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Floristics Historical Biogeography “What Lives Where and Why?”

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Floristics Historical Biogeography “What Lives Where and Why?” Floristics Historical Biogeography “What lives where and why?” • Historical biogeography is the flipside to ecological biogeography • Most of its practitioners are not geographers but systematists specializing on specific groups of organisms Three phases of historical biogeography are usually seen: 1. Descriptive — distributions and areas (floristic and faunistic biogeography) Banksia coccinea - Australia Historical Biogeography Historical Biogeography “What lives where and why?” “What lives where and why?” • Historical biogeography is the flipside to ecological • Historical biogeography is the flipside to ecological biogeography biogeography • Most of its practitioners are not geographers but • Most of its practitioners are not geographers but systematists specializing on specific groups of organisms systematists specializing on specific groups of organisms Three phases of historical biogeography are usually seen: Three phases of historical biogeography are usually seen: 2. Narrative — using historical (geological and 3. Analytical — comparison of the patterns of relationships of evolutionary) events and ad hoc assumptions as a basis different groups of organisms occupying similar areas to find for explaining a given distribution pattern (including common biogeographic patterns dispersal biogeography) • vicariance biogeography • cladistic biogeography • phylogenetic biogeography 1 Floristic Biogeography Floristic Biogeography Basic to the study of floristics is knowledge Basic to the study of floristics is knowledge of the geographic distribution of organisms of the geographic distribution of organisms • Geographic distributions are limited • Geographic distributions are limited • No species completely cosmopolitan • No species completely cosmopolitan • Most species and genera, and even families • Most species and genera, and even families and orders are restricted in distribution and orders are restricted in distribution Amborella trichopoda White spruce is endemic to boreal is endemic to New forest of North America; Picea Caledonia (spruce genus) is restricted to the North Hemisphere Floristic Biogeography Limits to Distributions Basic to the study of floristics is knowledge • climatic: temperature, precipitation, seasonality of the geographic distribution of organisms • topographic: mountains, oceans • habitat: soil, pH, water availability, sun vs. shade • Geographic distributions are limited • biotic: competition, predation, coevolution • No species completely cosmopolitan • history: age, dispersal, sundering, speciation • Most species and genera, and even families and orders are restricted in distribution Gunnera (Gunneraceae) has a wider but still patchy distribution (Hawaiian species here) 2 Limits to Distributions Limits to Distributions • climatic: temperature, precipitation, seasonality • climatic: temperature, precipitation, seasonality • topographic: mountains, oceans • topographic: mountains, oceans • habitat: soil, pH, water availability, sun vs. shade • habitat: soil, pH, water availability, sun vs. shade • biotic: competition, predation, coevolution • biotic: competition, predation, coevolution • history: age, dispersal, sundering, speciation • history: age, dispersal, sundering, speciation Climate but also topography limits the extent of coniferous Palm family is limited by severe cold temps due to their single boreal forest species terminal bud at end of the stem Limits to Distributions Limits to Distributions • climatic: temperature, precipitation, seasonality • climatic: temperature, precipitation, seasonality • topographic: mountains, oceans • topographic: mountains, oceans • habitat: soil, pH, water availability, sun vs. shade • habitat: soil, pH, water availability, sun vs. shade • biotic: competition, predation, coevolution • biotic: competition, predation, coevolution • history: age, dispersal, sundering, speciation • history: age, dispersal, sundering, speciation Epifagus virginiana Beech drops (root parasite only on American beech) Habitat requirements force the distributions of kinglets and redback voles to match that of the coniferous boreal forests American beech – Fagus grandifolia 3 Limits to Distributions Distribution Patterns • climatic: temperature, precipitation, seasonality Every species (or higher taxa) has a particular distribution • topographic: mountains, oceans that varies in three important features: • habitat: soil, pH, water availability, sun vs. shade • biotic: competition, predation, coevolution • range: entire region or area of • history: age, dispersal, sundering, speciation occurrence Clematis fremontii (leatherflower) is restricted to three midwestern states Argyroxiphium - silversword leatherflower Distribution Patterns Distribution Patterns Every species (or higher taxa) has a particular distribution Every species (or higher taxa) has a particular distribution that varies in three important features: that varies in three important features: • degree of geographical • frequency of occurrence continuity Clematis fremontii (leatherflower) is Clematis fremontii (leatherflower) is frequent discontinuous in distribution across its range but aggregrated in individual limestone as it is restricted to limestone glades glades 4 Distribution Patterns Distribution Patterns What kinds of distribution patterns? What kinds of distribution patterns? • Continuous • Continuous • Endemic • Endemic • Disjuncts (discontinuous) • Disjuncts (discontinuous) Nothofagus (southern beech) is endemic to several temperate southern hemisphere areas, thus disjunct aquatic Ceratophyllum demersum (coons-tail, hornwort) is widespread, continuous, nearly cosmopolitan Distribution Patterns Distribution Patterns What kinds of distribution patterns? What kinds of distribution patterns? • Continuous • Continuous • Endemic • Endemic • Disjuncts (discontinuous) • Disjuncts (discontinuous) Osmorhiza chilensis (sweet cicely) shows an amphi-tropical disjunction and Empetrum (crowberries) of boreal and tundra and Larrea a western N. American - Great Lakes – eastern N. American disjunction (creosote) of deserts also show amphi-tropical disjunctions 5 Distribution Patterns Distribution Patterns What kinds of distribution patterns? What kinds of distribution patterns? • Continuous • Continuous • Endemic • Endemic • Disjuncts (discontinuous) • Disjuncts (discontinuous) S. amazonica - water dispersed 1 species of Pitcairnia in west Africa Family Bromeliaceae (pineapples) shows continuous distribution throughout Family Humiraceae shows same peculiar disjunct in West Africa Americas, endemic to this region, except for peculiar disjunct in West Africa - why? (not a floristic question) Distribution Patterns Distribution Patterns What kinds of distribution patterns? Types of continuous patterns? • Continuous • Endemic • Cosmopolitan: distributed all over the globe - • Disjuncts (discontinuous) indifferent to many environmental conditions • all nine taxa described survive and reproduce in accordance to specific environmental requirements • each occupies a precise area or range first determined by history (area/life) • actual ranges are limited by ecological or biological features • for invasive weeds, perhaps the Lythrum salicaria - opposite purple loosestrife Ceratophyllum in water Taraxacum (dandelion) on land 6 Distribution Patterns Distribution Patterns Types of continuous patterns?— can be taxa above species Types of continuous patterns? • Cosmopolitan: distributed all over the globe - • Circum-boreal: [circum-austral rare!] indifferent to many environmental conditions Chiroptera - bats Rhododendron lapponicum - lapland rosebay (Ericaceae) Distribution Patterns Distribution Patterns Types of continuous patterns? Types of endemic patterns? • Pantropic: distribution • Taxonomic (evolutionary) relicts: sole survivors of limited by oceans in once diverse taxonomic groups tropical & subtropical latitudes Palmae - palm family The primitive angiosperm Degeneria belongs to a lineage that was more species-rich as seen in the fossil record 7 Distribution Patterns Distribution Patterns Types of endemic patterns? Types of endemic patterns? • Taxonomic (evolutionary) relicts: sole survivors of • Taxonomic (evolutionary) relicts: sole survivors of once diverse taxonomic groups once diverse taxonomic groups The gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba belongs to an ancient fossil Ginkgoes are abundant in the fossil record, but lineage going at least to the Mesozoic Era only one species is extant, all others are extinct Distribution Patterns Distribution Patterns Types of endemic patterns? Types of disjunct patterns? • Climatic (biogeographical) relicts: narrowly endemic survivors of once widespread taxa • Many types! – we will look at several later • Involve interplay between earth history and biological history Ginkgo biloba is now restricted to a small area of China, but fossil Classification of major distributions of evidence shows Ginkgo widespread in the temperate N Hemisphere seed plants (Thorne 1972; Stott 1982) as recently as the Pliocene (3 mya) 8 Distribution Patterns Provincialism Types of disjunct patterns? — one of the most important concepts in biogeography, but what does “provincialism” mean? Definition by Webster’s Dictionary: Mesosaurus brasiliensis 2. [n] a lack of sophistication • amphi-Atlantic distribution of the Permian reptile Mesosaurus was used by Alfred Wegener as evidence for continental drift Classification of major distributions of seed plants (Thorne 1972; Stott 1982) Provincialism Provincialism — one of the most important
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