The Frigid Golden Age Dagomar Degroot Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41931-4 — The Frigid Golden Age Dagomar Degroot Index More Information

Index

Admiraal de Ruyter (ship), 91 6, 20, 114, 197–99, 202, 203–12, 213, Adrians, Claes, 72 216, 218, 227, 245–46, 269, 301; local Africaensche Galey (ship), 93 environments during, 20, 196–98, Afrika (ship), 93–95 245–47, 301; represented in art, 268–69; Agatha (ship), 95 Second (1664–1667), 114, 136–37, 198, agriculture: energy supply and, 18; 203, 212–28, 243, 246, 269, 270, 296, harvest failures, 3, 11, 35, 110, 124–29, 301; Third (1672–1674), 114, 197–98, 148, 301; Little Ice Age and, 5, 9; 203, 218, 219, 222, 228–37, 246, 269, prevailing weather and, 247; rising 301; wind directions, 211, 219 populations and, 39 Anslo, Reyer, 286 Akerendam (ship), 91, 96 Antwerp, 55, 173, 186–87, 288 Alba, Duke of, 162, 165–70 AO. See Arctic Oscillation albedo (reﬂectivity), 22, 23 Archangel, 9, 53, 123 Albert, Archduke, 180, 182 Arctic exploration, 19, 55–73, 75–76, Allin, Thomas, 199, 226 79–80, 279–81, 300–1 AMO. See Atlantic Multidecadal Arctic Oscillation (AO), 25, 36, 48 Oscillation Army of Flanders, 165–71, 173, 181, 185, AMOC. See Atlantic Meridional 186, 187–88, 193–94, 229 Overturning Circulation art and artists: Dutch Masters, 251, 254, Amsterdam, 4, 307; canals and dikes, 258; 276; genres, 254, 265, 268, 277; military commerce, 57–59, 61, 64, 66–68, 72–75, scenes, 268–76; representation of 76, 80, 84, 86, 109–10, 119, 123–34, 136, Little Ice Age, 11, 14, 20, 253–54, 138–42, 145–46; culture, 251, 253, 278, 275–76, 302; responses to climate 284–85, 295–97; harbor tolls, 188, 214; change, 11, 14, 20, 252, 253–54, 263–76, urban ﬁres in, 295–97; wars and, 161, 278–83, 302; seascapes, 253–54, 165–67, 168, 171, 188, 193, 201, 214, 272–73, 275–76; stormscapes, 273–76; 232, 240–41, 244–45; wheat prices, 124, winter landscapes, 142, 254, 263, 125; windmills, 13 266–67, 271, 273, 275–76, 285, 298. Amsterdams Peil, 259 See also culture Anglo-Dutch Wars: climate change during, Asia: commerce of, 19, 55–57, 107–8, 109; 12, 20, 114, 153, 176, 196–98, 233–36, exploration in changing climate, 55–57, 244, 245–47, 301; environmental 80–84, 107–8, 109, 281, 300–1; southern conditions, 198–203; First (1652–1654), route to, 81–84, 107

355

356 Index

Atlantic Meridional Overturning blubber, 75–76. See also whaling industry Circulation (AMOC), 24–26, 31, 33, 46, Boor (ship), 89–91 60, 64, 73, 75 Boos, Gerrits, 88–89 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), Boot, Het (ship), 62, 63 24, 25, 33–36, 41, 48, 60, 104–5 Bor, Pieter Christiaanszoon, 162 atmospheric circulation, 2, 19, 26; AMO, Bosch, Jacob, 292 effect on, 24, 25, 104; blocking events Bos en Hoven (ship), 91 and, 48; effect on VOC journeys, 83, 87; Bossu, Count of, 170 logbooks on, 96–97; during Maunder Braave (ship), 95 Minimum, 57, 301; naval systems Braudel, Fernand, 52, 54 response to, 20, 91, 124, 134, 153, 252; Brederode (ship), 202 precipitation patterns, effect on, 31, 178, brewers, 140, 142, 146, 292 197; proxy evidence on, 47; regional Bristol (ship), 223, 243 changes, 33–34, 36, 39, 43, 104; sea ice, British East India Company, 86 effect on, 262 Bruegel, Pieter, the Elder, 263 Avercamp, Hendrick, 264, 271 Brueghel, Pieter, the Younger, 263 Azores, 24 Bruijn, Jaap R., 152 Brunel, Olivier, 58 Bacon, Francis, 247, 262 Burroughs, William, 263 Baltic commerce: climate change, effect on, 3–4, 6, 19, 109–29, 148, 301; Caeskoper, Claas Ariszoon, 13, 121, commodities, 109; consequences of Little 133–34, 141–43, 145–46, 254, 259 Ice Age, 19, 109–11, 129–30, 147–49; Callot, Jacques, 268 harvest failures, effect on, 124–29, 301; Calvinism, 162, 165, 173 sea ice, effect on, 112–13, 124, 129, 301; Cape of Good Hope, 80–81, 82, 99–101, wars opened for trade, 163; wind velocity, 103, 107 effect on, 120–24 Cape Verde, 88, 99 Barents, Willem: death of, 72; expeditions, carbon dioxide, 22–23 56, 57–73, 75–77, 79–81, 279–81 Carnero, Antonio, 174 Barents Sea, 48, 61, 64, 66 cartography, 4, 55, 56–59, 251, 277, Batavia, 82–83, 88, 97–98, 100–103, 105–6 278–82, 280, 283 Battle of Dungeness (1652), 208–9 Catholicism, 4, 194, 238 Battle of Lowestoft (1665), 216–17, 223–24 Catholic League, 186, 188 Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), 182–84 Cecil, William, Lord Burghley, 175–76 Battle of the Downs (1639), 194 Celtic Sea, 89 Battle of the Gabbard (1653), 210 Charles II, King, 212, 228, 236, 237, 238 Battle of the Kentish Knock (1652), 206, Charles V, King, 160 209 China, 38, 308 Baudartius, Willem, 295 circulation. See atmospheric circulation; Beaufort (BF) scale, 30, 45, 233–35 oceanic circulation; thermohaline Beeckman, Isaac, 262 circulation Behringer, Wolfgang, 39 circumvallation, 157, 190–92 Bekker, Balthasar, 289 Claeszoon, Cornelis, 57, 279 Bellone (ship), 95 Claeszoon, Thenis, 69 Bennet, Stephen, 75 climate changes: cultural responses to, Berkel (ship), 90 278–87, 298–99; history of, approaches, Bibloo, Govard, 283 2, 7–9, 15, 17–18, 39–40, 257–58, 267, Blake, Robert, 205–10 302–3; interdisciplinary approaches to, blizzards and snowstorms, 71, 74, 117, 143, 302–3; in journals/correspondence, 145. See also storms 84–89, 115–20; lessons from, 300–3, Block, Hendrick Dirckszoon, 292 307–9; method and meaning, 14–18;

Index 357

moderate, 308–9; overview, 1–7; De Ruyter, Michael Adriaenszoon, 78–79, perceiving and measuring, 254–63, 302; 213, 215, 217, 223–25, 227, 230–31, 236 reconstructing past data, 26–31, 261; De Veer, Gerrit, 64, 65, 67–68, 73, 75 resilience to, 18, 20, 73, 111, 148, 236, De Vries, Jan, 12, 138 252, 294, 298–99, 303–4; scholarship on, De With, Witte, 199, 205–6, 209–10 9–14; in ship logbooks, 13–14, 27, 29–31, De Witt, Johan, 212–13, 215, 217, 227, 43, 87–107, 123, 235, 243; wars and, 230, 233 153, 160–64, 195, 233–36, 301. See also Diamond, Jared, 306 Little Ice Age; local environmental climate Downing, George, 215, 217 change Drake, Francis, 177 Climatological Database for the World’s Dregterlandt (ship), 95 Oceans (CLIWOC), 30 Dudley, Robert. See Leicester, Earl of Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 82 (Robert Dudley) commerce: in Asia, 19, 55–57, 107–8, 109; Dutch East India Company (VOC), 4, 19, 76; climate change, effect on, 5–6, 51–54, Asia, trade with, 4, 56–57, 78, 81–108, 109–29, 147–49; sea ice, effect on, 13, 78, 185; Asia, voyages to, 81–83, 85, 97–107, 80, 112–13, 115–20, 124, 126–27, 128, 98, 103; Christmas Fleet, 83, 104; climate 129, 148, 188, 301; wars and, 152–53, change, effect on, 56–57, 84–107; Easter 245, 249. See also Baltic commerce Fleet, 83; Fairs Fleet, 83; formation of, Constantinople, 53 55–57, 81; journals/correspondence, contravallation, 157 84–88; naval art, 269; ship logbooks, convection, 26 87–97; vessels, 53–54, 83, 97–107, 270; Cosimo de Medici, Prince, 135–36 in wars, 185, 217–18, 220, 234, 236. Council of Troubles, 162 See also Baltic commerce Cromwell, Oliver, 202, 212 Dutch Golden Age: climate change, effect crop failures. See harvest failures on, 9, 10, 300; commerce, 51–54; context culture: climate change and, 6, 20–21, for, 303–7; culture of, 250–52; 249–54, 266, 273, 274, 276–83, 287, innovations of, 246–47; lessons from, 298–99; in coastal provinces, 252; ice 307–9; naval and economic power in, cultures, 21, 252, 278, 287–89, 299; 159, 301–2; as time of conﬂict, 151–53; vulnerability and resilience in, 298–99, zenith of, 196–97, 254. See also art and 304. See also art and artists; literature artists Dutch Northern Company, 76, 78, 79 Dalton Minimum (1760–1850), 41, 43, Dutch Republic, 3, 4–6; Arctic voyages and 91–92, 95, 140 whaling, 73–79; collapse of, 108; Daston, Lorraine, 259 formation of, 55, 160; harvest failures, Davis, John, 59 124–29; during Little Ice Age, 5–7, 9, Davis Strait, 76 10–12, 41–49, 108, 124–29; naval dead reckoning, 13–14 system, 20, 159, 197, 206–7, 212–13, De Bie, Jacob, Jr., 116–19 230, 238–39, 246–47; on Northeast De Groot, Hugo, 132–33, 166, 172, 261, Passage, 55–56, 62–74; resilience to 288 climate change, 7, 18, 20, 73, 111, 148, De Henin, Maximilian, 170 236, 252, 294, 298–99, 303–4; social De Hooghe, Romeyn, 283 unrest in, 163–64, 232–33; sovereignty De Jongh, Eddy, 264 of, 194, 253; transportation in, 19, De Kraker, Adriaan, 44, 131 53–54, 110–11, 130–32, 139–49, 304; De Moucheron, Balthasar, 58, 59, 62, 63, zenith of, 196–97, 254. See also Dutch 64, 67, 81, 87 Golden Age; Eighty Years’ War Denmark, 111, 116, 161, 163, 218 (1568–1648) De Piles, Roger, 264 Dutch Revolt (1568–1648), 20, 155, 174, De Pottre, Jan, 180, 255 175, 195, 267, 301

358 Index

Dutch Wars of Independence. See Eighty France, 4, 40, 93, 152, 154, 155, 188, Years’ War (1568–1648) 220–21, 228–31, 237–40 Dutch West India Company (WIC), 4, 9, 76, Franszoon, Jan, 72 212 Frederick, King of Denmark, 218 Duyck, Anthonie, 179, 183–84 Frederik Hendrik of Orange, 187, 190–93 freezing: Baltic travel and, 19, 114, 119, Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648), 19–20, 129; Dutch transportation and, 110, 169; climate change and, 6, 19–20, 153, 132–33, 135, 137–38, 140–47; during 154–56, 160–65, 173–94, 195, 203, 232, Maunder Minimum, 47, 208, 291; 267, 282; conclusion of, 186–94; military transport and, 153, 155, 165, environmental conditions of, 156–61; 168, 174 escalation and truce, 173–85; during Grindelwald Fluctuation, 154, 164–73; gages. See under weather land/sea battles, 158–59. See also specific Generality Lands, 231 wars Gijsbrecht van Aemstel (van den Vondel Elizabeth, Queen, 173–77 play), 284 El Niño, 26, 33, 199 glaciers, 27, 61 Emmens, Jan, 264 global cooling, 23, 307–9 Enchanted World, The (Bekker), 289 global crises, 40 energy, harnessing, 17–18, 52–53, 54, 153, global warming, 1–2, 5, 22, 23–24, 41, 251, 252, 302 307–9. See also climate change England. See Anglo-Dutch Wars; English Glorious Revolution (1688), 20, 136, 153, naval system 199, 237–45, 246, 301 English Channel: commerce and, 82, 89, Goedde, Lawrence Otto, 275 92–93, 95–96; Maunder Minimum Goes, Robert, 115–16 weather, 45–47; wars and, 158, 159, Gottschalk, Elisabeth, 44–45 194–96, 198, 208, 217, 222–23, 234, Grand Pensionaries, 14, 86, 115, 212, 214, 241, 246 257 English naval system, 20, 152, grand solar minimum, 23 197, 202, 206–10, 213, 226–28, 236, Great Fire of London (1666), 226–27, 296 246–47 Great Northern War (1700–1721), 114 Enkhuizen, 56–57, 62, 63, 64, 67, 119, Great Winter of 1708/1709, 115 168, 258 greenhouse gases, 22, 23–24 ENSO. See El Niño Greenland, 24, 69, 279, 281 Eppens, Abel, 119, 255 Greenland Sea, 48 Eric VII, King, 111 Grindelwald, Switzerland, 32 Evelyn, John, 121, 144, 226, 244 Grindelwald Fluctuation (1560–1628), 2; Arctic exploration during, 55–62, 72, Farnese, Alexander, 173 79–80, 300–1; Asia expedition/commerce ferries. See turn and pull ferries during, 56, 57–62, 66, 74, 77, 79–81, 88, firefighting technologies, 296–97 104, 107; Baltic commerce during, 111, flooding: from Grindelwald Fluctuation, 113, 119, 121, 132, 147; Barents 154–55; poetic responses to, 287;of expeditions during, 55–62, 66, 69, 72; roads, 145, 147; turn ferry network and, climate change during, 32–35, 37–38, 133–34, 137; vulnerability to, 9–10, 41–42, 44–45, 47–49, 113, 184, 300–1; 133–34, 256–59, 285–86 energy harnessed during, 153; flooding food shortages, 35, 40, 126, 128, 154, 162, from, 154–55, 267–69; food shortages 164 from, 154; frigid winters of, 113, 153, Foster, Nicholas, 245 256, 300; growing season during, 34–35; Four Days’ Battle (1666), 225, 271, 272 precipitation during, 33–34; represented Fram Strait, 61 in art, 265, 268–69, 273–74, 284; sea ice

Index 359

in, 60–62, 66, 77; social unrest and, ice cores, 26–27, 28, 61 163–64; storms during, 44–45; ice cultures, 21, 252, 278, 287–89, technological innovations during, 299 290–91, 292, 298; temperature variances Iceland, 24, 36, 255 during, 41, 42, 43–44, 67; wars and, Iceland-Scotland Ridge, 48 154–55, 160, 163, 164–73, 174, 176, ice skating, 142–43, 146–47, 179–82, 184, 189, 191, 194, 195; wind 267, 271 during, 47; witch hunts over, 35, 288 Iemitsu, Tokygawa, 305–6 gyres, 24 Ieyasu, Tokugawa, 305–6 Indian Ocean, 83, 304–6 Haarlem, siege of, 165–71 Inquisition, 154, 161 Hacquebord, Louwrens, 12 Inquisition (ship), 171 Haddock, Richard, 235 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 99, Hallstatt cycle, 23 105 Hals, Frans, 251 inventions. See technology Halve Maan (ship), 73–74 Ireland, 82, 93–95, 178 Hanszoon, Jan, 119 ITCZ. See Intertropical Convergence Zone harvest failures, 3, 11, 35, 37–38, 110, 124–29, 148, 301 Jackman, Charles, 59 Heemskerk, Jacob van, 65, 67–72 James, King, 74 Heinsius, Anthonie, 86–87, 115–19, 123, James II, King, 214, 238–39, 242, 214 244, 246 Heinsius, Daniel, 190–91 Jamestown, Virginia, 37 Henry III, King, 179 Janszoon, Dirck, 255 Hercules (ship), 95, 96 Japan, 305–7 Heren XVII. See Seventeen Lords Jardine, Lisa, 238, 242–43 herring, 78, 109, 205, 234, 240 Jerusalem (ship), 95, 96 Heyn, Piet Pieterszoon, 188–89 Jones, J. R., 12 Holland. See States of Holland Jongekoe, Adriaen, 93–94 Hollandic Water Line, 231 Juet, Robert, 74 Hollantsche Mercurius (newspaper), Justin of Nassau, 178 256 Holmes, Robert, 212 Kara Sea, 59, 63, 65–67, 80 Holy Roman Empire, 40, 154, 253 Kilden Island, 62–63, 73 Hondius, Jodocus, 280, 281 Killegrew. Robert, 174–75 Hudde, Johannes, 258–59 Kossmann, Ernst, 277 Hudson, Henry, 74–75, 80, 279, 281 Hudson River (New York), 74 lakebed sediments, 26–27, 61 Hulft, Johan, 115 Lamb, Hubert H., 7, 44–46, 94, 263 hurricanes, 25–26, 134–35, 189 Land’s Advocates, 14, 134. See also Grand Huygens, Christiaan, 145, 240, 297–98 Pensionaries Huygens, Constantijn, Jr., 240–42, 244 La Niña, 26 Hyde, Anne, Duchess of York, 216 Legge, George, 235, 242 Leicester, Earl of (Robert Dudley), 144, Iberia, 40, 55, 56, 58, 66, 81. See also 173–77 Portuguese Empire; Spanish Empire Leiden, siege of, 171–72 ice ages, 23 Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 7 icebergs, 62–64, 65, 69–70, 77 Leti, Gregorio, 239 ice boats/wagons, 291–92, 293 Levantine trade, 9 icebreakers, 113, 138, 142, 146, 291–94, line of battle tactics, 197, 200–1, 202, 206, 293, 298 213, 245–46

360 Index

literature: pamphlets, 20, 172, 210, 251–52, 144–45, 147; climate change during, 20, 253, 268, 277, 282–83; poetry, 15, 34, 36–39, 42–49, 112–13, 300–1, 303–4; 20–21, 251–52, 267, 277, 282, 284–87; energy harnessed during, 153; frigid responses to climate change, 20–21, winters of, 113, 153, 295; hot summer of, 278–87. See also culture 43; represented in art, 265, 270, 274; sea Little Ice Age, 2; Arctic exploration during, ice during, 112–13; song lyrics on, 144; 19, 55–73, 75–76, 79–80, 279–81, 300–1; storms during, 44–45, 57, 97, 107, 137, causes and consequences of, 8, 31–41, 145, 240, 298; technological innovations, 129–30; cultural responses to, 278–87, 290–91, 292, 298; temperature variances 298–99; Dutch Republic during, 5–7, 9, during, 42–44, 47, 78; wars and, 189, 10–12, 41–49, 108, 124–29, 195; harvest 194–95, 197–200, 204, 208, 215–16, failures during, 124–29; represented in 218, 224–26, 228–30, 234–37, 240, art, 11, 14, 20, 253–54, 276, 302; 243–46; whaling, effect on, 80; winds scholarship on, 9–14; severe storms during, 45–46 during, 94–95; technological innovations, Maurice of Nassau, 177, 179–84, 186–87, 20–21, 110, 122, 251, 277–78, 290–99, 190, 291 293, 305; whaling industry, effect on, Mendoza, Bernardino de, 165, 170 77–78. See also climate changes; Spörer Mercator, Gerard, maps, 58, 279, 280, 281 Minimum (1450–1530); Grindelwald Mercator, Rumold, 279, 280 Fluctuation (1560–1628); Maunder Mercurius (ship), 62–63 Minimum (1645–1720); Dalton meteorological science, 27–28, 262 Minimum (1760–1850) methane, 22, 23–24 local environmental climate change, 5–6, Metzger, Alexis, 11 15, 303–4; in art, 265–66, 273; military. See wars/military manifestations of, 254, 274, 281, 283, milk boats, 131, 139–41, 146 300–1; studies of, 61–62; wars and, 20, Ming Dynasty, 38, 308 181, 196–98, 209, 245–47, 301 Monck, George, 212, 222–26 logbooks. See ship logbooks monsoons, 33, 40, 83, 106, 304 Louis XIV, King, 220–21, 228–29, 231, Moryson, Fynes, 135 232, 237, 238, 240 Mughal Empire, 40, 304, 308 Low Countries, 3–4, 9–11, 42, 55, 109, 154, Muscovy Company, 59, 74, 76 155, 157. See also Thirty Years’ War mutinies, 65, 74, 168–70, 182, 185 (1618–1648); speciﬁc countries Luyken, Jan, 248 NAO. See North Atlantic Oscillation Narbrough, John, 199, 233–35 Maarseveen (ship), 88–89, 92 Nassau Fleet, 189 Maastricht, siege of, 192 Navigation Act (1651), 196, 203, 212 Maelson, Françoys, 257, 260 Nay, Cornelis, 62, 64, 66 malnutrition, 158, 205, 220, 353 Netherlands. See Dutch Republic; Spanish Manchuria, 38 Netherlands Mantuan Succession. See War of the Neuberger, Hans, 263–64 Mantuan Succession (1627–1631) New Amsterdam, 74, 80 maps and mapmaking. See cartography New Netherlands, 74 marine insurance, 122, 296 Nicholas of Lynn, 58 Mary Rose (ship), 235 Nine Years’ War (1688–1697), 136 Maunder, Edward, 36 Noordbeveland (ship), 95, 96 Maunder Minimum (1645–1720), 2;AO Noordegraaf, Leo, 11 during, 48; Asia commerce during, 57, 78, Noordsche Compagnie, 76 81, 84–86, 88–92, 94–97, 99, 104–8; Nordic Sea, 48 Baltic commerce during, 111–14, 119–23, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), 24–25, 126, 128–29, 132, 134, 136–37, 142, 33–36, 41, 43, 47–48, 88, 92, 104–5

Index 361

Northeast Passage, 55–57, 62–74, 79, 80 poetry, 15, 20–21, 251–52, 267, 277, 282, north magnetic pole, 29–30 284–87 North Pole, 69, 73–74, 279, 281 polar bears, 66, 67–72 North Sea: commerce on, 57, 63, 82–84, 88, Pomp, Cornelis Janszoon, 296 90–92, 94, 96–97, 105, 111, 113, 119–20, Poole, Jonas, 75 144, 148; Maunder Minimum weather, Portuguese Empire, 55, 177 44–49, 57, 121, 301; sea ice in, 119; positive feedback loops, 23 sleighs on, 261; storms, 57, 94–95, precipitation: altered patterns, 31, 33, 120–21, 179, 273; VOC voyages in, 35–36, 129, 146, 178, 197, 263; during 87–88, 90–92, 94, 96–97; wars and, 83, Grindelwald Fluctuation, 33–34; 158, 159–60, 165, 167, 177, 179, 189, military, effect on, 153, 155, 203, 246; 194, 196–201, 205, 210, 217, 222, 227, NAO and, 47; temperature fluctuation 230–31, 236, 240, 243, 246; winds, 148, and, 26, 199, 293; water levels, effect on, 177, 179, 243 146, 181, 229 Northwest Passage, 74 precursor companies, 56, 97 Norwegian Sea, 47 privateering, 81, 86, 94, 121, 159, 177, 179, Novaya Zemlya, 58–65, 66, 69–74, 76, 80, 182, 187, 189, 197–98, 207, 217–18, 279–80, 281 237, 246 Nuñez de Alba, Diego, 166 Protestantism, 4, 154, 160, 162, 175, 194, 198, 239, 243–44, 246, 251, 253, 288–89 Obdam, Jacob van Wassenaer, 213, proxy data, 26–28, 47, 61, 261–62 215–17, 223–24 oceanic circulation, 2, 24, 26, 36, 39, 43, 47, Qing Dynasty, 38 197. See also atmospheric circulation Oldenbarnevelt (Grand Pensionary), 257 rampjaar (1672), 229, 232, 236, 240, 268, Olivares, Count-Duke of, 187, 189 283 Oquendo, Antonio de, 193 Reformation, 250 Ottoman Empire, 35, 308 Rembrandt van Rijn, 251 Requeséns, Luis de, 170, 173 painting. See art and artists resilience to climate change: defined, 6–7;of pamphlets, 20, 172, 210, 251–52, 253, 268, Dutch Republic, 7, 18, 20, 73, 111, 148, 277, 282–83 236, 252, 294, 298–99, 303–4; energy use parcelling system, 121–22 and, 18 Parker, Geoffrey, 11–12, 40 Rijp, Jan Cornelis, 62, 68–69, 72 Parma, Duke of, 173, 177–78 Rol, Jan Symonszoon, 168 Peace of London (1604), 185 Royal Adventurers, 212 Peace of Münster (1648), 185 Royal James (ship), 230 Peeters, Jan, 273–74 Royal Prince (ship), 225–26, 270 Pelham, William, 174–75 Rupert, Prince, 222–23, 225–26, 233 Penn, William, 206 Ruysdael, Salomon van, 251 Pepys, Samuel, 144, 226 permafrost, 23–24 Sager, Ingrid, 11 Pet, Arthur, 59 Sancta Maria (ship), 227 Pfister, Christian, 7 Sandwich, Earl of, 218, 220 Philip II, King, 160, 162, 172, 173, Santa Cruz, marquis of, 177 177, 180 Schellinks, Willem, 272 Philip III, King, 185 Scholtenburg (ship), 93 Philip IV, King, 187 Schoon, Jacob, 121 Pieck, Adriaan Franszoon, 296 schuit. See milk boats Pincus, Steve, 238 Scotland, 40, 48, 82, 93–95, 178, 244 Plancius, Petrus, 57, 59, 63, 68, 74 scurvy, 72, 76, 205

362 Index

sea ice, 262; albedo and, 23; AMOC and, Spragge, Edward, 234 31, 73, 75; commerce, effect on, 13, 78, States-General, 132, 134, 203, 214; alliance 80, 112–13, 115–20, 124, 126–27, 128, with England, 173, 175–76; alliance with 129, 148, 188, 301; correspondence on, France, 192–93; on Anglo-Dutch Wars, 115–20; in Grindelwald Fluctuation, 203–7, 211, 228–29, 231–32; ceaseﬁre 60–62, 66, 77; land distribution and, agreement, 185; on land taxes, 136–37; 59–60; Siberian High and, 26; storms Maurice and, 182–84; on Navigation from, 48, 178; in STRs, 111–14, 122; Acts, 196, 212; privateering, effect on, surface temperatures and, 60, 262; 218; testimony to, 58, 69; on VOC voyages, effect on, 55, 58, 62–75, 77, formation, 56–57, 81 79–80, 110, 163, 167–70, 208 States of Holland, 164, 181, 231, 232, 240 Second Northern War (1655–1660), 114 St James’ Day Battle (1666), 226 Seventeen Lords, 81, 82, 83, 99, 105–6 Storck, Abraham, 272 Shakespeare, William, 284, 285 storms: energy unleashed, 153; during shipbuilding, 4, 213, 214, 221, 237 Grindelwald Fluctuation, 44–45; during ship logbooks: on Dalton Minimum, 90–91; Maunder Minimum, 44–45, 57, 97, 107, on Maunder Minimum, 45–47, 90, 97, 137, 145, 240, 298; as metaphors, 274;in 199; on sea ice, 60, 77; weather North Sea voyages, 57, 94–95, 120–21, observations in, 13–14, 27, 29–31, 43, 179, 274; during wars, 159, 233–36. 87–97, 123, 235, 243 See also blizzards and snowstorms shipwrecks, 15, 63, 84, 87, 120–21, 123, STR. See Sound Toll Registers 159, 189–90, 273–74 Sundberg, Adam, 11 Siberian High, 26, 33, 35–36, 41, 48, 104–5 sunspot observations, 23, 31, 36, 41 slave trade, 212 Svalbard glaciers, 61, 69, 74, 75, 78, 80, 95, Sloterdijk (ship), 95, 96 281–82 Smallegange, Mattheus, 259 Sweden, 117–18, 161, 163 Snaeyers, Pieter, 268 snowstorms. See blizzards and snowstorms technology: climate change and, 291, 302, solar radiation, 22, 23, 41 305; culture and, 252; energy harnessing, Songhai Empire, 35 251; innovations in, 20–21, 110, 122, Sound Toll Registers (STR), 111–14, 112, 251, 277–78, 290–99, 305; military/ 122 naval, 273–75; travel and, 52, 291; Spaarzaamheid (ship), 91, 92 urbanization and, 238 Spanish Empire, 4, 20, 152, 175, 308;on Teddiman, Thomas, 218, 220 Antwerp, 186–87; bankruptcies, 172, temperature ﬂuctuation: consequences of, 180, 185, 188–89; Habsburgs, 4, 156, 23–24, 26, 42; during Grindelwald 186, 194; naval systems, 154, 159, 177, Fluctuation, 41, 42, 43–44, 66; during 194; privateering, 86, 182, 187; united Maunder Minimum, 42–44, 47, 78; with Low Countries, 155, 160. See also positive feedback loops and, 23; Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648); Thirty precipitation and, 26, 199, 294 Years’ War (1618–1648) Temple, William, 46–47, 222 Spanish Netherlands, 6, 30, 180, 192–93, Terrier, Adriaan, 291 228–29, 237, 253 Texel, 63, 64, 85, 86, 89, 97–98, 100–103, Spanish Succession. See War of the Spanish 120–21, 214, 217, 236, 256–57 Succession (1701–1714) texts. See literature Spínola, Ambrogio, 185, 186–88 thermohaline circulation, 24 Spitsbergen, 69, 75–80, 279, 281; Current, Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), 154, 186, 61, 70, 75 188, 194 Spörer, Gustav, 31, 36 Trace Italienne (fortress), 156–57, 170 Spörer Minimum (1450–1530), 31–32, trade. See commerce 34, 41 trade winds, 82, 88–89, 94, 104–5

Index 363

transportation: during climate change, 5–6, Van Imhoff, Gustaaf Willem, 106–7 19, 54, 130–32, 139–49, 301; improved, Van Linschoten, Jan Huyghen, 57–58, 53–54; inefficient, 51–53; networks, 5–6, 62–64, 67, 73 19, 34–35, 53–54, 111, 139, 301, 304; Van Mander, Karel, 265 technologies, 51, 291; turn and pull Van Monnickendam, Cornelis Dirckszoon, ferries, 130–39, 147; wars and, 174. 170 See also specific modes of transportation Van Oldenbarnevelt, Johan, 134, 177 Treaty of Dover (1670), 228 Van Reigersbech, Nicolaes, 132 Treaty of Nonsuch (1585), 174–75, 177 Van Spilberghen, Joris, 87 tree rings, 26–27, 43, 261 Van Trelongh, Willem, 168 Tromp, Cornelis, 224 Van Vervou, Frederich, 140, 288 Tromp, Maarten Harpertszoon, 193–94, Van Vrijbergen, Marinus, 115, 123 203–5, 207–10, 212, 213, 216, 224 Van Wassenaer, 255–56, 257–58, 260 True Freedom period (1654–1672), 203, Van Winsem, Pieter, 119 232 Varax, Spanish commander, 181 turn and pull ferries, 130–39, 147 Vaygatsch, 59, 62, 65, 73 Twelve Years’ Truce (1609–1621), 20, 154, Velius, Theodorus, 119, 164, 167, 170, 255, 185, 254 257, 260–61 Twisck, Pieter Janszoon, 291 Verdugo, Francisco, 180 Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie Ulrika Eleonora, Queen Regent, 117 (VOC). See Dutch East India Company Unie (ship), 90 Vermeer, Johannes, 251 Union of Arras (1579), 173 Visscher, Maria Tesselschade, 256 Union of Utrecht (1579), 173 Visscher, Roemer, 256 urbanization, 4, 18, 237–38, 306 visual arts. See art and artists VOC. See Dutch East India Company Valdes, Francisco de, 172 volcanic activity, 22–23, 31, 32, 35–37, 41, Valerius, Adriaen, 282–83 60, 61, 67, 255 Van Aitzema, Lieuwe, 257, 260–61 Von Aslefeldt, Claus, 220 Van Dam, Pieter, 82 Von Galen, Bernhard, 220–21 Van den Bergh, Hendrik, 187–88, 192 Vosmaar (ship), 89–90 Van den Vondel, Joost, 284–85, 287 vulnerability to climate change: defined, Van der Capellen, Jonkheer Alexander, 186 6–7; examples of, 34–41 Van der Goes, Adriaen, 14, 120–21, 123, 126–27, 133–35, 138, 140–41, 143, Waghenaer, Lucas, 57–58 144–45, 221, 229, 255–56, 258, 260, 287 walruses, 63–64, 72, 75–76, 79–80, 279 Van der Goes, Philips, 86 Walsingham, Francis, 174–76 Van der Heyden, Jan, 293–94, 296–97 Wapen van Hoorn (ship), 88, 92 Van der Heyden, Nicolaas, 296 War of the Mantuan Succession Van der Meulen, Adam Frans, 268 (1627–1631), 155, 188 Van der Vienne, Vincent Laurenszoon, 260 War of the Spanish Succession Van der Woude, Ad, 12 (1701–1714), 86, 114, 115, 123 Van de Sande, Johan, 255 wars/military: climate change and, 153, Van de Velde, Willem, the Elder, 268–69, 160–65, 195, 233–36, 301; commerce 270, 271 and, 151–53, 249; environmental Van de Velde, Willem, the Younger, conditions and, 156–61; during 268–69, 270, 274 Grindelwald Fluctuation, 164–73; line of Van Domselaer, Tobias, 255 battle tactics, 197, 200–1, 202, 206, 213, Van Gendt, Otto, 192 245–46; represented in art, 268–76; Van Ghent, Admiral, 227, 230 sieges, 155, 156–58, 169, 184, 268–69. Van Hoogstraten, Samuel, 265 See also specific wars

364 Index

water levels: fortiﬁcations, effect on, 185, Wheeler, Dennis, 45 191–92, 231–32; historical data, 256–62; WIC. See Dutch West India Company precipitation and, 146, 191, 229; wind William III (William of Orange), 162, 164, and, 168, 170 166, 170, 171, 173, 177, 203, 232–33, water wolf, use of term, 3 236–46 weather: changed patterns, 10;as William Louis of Nassau, 177, 179, 181 chronological landmark, 256; diaries, 43, Willoughby, Sir, 76 45; gages, 158–60, 170, 193–94, 197, windmills, 13, 133, 191, 252 203–10, 215, 217, 222–25, 231, 236, Winsemius, Pier, 255, 261 246, 269, 270–73, 275; represention in witchcraft, 21, 34, 37, 287–89 art, 20, 252, 267–76. See also climate changes York, Duke of, 214, 215 Westerveld (ship), 90–91, 92 Yugor Strait, 59, 63–66, 73 whales, 75–76, 77, 78–79, 122, 279, 281–82 Zuiderzee, 62, 68, 119, 123, 139–40, 164, whaling industry, 12, 13, 19, 56, 60, 73–79, 170, 255, 257, 287 80, 95, 277, 280 Zwaan (ship), 62–63