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Asteraceae Species As Potential Environmental Factors of Allergy

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Asteraceae Species As Potential Environmental Factors of Allergy Environmental Science and Pollution Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04146-w REVIEW ARTICLE Asteraceae species as potential environmental factors of allergy Marta Denisow-Pietrzyk1,2 & Łukasz Pietrzyk2,3 & Bożena Denisow4 Received: 30 July 2018 /Accepted: 2 January 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The statistics from Europe and the USA have proven a high risk for skin diseases associated with plant contact. Therefore, plant- induced dermatitis is of increasing attention in dermatology. The focus of this paper was to present the current knowledge on aspects of contact allergy related to Asteraceae (Compositae) species. The Asteraceae family is one of the largest in the world with members across all continents. The PubMed/Medline databases have been searched. The Asteraceae representatives consist of diverse secondary metabolites, which exhibit various advantageous effects in humans. In particular, sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) may cause sensitization resulting in skin irritation and inflammation. In this study, we tried to reveal the allergenic potential of several Asteraceae species. The Asteraceae-related allergy symptoms involve eczema, hay fever, asthma, or even anaphylaxis. Furthermore, the evidence of severe cross-reactivity with food and pollen allergens (PFS) in patients sensitive to Asteraceae allergens have been announced. Further identification and characterization of secondary metabolites and possible allergens in Asteraceae are necessary for the better understanding of Asteraceae-related immune response. The Asteraceae allergy screening panel (the SL mix and the Compositae mix of five plant species) is a promising tool to improve allergy diagnostics and therapy. Keywords Allergic contact dermatitis . Irritant contact dermatitis . Allergy . Environment . Asteraceae . Sesquiterpene lactones Introduction associated with outdoor workers, e.g., farmers, gardeners, for- estry and nursery workers, florists, cooks, housekeepers, and The statistics from across the world have proven a high risk grocery store workers (Poljački et al. 2005;Spiewak2001). In for skin diseases associated with plant contact (Crosby 2004; addition to professional activity, skin exposure to plant-related Fonacier et al. 2015). Therefore, plant-induced allergies are of substances can occur during common outdoor or indoor activ- increasing attention in medicine (Paulsen et al. 2017; Rozas- ity (de Jong et al. 1998). Moreover, the increasing popularity Muñoz et al. 2012). A number of different occupations are at of plant extracts in cosmetics (tonics, soaps, shampoos, risk of plant toxins and allergens exposure. The highest risk is creams) and massage or aromatherapy fragrance oils raises the chance of contact with hazardous substances (Thomson Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues and Wilkinson 2000). Plants, including Asteraceae species may imply contact or * Łukasz Pietrzyk systemic allergy (Rozas-Muñoz et al. 2012). The Asteraceae [email protected] species have been identified to produce numerous secondary * Bożena Denisow metabolites, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, diterpenoids, [email protected] and sesquiterpene lactones (SLs). These metabolites are dis- solved or suspended in the latex sap or placed in specific 1 Department of Dermatology, 1st Military Clinical Hospital with the trichomes found on plant organs, i.e., leaf, stem, flowers, Outpatient Clinic in Lublin, Lublin, Poland seeds, and fruits (Salapovic et al. 2013; Jachułaetal.2018b). 2 Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Chair of Anatomy, The main group of chemicals relevant to cause allergies and Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-094 Lublin, Poland systemic contact dermatitis are sesquiterpene lactones, i.e., lactones with α-methylene group on the γ-lactone ring 3 Department of General, Oncological and Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1st Military Clinical Hospital with the Outpatient Clinic in (Menz and Winkelmann 1987; Nemery and Demedts 1989; Lublin, Lublin, Poland Paulsen 2017; Paulsen et al. 2001). In Asteraceae, about 3000 4 Department of Botany, Subdepartment of Plants Biology, University compounds that belong to diverse classes of sesquiterpenoids: of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland guaianolides, eudesmanolides, germacranolides, and Environ Sci Pollut Res pseudoguaianolides have been recognized (Paulsen et al. environment; (iv) skin type; and condition (Slodownik et al. 2017; Salapovic et al. 2013;Zidorn2008). 2008). The mechanism of skin irritation starts with skin dam- Almost 50% of SLs are potential contact allergens (Menz age and is followed by the release of numerous proinflamma- and Winkelmann 1987). These metabolites are present both in tory cytokines and chemokines (de Jongh et al. 2007). The fresh and dried plants in various proportions from 0.01 to 8% primary source of ICD mediators are keratinocytes; however, per dry weight (Gordon 1999; Neerman 2003). It is also sup- new insight is given to the mast cells, macrophages, dendritic posed that individuals with contact dermatitis to Asteraceae cells, and natural killers cells (Norman et al. 2008; Vocanson SLs can react to many other non-Asteraceae SLs-containing et al. 2005). The cytokines secreted in the ICD are IL-1, IL-6, plants (Green and Ferguson 1994; Fuchs et al. 2011). IL-8, and TNF-α (Nosbaum et al. 2009;Vocansonetal. The main objective of this article was to review the evi- 2007). dence for the types of allergic reactions after contact with Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) compromises 20% of representatives of the Asteraceae family, which is one of the cases of contact dermatitis and includes two phases: (i) largest group of flowering plants distributed worldwide. The sensitization— maturation of potential to develop a cutaneous emphasis was put on the potential allergens from the common allergic reaction to allergen and (ii) elicitation—skin inflam- species used as popular food, ornamental plants, medicinal mation developed as a result of repeated exposure to the aller- plants, and weeds. In particular, the common clinical symp- gen in a sensitized person (Fonacier and Sher 2014). ACD is a toms of contact and systemic contact dermatitis caused by type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction to an external aller- diverse bioactive molecules present in Asteraceae have been gen with the circulating memory T cells involved as the main described. players. T cells home into the skin during r-exposure to an allergen and activate immunologic reaction causing skin in- flammation, usually within 48 h (Burkemper 2015). The acti- Methods vated T cells produce cytokines, e.g., IL-2, IL-17, and INF-α, which further activate and damage skin cells (McFadden et al. The PubMed/Medline databases were searched, from incep- 2013). The cellular apoptosis induces inflammation, recruit- tion to February 2018, using various combination of the fol- ment, and mobilization of new cells in the skin resulting in lowing keywords: Asteraceae, Compositae, the names of plant eczema (Cavani 2008; Vocanson et al. 2007). The clinical species, sesquiterpene lactones, SLs, and contact dermatitis symptoms and signs of ACD consists of erythema, edema, and related terms: irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact and oozing in the acute phase, while the chronic phase is dermatitis, and systemic contact dermatitis. Each reference characterized by lichenified, fissured, and pigmented skin. retrieved was screened independently by two reviewers The location of clinical signs in the ACD is usually limited (MDP and ŁP), following predefined criteria to determine to the site of contact; however, in contrary to the ICD skin eligibility for the review. lesions might spread locally or at a distance (Asano et al. 2009; Nicolas et al. 2008). Summary and differential diagno- Contact and systemic contact (allergic) dermatitis sis between ICD and ACD are presented in Table 1. Systemic contact (allergic) dermatitis (SCD) is an inflam- Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition account- matory skin disease and occurs in sensitized person after oral, ing for 70–90% of all occupational skin diseases (Adisesh inhalation, intravesical, intravenous, or transcutaneous expo- et al. 2013). Contact dermatitis is induced by exposure to an sure to the haptens (Nicolas et al. 2008; Veien 2011). Systemic external irritant or allergen and therefore, two types of contact reactions are induced by both humoral and cell-mediated dermatitis: irritant and allergic are distinguished (Rashid and mechanism including T cells and cytokine secretion (Paulsen Shim 2016). Approximately 80% of contact dermatitis are 2017). Clinical symptoms include local allergic manifesta- irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), which is a non- tions; however, in a person exposed to allergen, systematically immunologic response to the direct damage of the skin, by noncutaneous symptoms might develop such as fever, chest chemical or physical agents (Fonacier and Sher 2014;Pigatto pain, and urticarial (Andrews and Scheinman 2011). 2015; Tan et al. 2014). The clinical appearances differ be- Skin severe reactions caused by bioactive chemicals from tween the acute and chronic ICD. The acute ICD includes the representatives of the Asteraceae family have been de- macules and papules, erythematous, erythemoto-edematous scribed worldwide (in North America, Europe, Asia, or erytemato-squamous plaques. In the chronic ICD, dry skin, Australia); however, patient sensitivity varied between geo- erytemato-squamous dermatitis, hyperkeratosis,
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