Appendix: 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

The information provided in this Appendix was obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture ( http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/dietaryguidelines/) as a resource to the readers who wishes to integrate the material presented in this volume about the Mediterranean diet and lifestyle with the 2015 Dietary Recommendations for Americans issued by the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Human and Health Services. This is the eighth edition since 1980.

Appendix A: Dietary Guidelines and Recommendations

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 289 D.F. Romagnolo, O.I. Selmin (eds.), Mediterranean Diet, Nutrition and Health, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27969-5 290 Appendix: 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Appendix: 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 291

Appendix B: Physical Activity

292 Appendix: 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Appendix: 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 293

Appendix C: Caloric Needs and Food Groups

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Appendix: 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 295

Appendix D: Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern

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Appendix: 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 297

Appendix E: Health y Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern

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Appendix: 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 299

Appendix F: Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern

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Appendix G: Nutritional Goals

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Index

A APOE4 allele , 156 Achieving nutrient adequacy , 253 Argan oil Adriatic Mediterranean groups , 47 composition , 79–80 Aging and disease risk , 80 and infl ammation , 156 production , 79 and MD Atherosclerosis carbohydrate diet , 142 and adipose tissue , 90 components , 142 , 143 infl ammatory process , 90 healthy dietary pattern , 142 lipid accumulation in artery wall , 90 lipid , 142 pathogenesis , 94 nutrients , 142 pathogenic pathway , 90 nutritional requirements , 142 , 143 pathology , 90 pattern , 142 risk factors , 94 physiological changes , 142 Atherosclerotic process , 90 reduction, energy requirements , 143 Average American/Western diet , 71 , 73 , 82 , 159 , 168 , Alternative Mediterranean diet score (aMED) , 52 , 241 170 , 174 , 175 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 182 , 183 , 195 , 240 , 241 , 246 , 250 , 251 , 262 characteristics , 156 characterization , 155 dementia , 154 B and nutrition parameters , 156 Balancing the plate and vascular dementia , 156 dietary pyramid , 282 aMED . See Alternative Mediterranean diet score food pyramid , 280 , 281 , 283 (aMED) Mediterranean recipes , 278–280 American dietary pattern Bioactive food component chronic diseases , 243 high fruits and vegetables , 127–128 controlling factors , 242 MD eating pattern , 123 diabetes , 242 red wine , 129–130 diet-caused cancer , 242 Biodiversity health problems , 242 agriculture , 230 n-3 fatty acids , 242 ecosystem , 230 obesity , 242 food supply , 230 omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid , 242 lifestyles , 229 plasma lipoproteins , 244 Mediterranean foods , 230 SoFAS/sodium , 244 Borage lifestyles , 237 solid fats , 243 Borage (Borago offi cinalis L. ) , 234 trans-fatty acids , 244 Brain health Amyloid β-deposition , 160 and gastrointestinal microbiome , 157 Animal foods Breast cancer dairy products and meats , 82 alcohol and wine constituents , 171–172 and disease risk , 82–83 anti-infl ammatory response , 174–175 fi sh , 83 benefi cial effect , 175 Antiepileptic effects , 158 bioactives and nutrients , 175 Antiproliferative effect, 125 breast density , 173

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 313 D.F. Romagnolo, O.I. Selmin (eds.), Mediterranean Diet, Nutrition and Health, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27969-5 314 Index

Breast cancer (cont.) CHD . See Coronary heart disease (CHD) carbohydrate/pasta , 173 Cherry Tree (Prunus avium L. ) , 237 diagnosis , 166 Chickweed (Stellaria media, L. Vill. ) , 235 and diet , 167 Chlorogenic acids , 131 dietary patterns Chronic diseases , 241 control studies , 169 and cancer , 124 diversity , 169 infl ammation , 126 epidemiological evidence , 170–171 prevention , 4 , 220 , 222 , 241 healthy , 169 Clock circadian regulator gene (CLOCK ) , 211 and mortality , 169 Coffee plant foods , 169 caffeoylquinic acids , 131 Prudent vs. Western , 170 chlorogenic acids , 131 systematic reviews/meta-analyses , 170 components , 131 estrogen levels , 173–174 consumption , 130 , 131 fat/olive oil , 172–173 LC-MS , 131 Her-2 neu modifi cation , 174 NMR and HPLC-MS , 131 limitations , 175 polyphenols , 131 methodological issues , 167–169 targeted lipidomics approach , 131 oxidative stress , 174 urinary biomarkers , 131 randomized controlled trials , 175 Cognitive health risk , 166 , 167 ketogenic diet , 158 Breast density , 173 , 175 MD Burdock (Arctium lappa L. ) , 234 amyloid β-deposition , 160 Butyrate paradox , 193–194 assessment tools, standardization , 159 autophagic reaction , 160 and brain volumes , 159 C component , 159 Caffeoylquinic acids , 131 dietary behavior , 159 Cancer EVOO , 159 , 160 breast , 128 , 129 food components , 159 and cardiovascular health , 126 higher and lower adherence , 159 chemopreventive activity , 130 lysosomal activity , 160 and chronic diseases , 124 markers of infl ammation and metabolic profi le , 159 colon , 124 meat and meat products , 159 colorectal cancer cell culture , 125 mini-mental state examination , 160 , 161 prevention , 126 prudent dietary pattern , 159 types , 127 SAMP8 , 160 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) , 4 , 241 Colorectal cancer (CRC) , 190–193 adherence score , 92 fi ber (see Fiber ) atherosclerosis , 90 genetic mutations , 183 , 189 and cerebrovascular disease , 94 mixed diet (see Mixed diet ) clinical events , 94 olive oil (see Olive oil ) coronary artery disease , 93 omega-3 fatty acids (see Omega-3 fatty acids ) EPIC-Elderly Prospective Cohort Study , 92 PIK3CA/PTEN pathway , 189 GISSI-prevention , 93 preclinical and clinical studies , 189 HALE , 93 red meat (see Red meat ) ischemic heart disease , 93 sporadic , 189 Lyon Diet Heart Study , 93 TA cells , 189 MD supplemented , 92 TP53/BAX and SMAD4/TGFβ pathway , 189 meta-analysis , 94 , 95 Conviviality , 231 , 237 non-Mediterranean populations , 93 Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg parameters , 94 (KORA) study , 124 primary prevention , 92 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. ) , 236 protective effect , 93 Coronary heart disease (CHD) , 4 Prudent Diet , 93 Corpus striatum , 157 risk factors , 90 , 93 CpGs . See Cytosine phosphate guanine dinucleotides secondary prevention , 93 (CpGs) CD40–CD40 ligand system , 91 C-reactive protein (CRP) , 90 , 94 , 156 , 185 CD40 ligand , 90 C R P . See C-reactive protein (CRP) Index 315

Culture DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) , 205 breakfast, lunch and dinner , 60 DNMTs . See DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) French eating culture , 59 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) , 125 , 126 , 242 French gastronomy , 59 immaterial patrimony of humanity , 58 space of food consumption habits , 59–60 E CVD . See Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Eastern Mediterranean groups , 47–48 Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) , 126 Eating pattern Cytokines , 90 , 91 , 158 , 172 , 186 , 187 , 195 mediterranean-style of , 297–298 Cytosine phosphate guanine dinucleotides (CpGs) , 205 , US-style of , 295–296 206 vegetarian , 299–301 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) , 125 , 126 , 242 Elder Tree (Sambucus nigra L .) , 236 D EPIC-Elderly Prospective Cohort Study , 92 Damask Rose (Rosa x damascene Herrm ) , 237 EPIC study , 93 Dandelion (Taraxacum offi cinale, L. ) , 234 Epigenetics DASH diets . See Dietary Approaches to Stop carboxylcytosine , 206 Hypertension (DASH) diets defi nition , 205 Department of Human Health Services (DHHS) , 19 dietary pattern , 209 DHHS . See Department of Human Health Services DNA demethylation , 206 (DHHS) DNA methylation , 205 , 206 Diabetes , 125 , 127 , 131 , 132 formylcytosine , 206 and CVD , 5 H19 lncRNA , 206 development , 18 histone modifi cations , 206 DM , 17 , 98 , 110 , 112 , 113 , 118 nucleosome , 206 type I , 18 posttranslational modifi cations , 206 type II , 5 , 18 , 20 , 105 , 127 , 144 , 146 , 149 , 211 , 242 , Estrogen , 165 , 166 , 169–171 , 173 244 , 246 , 248 , 249 , 251 EURATOM . See European Atomic Energy Commission and obesity , 157 (EURATOM) olive oil , 125 European Atomic Energy Commission (EURATOM) , 45 stroke and heart disease , 18 European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Diet , 89 Nutrition (EPIC) study , 124 MD (see Mediterranean diet (MD) ) EVOO . See Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) Dietary adherence method , 92 Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) , 159 , 160 , 185 , 210 , 241 Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets , 159 , 240 Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) F dietary pattern , 242 , 246–249 , 251 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ) , 236 Dietary Guidelines , 2015 Fiber caloric needs and food groups , 293–294 animal studies , 187 mediterranean-style eating pattern , 297–298 clinical studies , 187 nutritional goals , 302–311 human studies , 191–192 physical activity , 291–292 Fish and recommendations , 289–290 fatty acids , 83 US-style eating pattern , 295–296 and seafood vegetarian eating pattern , 299–301 bioactive lipid mediators , 126 Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial COX-2 , 126 (DIRECT) , 146 EPA and DHA , 125 , 126 Dietary patterns , 158–160 , 262 , 277 infl ammation , 126 American , 242–245 oxylipins , 126

and behavior , 60 PGE2 , 126 and breast cancer , 169–170 Polyp Prevention Trial , 126 and cognitive decline (see Cognitive health ) TMAO , 126 and epigenetics , 209 ω-3 fatty acids , 125 , 126 MDP (see Mediterranean dietary patterns (MDP) ) Flour and cereal products , 276 and nutrient defi ciencies , 245–250 Food behavior , 4 , 253 , 277 Dietary pyramid , 282 Food habits , 30 , 47 , 49 , 91 Diet Score (MedDietScore) , 52 Food pyramid , 19 , 20 Dimethoxycinnamic acids , 131 FooDB , 122 316 Index

French paradox , 98 , 130 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. ) , 236 Fruits and vegetables , 84 , 169–171 Damask Rose (Rosa x damascene Herrm ) , 237 Dandelion (Taraxacum offi cinale , L .) , 234 Elder Tree (Sambucus nigra L .) , 236 G Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill .) , 236 Garden Sorrel (Rumex acetosa L. ) , 235 Garden Sorrel (Rumex acetosa L .) , 235 Gastrointestinal microbiome Goat’s Beard (Tragopogon porrifolius L. and and brain health , 157 Tragopogon pratensis L. ) , 234 GC-TOF-MS method , 129 Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ) , 236 Geriatric obesity Judas’ Tree (Cercis siliquastrum L. ) , 235 adiposity , 144 Lamb’s Lettuce (Valerianella locusta ( L .)) , 233 metabolic syndrome , 144 Malva ( Malva syilvestris L. ) , 234 morbidity , 144–145 Pea (Pisum sativum L. ) , 235 mortality Peppermint ( Mentha x piperita L. ) , 234–235 and BMI , 143 , 144 Primrose ( Primula vulgaris Huds ) , 235 controlled trials , 144 Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella L .) , 235–236 life expectancy , 143 High-energy density foods , 276 measurement , 144 High fruits and vegetables unintentional weight loss , 144 biomarkers in urine , 128 physical functions , 145 citrus , 128 type 2 diabetes , 144 cyclin D1 , 128 GI . See Glycemic index (GI) health effects , 127 GISSI-prevention , 93 hippurate excretion , 128 GL . See Glycemic load (GL) limonene , 128 Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health MD , 127 (GSDPAH) , 20 phytochemical and ethnobotanical database , 128 Glucose intolerance (pre-diabetes) , 157 phytochemicals , 128 Glycemic index (GI) , 5 proline betaine , 128 Glycemic load (GL) , 5 raspberries , 128 Goat’s Beard (Tragopogon porrifolius L. and Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) , 206 Tragopogon pratensis L. ) , 234 Histone deacetylases (HDACs) , 206 Grape seed oil 1 H NMR spectroscopy , 124 and disease risk , 81 Homocysteine , 156 production and composition , 81 HRIMD . See Healthy Reference Italian Mediterranean Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ) , 237 diet (HRIMD) GSDPAH . See Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Human metabolome database , 122 Activity and Health (GSDPAH) Hypercholesterolemia , 156 Hypertension and vascular diseases , 156 H HATs . See Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) HDACs . See Histone deacetylases (HDACs) I H D P . See Healthy Diet patterns (HDP) ICAM-1 . See Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 Health and French eating habits (ICAM-1) dietary patterns and behavior , 60 Infl ammation , 167 , 174 , 175 diversity of foods , 60–62 and aging , 156 Healthy diet patterns (HDP) , 6 atherosclerosis , 90 Healthy eating patterns CD40 ligand , 90 cardio-diabesity risk , 242 CRP , 90 colorectal cancer , 242 and CVD , 90–91 CHD , 240 parameters , 94 dietary profi les , 240 Infl ammatory bowel disease , 184–189 replacement , 240 annual incidence of , 183 , 184 traditional Crete diet , 240 biochemical processes , 183 Healthy Reference Italian Mediterranean diet (HRIMD) , 53 family Clostridiacea , 194 Herbs fi ber (see Fiber ) Borage (Borago offi cinalis L. ) , 234 fruit intake , 195 Burdock (Arctium lappa L. ) , 234 heterocyclic amines , 195 Cherry Tree (Prunus avium L .) , 237 in gut microfl ora , 195 Chickweed (Stellaria media , L. Vill .) , 235 mixed diet (see Mixed diet ) Index 317

mutagenic DNA adducts (etheno-dC) , 194 DP , 4 , 6 , 30 , 91 olive oil (see Olive oil ) fatty acids , 22 omega-3 fatty acids (see Omega-3 fatty acids ) intake , 89 probiotic bacterial species , 195 guidelines , 21 red wine polyphenols (see Red wine polyphenols ) profi le , 91 Treg cell development , 194 rules , 30 Intangible cultural heritage of humanity , 4 diets and consumption patterns , 35 Interleukin IL-6 (IL-6) , 90 , 94 dinner INTERMAP project , 124 caloric intake , 63 Intestinal health , 196 cooking , 64 Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) , 105 food industry , 65 food sources , 64 fresh food and ingredients , 65 J meal organization , 64 Judas’ Tree (Cercis siliquastrum L. ) , 235 Mediterranean diet-French style , 63 , 64 nutritional principles , 64 nuts , 63 K phthalates and bisphenol , 65 Ketogenic diet , 158 public catering , 64 KORA study , 127 vegetable-based dish , 63 Krebs cycle , 158 wine or herb tea , 63 DONALD study , 10 eating habits and organization of meals , 37 L environmental sustainability , 8 Lamb’s Lettuce (Valerianella locusta ( L .)) , 233 European MONICA research project , 32 Legumes , 129 evolution , 30 , 34 α-Linolenic acid , 93 evolution, mediterranean pyramids , 33 , 34 Low red meat , 127 factors , 30 food culture , 32 foods M and bioactive food components , 22 MAI . See Mediterranean adequacy index (MAI) and dietary behaviors , 23 Malva ( Malva syilvestris L. ) , 234 policy and dietary guidelines , 8 MDS . See Mediterranean diet score (MDS) production , 8 Mediterranean adequacy index (MAI) , 53 , 54 systems , 30 Mediterranean diet (MD) , 63–65 , 90–91 , 121 , 141 , 154 , French Mediterranean dietary pattern , 58 275 , 276 , 283 , 284 French similarity/contribution , 62 Advisory Committee , 21 geographic and evolutionary origins , 30 animal-based products , 35 , 36 GHG emissions , 8 atmosphere and lifestyle habits , 37 GI and GL , 5 benefi cial bioactive compounds , 22 HDP and MUFA , 6 biodiversity and sustainable diets , 33 health benefi ts , 11 , 37 breakfast , 62 and health status , 4 , 16 , 57 , 58 cardiovascular diseases , 22 healthy diet , 16 causes of death , 16 infl ammation (see Infl ammation ) characterization , 91 Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity , 4 chronic diseases , 21 interdisciplinary approaches , 33 components , 91 intergenerational and gender relations , 36 concept , 91 International Conference , 32 coronary heart disease , 4 , 31 International Task Force for Prevention on Coronary cultural Heart Disease , 32 and economic modifi cations , 34 KIDMED index , 10 health and environmentally friendly model , 9 long-term health and economic consequences , 10 and natural environment , 33 low SES , 10 culture , 57 lunch , 63 CVD (see Cardiovascular disease (CVD) ) MeS (see Metabolic syndrome (MeS) ) diabetes , 18–19 metabolic effects , 21 dietary metabolome (see Metabolomics ) adherence method , 92 monounsaturated (MUFA) , 21 dietary efforts , 16 MyPyramid , 20 318 Index

Mediterranean diet (MD) (cont.) MDS (see Mediterranean diet score (MDS) ) NCD , 20 , 31 MedDietScore , 52–53 NEFA , 5 molecular etiology , 205 and neurodegenerative diseases (see omic-based approaches , 213 Neurodegenerative diseases ) TCF7L2 gene , 205 nutrient adequacy , 6 Mediterranean diet score (MDS) , 51 , 52 nutritional transition , 35 Mediterranean lifestyle , 22 , 30 , 34 , 36 , 220 , 222 nutrition and lifestyle , 16 Mediterranean pyramid, 33–35 , 48–50 , 159 , 231 , 232 , obesity (see Obesity ) 237 , 261–274 , 276–278 , 284 epidemic and food insecurity , 17–18 Mediterranean recipes malnutrition , 37 au gratin , 268 and overweight , 16 , 37 braised lentils , 263 pathway addressing , 4 , 5 cereals and legumes , 262–263 polant-based foods , 8 couscous , 265 polyunsaturated (PUFA) , 21 ingredients , 264–267 , 269 population , 37 polenta and sardines , 266 PREDIMED study , 11 pumpkin dessert , 268 PREDIMED trial , 4 , 36 sea bass , 265 Public Health , 58 Spanish paella , 267 publications , 22 vegetable-pesto pasta , 262 Pyramid , 30–31 Mediterranean region , 232–233 recommendations and dietary behavior , 19 Medium chain fatty acids , 72 , 82 revised mediterranean pyramid , 33 , 35 MeS . See Metabolic syndrome (MeS) SCP , 9 Metabolic syndrome (MeS) social and economic development , 20 aggressive lifestyle modifi cations , 110 socioeconomic changes , 36 characteristics , 110 sustainability , 33 , 38 clinical diagnosis , 110–112 UNEP/MAP , 35 defi nition , 110 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List , 33 health-care community , 110 UNESCO recognition , 7–8 plant-based foods , 110 US food guides and pyramids , 19 , 20 prevalence and clinical signifi cance , 112 USDA , 19 prevention and treatment Western dietary pattern (WDP) , 7 components , 112 Western food culture , 7 cross-sectional studies , 113–114 youth and adults , 36 dietary and lifestyle modifi cations , 112 Mediterranean dietary patterns (MDP) , 51–54 epidemiological evidence , 112 adult stem cells , 213 intervention trials , 115–117 Americans transition meta-analyses , 117 , 118 CVD , 251 prospective cohort studies , 114–115 dairy products , 253 Metabolomics development of simplifi ed exchange list , 251 , 252 coffee , 130–131 fatty acid , 251 defi nition , 121 MUFA , 251 epidemiological studies , 123–124 obesity risk , 251 exposome , 122 benefi cial activities , 204 , 205 fi sh and seafood , 125–126 biological mechanisms , 213 FooDB , 122 cardiovascular disease and cancers , 204 GC , 123 cellular metabolism , 207–208 GC-MS , 123 countries surrounding Mediterranean Sea , 44 high fruits and vegetables , 127–128 defi nition , 204 LC , 123 developmental guidance , 48–50 LC-MS , 123 diet and epigenetics , 207 legumes , 129 dietary components , 205 low red meat , 127 dietary plant compounds , 213 mediterranean-style eating pattern , 123 epigenetic biomarkers , 214 metabolic profi ling , 122 factors , 209–210 vs. metabonomics , 122 genes/gene promoter regions , 204 MS , 123 health benefi ts , 45 NMR , 123 historical origins , 45–46 nutrition researchers , 122 legumes , 44 nutritional , 122 MAI (see Mediterranean adequacy index (MAI) ) olive oil , 125 Index 319

PCA , 123 Nutrient defi ciencies plasma phospholipid fatty acids , 124 calcium PLS-DA , 123 bone health , 245 red wine , 129–130 calcium levels drop , 245 reduced body size , 132 DASH dietary pattern , 246 statistical analysis , 123 low-fat dairy products , 246 supervised data analysis techniques , 123 n-3 fatty acids , 245 whole grains , 127 osteoporosis , 245 Metabonomics , 122 serum osteocalcin levels , 245 Microbiome , 123 , 127 , 128 dietary fi ber Microbiota , 121 , 125 , 130 , 194 gastrointestinal tract , 249 Mixed diet health benefi ts , 249 bi-nucleated lymphocyte cells , 189 hypoglycemic effect , 250 biomarkers , 188 lower obesity rates , 249 EPIC study, CRC , 192 serum cholesterol , 249 high monounsaturated/saturated fat ratio , 188 magnesium MMDS and centre-specifi c MMDS , 193 American diet , 246 reduced IL-6, TNFα and homocysteine levels , 188 bone health , 246 SFA-rich/LFHC , 188 diabetes , 247 MMDS . See Modifi ed Mediterranean Diet Score diet and plasma , 246 (MMDS) ischemic stroke , 246 Modifi ed Mediterranean Diet Score (MMDS) , 193 potassium Monitoring system for cardiovascular disease Crete diet , 248 (MONICA) project , 98 endothelium stiffness , 247 Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) , 6 , 21 , 48 , 156 , nitric acid , 247 158 vitamin D MUFAs . See Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) calcium absorption , 248 dairy products , 248 osteomalacia , 248 N Nutri-metabolomics , 123 NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase , 157 Nutrition National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) , 17 and chronic degenerative diseases , 91 NCHS . See National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) pattern and health , 89 NEFA . See Non-esterifi ed fatty acids (NEFA) Nutritional adequacy Neurodegenerative diseases American diet , 240 AD (see Alzheimer’s disease (AD) ) dietary patterns , 240 , 250 aging , 156 diets and red blood cells , 250 annual US death rates , 155 fatty acids , 250 brain health , 157 health benefi ts , 240 dementia , 154 , 155 high MUFA foods , 252 diabetes , 157 lifestyle , 253 dietary patterns and cognitive decline , 158–160 weight/physical activity , 251 epidemiological studies , 155 Western diet , 250 gastrointestinal microbiome , 157 Nuts hypertension , 156 and disease risk , 84 infl ammation , 156 fatty acid composition , 84 mini-mental state examination , 154 , 161 types , 82 , 84 obesity , 157 PD (see Parkinson’s disease (PD) ) US death rates, dementia , 154 O vascular diseases , 156 Obesity n-3 fatty acids , 84 , 156 , 240 , 242 , 243 , 245 , 250 aging , 142 , 143 n-6 fatty acids , 156 body composition changes , 142 Non-esterifi ed fatty acids (NEFA) , 5 defi nition , 143 North African Mediterranean groups , 48 and diabetes , 157 NU-AGE project , 124 , 157 geriatric Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) morality , 144 advantages , 123 morbidity , 144–146 disadvantages , 123 mortality , 143–144 metabolomics profi les , 129 high intake of fat , 150 Nutrient adequacy , 6 MD 320 Index

Obesity (cont.) PUFA , 210 advantages , 149 trastuzumab , 210 AHA guidelines , 149 triacylglycerols , 125 anti-hyperglycemic drug therapy , 149 Omega-3 fatty acids anti-infl ammatory and antioxidant components , animal studies , 186 , 190–191 146 clinical studies , 186 , 191 DIRECT , 146 in vitro studies , 185 HDL-cholesterol , 149 Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) , 186 impact of weight loss , 149 Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis impact, calorie restriction , 146 (O-PLS-DA) , 123 low-carbohydrate diet , 146 Oxidative stress , 5 , 78 , 130 , 143 , 156 , 157 , 167 , 173 , low-fat diet , 149 174 , 185 , 194 weight loss , 146 muscle mass insuffi ciency and sarcopenia , 145 pathophysiology , 143 P prevalence , 143 Parkinson’s disease (PD) quality of life , 141 annual US death rates , 155 weight loss interventions , 146 corpus striatum , 157 Oils dementia , 154 argan (see Argan oil ) dopaminergic neurons , 157 grape seed (see Grape seed oil ) infl ammation , 157 olive (see Olive oil ) mitochondrial dysfunction , 157 Older adults , 141 MUFA , 158 obesity (see Obesity ) NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase , 157 OLE . See Oleuropein aglycone (OLE) oxidative stress , 157 Oleuropein , 125 PUFA , 158 Oleuropein aglycone (OLE) , 211 substantia nigra , 157 Olive oil Partial least-squares regression (PLS-DA) , 123 animal studies , 185 , 190 PBMCs . See Peripheral blood mononuclear cells antiproliferative effect , 125 (PBMCs) benefi cial effects , 125 , 210 Pea (Pisum sativum L. ) , 235 biological process , 213 Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L. ) , 234 cancers , 76–78 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , 212 characterized phase I and phase II metabolites , 125 Phenol-explorer , 122 chronic disease , 211 Physical activity (PA) circadian rhythm regulation , 211 arrhythmia and thrombosis , 223–224 clinical studies , 185 defi nition , 220 CLOCK , 211 energy balance and body weight , 220 components , 125 fat content , 220 composition and CVD risk , 74–78 fatty acid composition , 220 dietary fat , 212 health benefi ts , 220 , 221 ELOVL5 , 212 health promoting effects , 220 extraction , 125 insulin and glucose metabolism , 224 fatty acid , 210 , 212 mediterranean lifestyle , 222 genetic factors , 125 optimal frequency and intensity , 221 health effects , 125 plasma lipids and lipoproteins , 223 HumanMethylation27 BeadChip , 211 , 212 recommendations , 221–222 in vitro studies , 184–185 sedentary behaviors , 222 insulin resistance and adipogenesis , 212 type and time , 221 JIMT-1 cells , 210 Phytoalexins , 130 Mediterranean agriculture , 74 PIK3CA/PTEN pathway , 189 metabolomics , 125 Plant foods molecular link , 211 dscription , 84 mRNA and protein expression , 212 nuts , 84 nuclear hormone receptors , 212 Polyphenols OLE , 211 antioxidant characteristics level , 100 oleuropein , 125 antioxidant properties , 104 phenolic compounds , 125 fl avonoids/non-fl avonoids , 100 , 104 polyphenols , 210 LDL sensitivity , 104 production , 74 lipids levels , 104 Index 321

putative cardioprotective mechanisms , 104 Senescence accelerate mouse P8 (SAMP8) , 160 Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) , 156 , 158 , 210 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Prevention , 16 , 19 , 21 , 165–167 , 173–175 (STAT3) , 185 diet , 90 Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella L. ) , 235 GISSI , 93 Spanish current dietary pattern (SCP) , 9 primary , 92 STAT3 . See Signal transducer and activator of secondary , 93 transcription 3 (STAT3) Primrose (Primula vulgaris Huds ) , 235 Substantia nigra , 157 Principal components analysis (PCA) , 123

Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE2 ) , 126 Prudent diet , 93 T Prudent dietary pattern , 159 TNBS . See Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)- PUFA . See Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) induced colitis Total fat in MD . See also Animal foods benefi cial effects, CVD , 72 R dietary estimation , 72 Red meat dietary sources , 73–74 human studies , 192 EPA , 72 Red wine health markers , 71 alcohol consumption , 102 , 103 MUFA , 72 (see also Oils ) ( see also Plant foods ) alcohol mortality , 101 vegetables , 84 alcohol’s benefi cial effects , 98 TP53/BAX and SMAD4/TGFβ pathways , 189 AMPK activity , 104 Trimethylamine-N -oxide (TMAO) , 126 , 127 antioxidative ability , 104 Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis, 187 cancer mortality , 102 , 103 cardioprotective agent , 98 cardioprotective effects , 101, 102 U cardiovascular , 102 , 103 UNESCO recognition , 7–8 characteristic color and aroma , 99 Unrefi ned sugars , 156 chemical composition of , 99 UPLC-MS/MS , 129 coagulation system , 104 US Department of Agriculture (USDA) , 19 consumption , 129 USDA . See US Department of Agriculture (USDA) HDL cholesterol level , 103 USDA food pattern , 239–253 health benefi t , 98 ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression , 105 LDL sensitivity , 104 V metabolomics profi ling , 129 Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) moderate alcohol consumption , 103 expression , 105 MONICA study , 98 Vascular diseases and hypertension , 156 morbidity and mortality , 98 VCAM-1 . See Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 phenolic compounds , 129 (VCAM-1) expression phytoalexins , 130 Vegetables , 84 polyphenols animal studies , 187–188 clinical studies , 188 W composition , 100 W D P . See Western dietary pattern (WDP) metabolism , 130 Weight loss intervention religion, role , 98 exercise , 146 resveratrol , 105 , 130 geriatric obesity , 146 SIRT1 regulator , 105 long-term intervention less than 12 months , 147–148 tartrate , 129 physical function and health-related quality of life , typical wine phenolic levels , 99 , 100 146 in younger and older volunteers , 104 reduction, lipid accumulation , 146 Reduced body size , 132 traditional , 146 Regional dietary patterns , 46 Western diet , 262 Western dietary pattern (WDP) , 7 Western Mediterranean groups , 47 S Western/American diet , 242 S C P . See Spanish current dietary pattern (SCP) Whole grains , 127 seAFOod Polyp Prevention Trial , 126 World Health Organization (WHO) , 20