This dissertation has been oo ik q microfilmed exactly as received KNOCHE, Carl Heinz, 1932- THE GERMAN IMMIGRANT PRESS IN MILWAUKEE. [ Portions of Text in German]. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 History, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 0 Copyright by Carl Heinz Knoche 1970 THE GERMAN IMiMIGRANT PRESS IN MILWAUKEE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Carl Heinz Knoche, B.A., M.A. * * The Ohio S ta te U niversity 1969 Approved by rise r Department of German ACKNOÆEUGS^IENTS The greater portion of the material used in this study was obtained at the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, the Milwaukee Historical Society and the Milwaukee Public Library. To these Libraries I express my appreciation. Unfortunately I cannot express my gratitude to the late Professor uieter Cunz. With his untimely death I lost both a friend and counsellor. Professor Cunz was the author of The Maryland Germans, numerous articles on German immigrants and was an authority in the area of German-American studies. He was interested in this paper from its inception to its completion and offered invaluable suggestions and constructive criticism s, mixed with generous doses of encouragement in time of need. Without his help and guidance this study could not have been completed. I have also incurred a special debt of gratitude to Professor Wolfgang Fleischhauer, who generously offered to accept the responsibilities of this work in the final stages of preparation. For this gesture, which was truly "beyond the call of duty" I express my sincerest thanks. i i TO MY PARENTS CHARLOTTE AND IN FOND MEMORY OF DIETER CUNZ ill VITA February 11, 1932 Born - Macomb, I l l i n o i s 1961............................. B.A., Marquette University, Milwaukee, W isconsin 1961-1964 .... Teaching Assistant, Department of German, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1963, M.A., The Ohio S ta te U n iv ersity , Columbus, Ohio 1964-1969 .... Instructor, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin FIELDS OF STUDY Studies in Literature. Professors Dieter Cunz, Oskar Seidlin, Sigurd Burckhardt, WalterXiMaumann, Hugo Bekker, Wolfgang Wittkowski Studies in Language and Philology Professors Wolfgang Fleischhauer, Ulrich Groenke iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................... ..... i i VITA......................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................... 6 PART I . PRE-CIVIL WAR PERIOD Chapter I. EARLY DEMOCRATIC PRESS........................................ 19 Wiskonsin Banner Per Volksfreund Banner und Volksfreund S ta d t und Land I I . EARLY REPUBLICAN PRESS ........................................ 59 Corsar Journal A tlas I I I . EARLY INDEPENDENT PRESS .................................. 70 Per Humanist Per Arbeiter Die Atlantis Deutsche Frauen Zeitung V olkshalle Stimme d er Wahrheit Milwaukie Flug-BlBtter Grad Aus Der PhWnix aus Nordwesten Chapter Page IV. THE DEUSTER P R E S S ................................................ 104 Der Seebote Der Hausfreund Hausblatter Mllwaukeer Kathollsche Zeitung Am Hausllchen Herd Telephon Der Sormtagsbote PART I I . POST-CIVIL WAR PERIOD V. THE HEROLD PRESS.......................................................... 119 Per Herold Sonntagsblatt des Herold Volks-Magazln Wegwelser fUr Frohsinn. Heiterkelt und Leb en slu st Boycott "Post" Nordwestliche Acker- und Gartenbau Zeitung Die Deutsche Hausfrau Kinderpost Jugendpost A. B. C. Post Lehrerpost Fortschritt der Zeit Dautsch-Amerikanische Gewerbe- und Industrie- Zeitung Im Fam ilien-K reise Bas ar-Ze i tung VI. THE GERMANIA PRESS......................................................139 Germania Familianfreund Germania und Sonntags-Post Der Hausfreund Der Haus- und Bauernfreund Die Rundschau Haus und Hof Deutsche Warte Srholungsstunden Deutsches Volksblatt Vi Chapter Page VII. THE GERMANIA-HEROLD ASSOCIATION . 156 Germania-Herold (Morgenblatt, Abendblatt) Milwaukee Herold Milwaukee America Milwaukee Sonntagspost V III. THE FREETHINKER AND SOCIALIST PRESS . 166 Milwaukee Freidenker Biron und Brucker's Sonntags-fllatt Onkel Karl Amerikanische Tumzeitung Erzi ehungsblatter (Amerikanische Schulzeitung) FUr Unsere Jugend Per Socialist Milwaukee*r Socialist VorwMrts Die rothe Laterne Milwaukeer Leuchtkugeln Neuaste Nachrichten Der Ansiedler in Wisconsin Milwaukee Freie Presse Abend P ost Sonntagsblatt der Freien Presse Arbeiter Zeitung Milwaukee Journal Lucifer; Arminia Milwaukee'r Arbeiter Zeitung Milwaukee Volkszeitung Wisconsin VorwBrts Sonntags- Unterhaltungsblatt Sonntagsblatt der Milwaukee'r Arbeiter Zeitung VorwHrts Die Wahrheit Milwaukee Deutsche Zeitung Der National Reformer THglicher Reformer Milwaukee V o lk sb latt Milwaukee Reformer vii Chapter Page IX. THE RELIGIOUS P R E S S ................................................ 223 Columbia E x celsio r P a tr io t Der Landsmarm Cacilia Evanaelisch-Lutherisches Gemeinde-Blatt Kinderfreude Bunte Blatter fUr die Kleinen Lutherische Schulzeitung Der Zeitgeist Bundes Banner Der Fuehrer X. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ............................. 239 Au Der Cherusker Deutschamerikanische Novellenzei tung Das Echo (Milwaukee Echo) Espenhain 6e Bartels Milwaukee'r Zeitung Der Germania Reporter Der Hermann-Sohn Unser Blatt Wisconsin Advokat Per Herr Vetter Der Kicker Der Kleinhandlers Advokat K uenstler Heim Nachrichten (Milwaukee Nachrichten) Oestreich- Ungarische Post Plattdeutsche Zeitung (Plattdeutsche Nachrichten) Raphael THE MILWAUKEE GERMANS .............................................................. 246 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 275 v i i i INTRODUCTION Although Milwaukee had a sizable German community from the early 1840's until the time of World war I, very few of the twelve or more histories of the city devote more than a few lines to the German-American settlers. Rudolf Koss' history, simply titled Milwaukee, deserves special mention, if only because it is the first history of the city written specifically for the German; Koss weaves a lengthy but fascinating sketch of the Milwaukee area pre»history, the beginnings of the settlement and the progressive development of industry and culture until the year 1855.1 Other historians have iRudolph A. Koss, Milwaukee (Milwaukee; Schnellpressendruck des 'Herold," 1871). also written about this period, but none describes so well the formation and atmosphere of the early German community. Wilhelm Hense-Jensen's Wisconsin's üeutsch-Amerikaner is a two volume work dealing with the more comprehensive topic of German immigration to Wisconsin, although considerable space is given to the Milwaukee Germans.2 doth Koss and Hense-Jensen are invaluable sources of 2Wilhelm Hense-Jensen, Wisconsin's Deutsch-Amerikaner bis zum Schluss des 19. Jahrhunderts (Milwaukee: Druck der 'Germania,' 1902), information, but unfortunately both works fail to quote sources or 2 to give bibliographies. Even more regrettable, both histories are useful only to the reader of G e r m a n . ^ Bayrd S till’s MiIwaukee, ^Both works were either partially or completely translated, but the translated editions have apparently been lost. which is probably the most informative work on the city, is the only English language history to provide at least a partial picture of the German community.^ In his Four Wisconsin Counties Joseph Schafer ^Bayrd S till, Milwaukee The History of a City (Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1948). includes th e Germans in h is d isc u ssio n s of s e le c te d to p ics such as the agricultural, political and educational histories of Ozaukee, Milwaukee, Racine and Kenosha Counties.^ ^Joseph Schafer, Four Wisconsin Counties (Madison; The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1927). A number of monographs on topics related to the German-Amerleans in Milwaukee have been presented in the Milwaukee Historical Messenger and in The Wisconsin Magazine of History, the latter being somewhat more sc h o la rly . For a broader understanding of the German-American immigration a few comprehensive studies are indispensable; The German Element in the United S ta te s by A lb ert Bernhardt F au st, John A. Hawgood’s The Tragedy of German-America, American Im m igration by Maldwyn A llen Jones, and the extensive work of Carl Wittke under several title s,& ^Albert Bernhardt Faust, The German Element in the United States (New York; The Steuben Society of America, 1927), John A, Hawgood, The Tragedy of German-America (New York: Putnam Press, 1940). Maldwyn A llen Jo n es, American Immigration (Chicago; The University of Chicago Press, 1960), Carl iVittke, Against the Current (Chicago; The University of Chicago Press, 1945), Carl Wittke, Refugees of Revolution (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1952), Carl Wittke, We Who Built America (New York; Prentice Hall, Inc., 1939; revised edition, Cleveland; The Press of Western Reserve University, 1964), In the course of their research all or most of the above named historians have made frequent use of the foreign language newspaper files. Since the newspaper is one of the most useful documents in studying the history of a city and its