach their second year, human children engage in social interactions that often include pointing and the establishment and manipulation of joint visual attention. The developmental course of pointing follows a relatively predictable pattern. In its earliest form, pointing is probably a self-orienting reflex or an alertness reaction, rather than an attempt to manipulate the attention of others (Bates, 1976; Hannan & Fogel, 1987; Lock, Young, Service, & Chandler, 1990; Trevarthen, 1977).
    [Show full text]
  • From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940
    The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ISSN: 0308-6534 (Print) 1743-9329 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fich20 From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940 Samuel Fury Childs Daly To cite this article: Samuel Fury Childs Daly (2019) From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 47:3, 474-489, DOI: 10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833 Published online: 15 Feb 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 268 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fich20 THE JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY 2019, VOL. 47, NO. 3, 474–489 https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833 From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940 Samuel Fury Childs Daly Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Indirect rule figured prominently in Nigeria’s colonial Nigeria; Abeokuta; crime; administration, but historians understand more about the police; indirect rule abstract tenets of this administrative strategy than they do about its everyday implementation. This article investigates the early history of the Native Authority Police Force in the town of Abeokuta in order to trace a larger move towards coercive forms of administration in the early twentieth century. In this period the police in Abeokuta developed from a primarily civil force tasked with managing crime in the rapidly growing town, into a political implement of the colonial government.
    [Show full text]
  • Jeremy Mcmaster Rich
    Jeremy McMaster Rich Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences Marywood University 2300 Adams Avenue, Scranton, PA 18509 570-348-6211 extension 2617 [email protected] EDUCATION Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Ph.D., History, June 2002 Thesis: “Eating Disorders: A Social History of Food Supply and Consumption in Colonial Libreville, 1840-1960.” Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Phyllis Martin Major Field: African history. Minor Fields: Modern West European history, African Studies Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. M.A., History, December 1994 University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. B.A. with Honors, History, June 1993 Dean’s List 1990-1991, 1992-1993 TEACHING Marywood University, Scranton, PA. Associate Professor, Dept. of Social Sciences, 2011- Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN. Associate Professor, Dept. of History, 2007-2011 Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN. Assistant Professor, Dept. of History, 2006-2007 University of Maine at Machias, Machias, ME. Assistant Professor, Dept. of History, 2005-2006 Cabrini College, Radnor, PA. Assistant Professor (term contract), Dept. of History, 2002-2004 Colby College, Waterville, ME. Visiting Instructor, Dept. of History, 2001-2002 CLASSES TAUGHT African History survey, African-American History survey (2 semesters), Atlantic Slave Trade, Christianity in Modern Africa (online and on-site), College Success, Contemporary Africa, France and the Middle East, Gender in Modern Africa, Global Environmental History in the Twentieth Century, Historical Methods (graduate course only), Historiography, Modern Middle East History, US History survey to 1877 and 1877-present (2 semesters), Women in Modern Africa (online and on-site courses), Twentieth Century Global History, World History survey to 1500 and 1500 to present (2 semesters, distance and on-site courses) BOOKS With Douglas Yates.
    [Show full text]
  • Fremontia Journal of the California Native Plant Society
    $10.00 (Free to Members) VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1 • SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY INSPIRATIONINSPIRATION ANDAND ADVICEADVICE FOR GARDENING VOL. 40, NO. 3 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND JANUARY 2013 FREMONTIA WITH NATIVE PLANTS CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY CNPS, 2707 K Street, Suite 1; Sacramento, CA 95816-5130 FREMONTIA Phone: (916) 447-CNPS (2677) Fax: (916) 447-2727 Web site: www.cnps.org Email: [email protected] VOL. 40, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2012 AND VOL. 41, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 MEMBERSHIP Membership form located on inside back cover; Copyright © 2013 dues include subscriptions to Fremontia and the CNPS Bulletin California Native Plant Society Mariposa Lily . $1,500 Family or Group . $75 Bob Hass, Editor Benefactor . $600 International or Library . $75 Rob Moore, Contributing Editor Patron . $300 Individual . $45 Plant Lover . $100 Student/Retired/Limited Income . $25 Beth Hansen-Winter, Designer Cynthia Powell, Cynthia Roye, and CORPORATE/ORGANIZATIONAL Mary Ann Showers, Proofreaders 10+ Employees . $2,500 4-6 Employees . $500 7-10 Employees . $1,000 1-3 Employees . $150 CALIFORNIA NATIVE STAFF – SACRAMENTO CHAPTER COUNCIL PLANT SOCIETY Executive Director: Dan Gluesenkamp David Magney (Chair); Larry Levine Finance and Administration (Vice Chair); Marty Foltyn (Secretary) Dedicated to the Preservation of Manager: Cari Porter Alta Peak (Tulare): Joan Stewart the California Native Flora Membership and Development Bristlecone (Inyo-Mono): Coordinator: Stacey Flowerdew The California Native Plant Society Steve McLaughlin Conservation Program Director: Channel Islands: David Magney (CNPS) is a statewide nonprofit organi- Greg Suba zation dedicated to increasing the Rare Plant Botanist: Aaron Sims Dorothy King Young (Mendocino/ understanding and appreciation of Vegetation Program Director: Sonoma Coast): Nancy Morin California’s native plants, and to pre- Julie Evens East Bay: Bill Hunt serving them and their natural habitats Vegetation Ecologists: El Dorado: Sue Britting for future generations.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Nigeria Research Network
    Christians and Christianity in Northern Nigeria Ibrahim, J.; Ehrhardt, D.W.L. Citation Ibrahim, J., & Ehrhardt, D. W. L. (2012). Christians and Christianity in Northern Nigeria. Oxford: Nigeria Research Network. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/139167 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/139167 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Nigeria Research Network (NRN) Oxford Department of International Development Queen Elizabeth House University of Oxford NRN WORKING PAPER NO. 12 Christians and Christianity in Northern Nigeria Dr Jibrin Ibrahim, Executive Director, Centre for Democracy & Development, Abuja. & Dr David Ehrhardt, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford. 2012 Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Islam Research Programme - Abuja, funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The views presented in this paper represent those of the authors and are in no way attributable to the Ministry. 1 Abstract Christians constitute a significant minority in northern Nigeria. This report introduces some of the main dynamics that characterize the contemporary Christian population of Nigeria, with a focus on Christianity in northern Nigeria. It sketches the origins of the divide between ‘old’ and ‘new’ Christian movements and presents data on the demographics and diversity of Nigerian Christianity, suggesting that there are five main Christian movements in Nigeria: the Roman Catholics, the ‘orthodox’ Protestants, the African Protestants, the Aladura churches, and finally the Pentecostals. Furthermore, the paper discusses some of the ways in which Nigerian Christians are positioning themselves and their religion in Nigeria’s public sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglican Church and the Development of Pentecostalism in Igboland
    ISSN 2239-978X Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol. 3 No. 10 ISSN 2240-0524 MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy December 2013 Anglican Church and the Development of Pentecostalism in Igboland Benjamin C.D. Diara Department of Religion and Cultural Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka- Nigeria Nche George Christian Department of Religion and Cultural Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka- Nigeria Doi:10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n10p43 Abstract The Anglican mission came into Igboland in the last half of the nineteenth century being the first Christian mission to come into Igboland, precisely in 1857, with Onitsha as the first spot of missionary propagation. From Onitsha the mission spread to other parts of Igboland. The process of the spread was no doubt, marked with the demonstration of the power of the Holy Spirit; hence the early CMS missionaries saw the task of evangelizing Igboland as something that could not have been possible without the victory of the Holy Spirit over the demonic forces that occupied Igboland by then. The objective of this paper is to historically investigate the claim that the presence of the Anglican Church in Igboland marked the origin of Pentecostalism among the Igbo. The method employed in this investigation was both analytical and descriptive. It was discovered that the Anglican mission introduced Pentecostalism into Igboland through their charismatic activities long before the churches that claim exclusive Pentecostalism came, about a century later. The only difference is that the original Anglican Pentecostalism was imbued in their Evangelical tradition as opposed to the modern Pentecostalism which is characterized by seemingly excessive emotional and ecstatic tendencies without much biblical anchorage.
    [Show full text]