Terrapin Technologies Manned Mars Mission Proposal
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TERRAPIN TECHNOLOGIES MANNED MARS MISSION PROPOSAL ENAE 412: NASA/USRA Project Dr. Mark Lewis, Advisor Period: January 23,1990 - May 14, 1990 UM-AERO-90-27 students:The sections of this report represent the individual efforts of the following Amato, Michael Bryant, Heather Coleman, Rodney Compy, Chris Crouse, Patrick Crunkleton, Joe Hurtado, Edgar Iverson, Eirik Kamosa, Mike Kraft, Lauri Martin, Larry McCartney, Rick Miyake, Kaoru Rosenberg, Evan Ryan, Darren Seybold, Calina The compilation and editing of this report were performed by Lauri Kraft and Calina Seybold. Acknowledgments Thanks to Dr. James E. Randolph and Dr. Angus McRonald of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for suggesting this work; to Ms. Stacy Weinstein, also of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, for providing trajectory information; and to Dr. Jim Phenix and Dr. Stephen Paddack of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for their participation with the USRA Program. Thanks to Mr. Tom McLaughlin for his time and effort in teaching Rick McCartney and Larry Martin how to use his Waverider generation code, and for the time he spent generating our Waveriders. Also, thanks to Dr. Ajay Kothari, Dr. Anthony Vizzini, and Dr. John Anderson for their informative lectures and other support of this program. Especially, thanks to Dr. Mark Lewis for lectures, individual help, and other many contributions. Finally, appreciation is extended to the USRA program, under the direction of John Alred, for supporting this design experience. Special Notes I would like to thank Dr. Everett Jones and Dr. David VanWie from the aerospace department here at the University for taking the time to provide me with documentation and insight into the heating problems I encountered. Also, I owe my appreciation to Dr. Mark Lewis and Mr. Charles Lind for their patience in answering my time-consuming questions on everything from computers to chemistry. Finally, a special thanks goes to Mr. James Batt for getting me started. --- Calina Seybold I would like to thank Mr. Charles Lind for dedicating time to helping me with the various intricacies of document production on the Macintosh and for his invaluable advice. --- Lauri Kraft Table of Contents 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Mission Overview ................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Design Concept ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 LLVM Design and Function ................................................................. 2 1.3.2 WOPM Design and Function ............................................................... 3 1.4 Organization .......... ................................................................................................. 4 II.1 Mission Analysis .................................................................................................. 4 II.2 Trajectory ............................................................................................................... 4 II.2.1 Trajectory Design ................................................................................... 4 II.4.1.1 WOPM Trajectory .................................................................. 4 II.4.1.1.1 Venus Flyby .............................................................. 8 II.4.1.1.2 Mars Capture ........................................................... 11 II.4.1.1.3. Rendezvous ............................................................. 14 II.4.1.1.4 Transfer from Mars to LEO .................................. 17 II.4.1.2 LLVM Trajectory .................................................................... 19 II.4.1.3 Ascent/Descent ....................................................................... 22 II.4.1.3.1 Landing ...................................................................... 22 II.4.1.3.1.1 Landing Trajectory Design ..................... 22 II.4.1.3.1.2 Landing Trajectory Analysis ................ 23 II.4.1.3.1.3 Landing Trajectory Program ................ 31 II.4.1.3.2 Launch ....................................................................... 32 II.4.1.3.3 Ascent/Descent Mass Summary ......................... 34 III.1 Systems .................................................................................................................. 35 III.2 WOPM Systems ................................................................................................... 35 III.2.1 Propulsion ............................................................................................. 35 III.2.1.1 Primary Propulsion System Design ............................. 40 III.2.1.1.1 Core Design ............................................................. 42 III.2.2 Structures ................................................................................... 49 III.2.2.1 Materials ................................................................................. 53 III.2.2.1.1 Outer Structure ....................................................... 53 UI.2.2.1.2 Inner Structure ....................................................... 57 III.2.2.2 Weights ................................................................................... 57 III.2.2.3 Environments ....................................................................... 57 III.2.2.3.1 Thermal ................................................................... 59 UI.2.2.3.1.1 Convective Heating Rates (without chemistry) ..................................................... 59 UI.2.2.3.1.2.1 Stagnation Point ....................... 59 UI.2.2.3.4.2.2 Laminar Flat Plate .................... 62 UI.2.2.3.4.3 Convective Heating Rates (with chemistry) ...................................................................... 63 UI.2.2.3.4.4 Radiative Heating Rates ........................ 63 III.2.3 Electrical ................................................................................................. 64 III.2.3.1 Power ....................................................................................... 64 III.2.3.1.1 Reactor System with Free Piston Sfirling Engines ....................................................................................... 65 III.2.3.1.2 Power Conversion System Comparisons ........ 67 III.2.4 Guidance and Control ......................................................................... 70 III.2.4.1 Star, Limb, and Sun Sensors .............................................. 72 III.2.4.1.1 Sun Sensors ............................................................. 72 III.2.4.1.2 Star Sensors ............................................................. 73 UI.2.4.2 Inertial Measurement System ............................................ 73 III.2.4.3 Guidance Computer ............................................................. 74 III.2.4.4 Attitude Control .................................................................... 75 III.2.4.5 Software .................................................................................. 76 III.2.5 Life Support ........................................................................................... 76 III.2.5.1 Crew Safety ............................................................................. 82 III.2.5.2 Air System .............................................................................. 85 III.2.5.3 Habitat design ........................................................................ 86 III.2.5.3.1 Living Spaces .......................................................... 88 III.2.5.4 Hygiene ................................................................................... 89 III.2.5.4.1 Space Shower .......................................................... 89 III.2.5.4.2 General ..................................................................... 89 III.2.5.4.3 Waste Elimination ................................................ 92 III.2.5.5 Crew Logistics ........................................................................ 94 III.2.5.5.1 Food .......................................................................... 94 III.2.5.5.2 Water Resources .................................................... 96 III.2.5.6 Crew Selection ....................................................................... 99 III.2.5.7 Crew Psychology ..................................................................... 99 1II.3 LLVM Systems ..................................................................................................... 00 III.3.1 Supply Stage/Departure Stage Systems ........................................... 00 UI.3.1.1 Propulsion .............................................................................. 00 III.3.1.1.1 Primary Propulsion System Design ................... 1 00 III.3.1.2 Structures ................................................................................ 1 02 III.3.1.2.1 Materials .................................................................. 10 III.3.1.2.2 Weights .................................................................... 14 III.3.1.2.3 Environments ........................................................ 16 III.3.1.2.3.1 Thermal .................................................... 16 UI.3.1.2.4 Mechanical .............................................................. 16 III.3.1.2.4.1 Separation Systems ................................. 16 UI.3.1.3 Electrical .................................................................................