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Punaises Aquatiques Du Cameroun: Biodiversité, Phylogéographie Et Rôle Dans L'écologie De Mycobacterium Ulcerans, Agent

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Punaises Aquatiques Du Cameroun: Biodiversité, Phylogéographie Et Rôle Dans L'écologie De Mycobacterium Ulcerans, Agent Punaises aquatiques du Cameroun : biodiversité, phylogéographie et rôle dans l’écologie de Mycobacterium ulcerans, agent étiologique de l’ulcère de Buruli Solange Meyin a Ebong To cite this version: Solange Meyin a Ebong. Punaises aquatiques du Cameroun : biodiversité, phylogéographie et rôle dans l’écologie de Mycobacterium ulcerans, agent étiologique de l’ulcère de Buruli. Microbiologie et Para- sitologie. Université Montpellier; Université de Yaoundé I, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015MONTS273. tel-02446401 HAL Id: tel-02446401 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02446401 Submitted on 20 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Délivré par l’Université de Montpellier et l’Université de Yaoundé I (co-tutelle internationale) Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale Biodiversité, Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement, Terre ( GAIA ) et le Département de Biologie et Physiologie Animale ( BPA ) Et de l’unité mixte de recherche Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC ) et le Service de Mycobactériologie du Centre Pasteur du Cameroun ( CPC ) Spécialité : Microbiologie et Parasitologie Présentée par Solange MEYIN A EBONG TITRE DE LA THESE Punaises aquatiques du Cameroun : Biodiversité, Phylogéographie et Rôle dans l’Ecologie de Mycobacterium ulcerans, agent étiologique de l’ulcère de Buruli Soutenue le 21 décembre 2015 devant le jury composé de M. Thierry BOURGOIN Pr1, MNHN Paris (France) Président M. Christophe THEBAUD Pr1, UPS Toulouse (France) Rapporteur Mme Carine BROUAT CR1, IRD Montpellier (France) Examinateur Mme Sara EYANGOH CL1, CPC Yaoundé (Cameroun) Examinateur M. Philippe LE GALL CR1 IRD Paris-sud (France) Examinateur M. Jean-François GUEGAN DR0 IRD Montpellier (France) Directeur M. Flobert NJIOKOU Pr.UYI Yaoundé (Cameroun) Co-directeur M. Albert SAME EKOBO Pr.UYI Yaoundé (Cameroun) Co-directeur (invite) UNIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER ET L’UNIVERSITE DE YAOUNDE I THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER ET L’UNIVERSITE DE YAOUNDE I Discipline : Microbiologie / Parasitologie École Doctorale : Biodiversité, Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement, Terre ( GAIA ) et le Département de Biologie et Physiologie Animale ( BPA ) Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Solange MEYIN A EBONG Le 21 décembre 2015 Punaises aquatiques du Cameroun : Biodiversité, Phylogéographie et Rôle dans l’Ecologie de Mycobacterium ulcerans, agent étiologique de l’ulcère de Buruli Devant le jury composé de : M. Thierry BOURGOIN Pr1, MNHN Paris (France) Rapporteur M. Christophe THEBAUD Pr1, UPS Toulouse (France) Rapporteur Mme Carine BROUAT CR1, IRD Montpellier (France) Examinateur Mme Sara EYANGOH CL1, CPC Yaoundé (Cameroun) Examinateur M. Philippe LE GALL CR1 IRD Paris-sud (France) Examinateur M. Jean-François GUEGAN DR0 IRD Montpellier (France) Directeur M. Flobert NJIOKOU Pr.UYI Yaoundé (Cameroun) Co-directeur M. Albert SAME EKOBO Pr.UYI Yaoundé (Cameroun) Co-directeur (invite) Résumé Résumé Une des 17 maladies tropicales négligées déclarées par l’OMS, l’ ulcère de Buruli constitue aujourd’hui un réel problème de santé publique en Afrique centrale et de l’Ouest où il sévit dans près de 30 pays. Cette maladie touchant principalement les populations des zones enclavées reste un mythe car l’on ne connaît pas a ujourd’hui le mode de transmission exacte de la bactérie responsable, Mycobacterium ulcerans , à l’humain. Une meilleure connaissance de l’écologie de ce bacille constitue pourtant un levier important tant pour apporter des informations concernant sa transmission que pour lutter contre ce fléau. Fortement soupçonnés de jouer un rôle d’hôtes ou de vecteur de M. ulcerans , certains taxons de punaises aquatiques semblent être prédisposés de par leur écologie ou leur comportement à héberger le bacille voire à le transmettre. Les travaux que nous présentons ici visent dans un premier temps à identifier sur des bases anatomiques complétées par des approches moléculaires les différents taxons de punaises aquatiques présents au Cameroun. Au-delà de proposer une clé d ’identification d’espèces et une classification des punaises aquatiques du Cameroun reposant sur des séquences nucléotidiques, nous discutons du rôle important joué par l’écologie de certaines espèces de punaises dans la transmission de M. ulcerans . Les différentes approches comparatives et biostatistiques développées dans ce travail de thèse étayent l’hypothèse que certains taxons de punaises aquatiques, et notamment issus des familles Belostomatidae et Naucoridae, acquièrent la mycobactérie à partir de l’ environnement en partageant des habitats (fréquentation de la végétation aquatique émergée) où le bacille prolifère, et en se nourrissant de proies, comme des mollusques ou de petits poissons, eux-mêmes contaminés par la bactérie. La capacité de vol chez l es punaises aquatiques n’apparaît pas faciliter l’acquisition de M. ulcerans mais semble impliquée dans la dissémination de ce dernier en contaminant de nouveaux environnements. Au terme de cette thèse, nous discutons de l’écologie des communautés de punai ses aquatiques et de leur macroécologie au Cameroun, et examinons l’importance de l’échantillonnage comme élément important de tout travail de recherche en écologie et évolution des maladies infectieuses. Mots-clés : Ulcère de Buruli, Mycobacterium ulcerans , Afrique, Hétéroptères aquatiques, transmission infectieuse, taxonomie, systématique, écologie des communautés, approches comparatives, biogéographie, macroécologie, échantillonnage. 1 Abstract Abstract One of 17 neglected tropical diseases declared by WHO, Buruli ulcer is now a real public health problem in Central and West Africa, where it occurs in nearly 30 countries. This disease mainly affecting people in remote areas remains a myth because we don't know today the exact mode of Mycobacterium ulcerans transmission, the causal agent to humans. A better understanding of the ecology of this bacillus is an important lever to make the information about its transmission as the fight against this scourge. Strongly suspected to playing a role of host or vector of M. ulcerans , some aquatic bugs’ taxa seem to be predisposed by their ecology or behavior to harbor the bacillus or to convey it. The works presented here are intended firstly to identify on anatomical bases complemented by molecular approaches different taxa of aquatic bugs present in Cameroon. Beyond proposing an identification key of taxa and classification of aquatic bugs in Cameroon based on the nucleotide sequences, we discuss the important role of the ecology of some taxa of aquatic bugs in the transmission of M. ulcerans . Different comparative and biostatistics approaches developed in this thesis support the hypothesis that some taxa of water bugs, especially from the Belostomatidae and Naucoridae families acquire the mycobacteria from the environment by sharing habitats (attendance of emerged aquatic vegetation) where the bacilli proliferate, and feeding on prey such as molluscs and small fish themselves contaminated with the bacteria. The flight capacity of aquatic bugs do not appear to facilitate the acquisition of M. ulcerans but seems to be involved in their dissemination by contaminating new the environments. At the end of this thesis, we discuss the ecology of aquatic bugs’ communities and their macroecology in Cameroon, and examine the importance of sampling as an important component of any research work in ecology and evolution of infectious diseases. Keys words: Buruli ulcer, Mycobacterium ulcerans , Africa, aquatic Heteroptera, Infectious transmission, Taxonomy, systematic, community ecology, comparative approaches, biogeography, macroecology, sampling 2 Remerciements Remerciements Cette thèse réalisée en co-tutelle entre les universités de Yaoundé I et de Montpellier a été une grande expéri ence scientifique et personnelle qui m’a offert des séjours merveilleux dans plusieurs villes et institutions à la quête de nouvelles technologies. C’est l’occasion pour moi d’exprimer ma plus sincère reconnaissance à tous ceux qui ont œuvré à la bonne réa lisation de cette thèse en m’apportant leur soutien financier, technique et moral pendant toutes ces années : - Au Département Soutien et formation au Sud de l’IRD qui m’a octroyé une bourse de thèse sans laquelle ces séjours n’auraient jamais eu lieu ; - Au Dr. Guy Vernet, Directeur Général du Centre Pasteurdu Cameroun qui a accepté m’accueillir dans son illustre établissement ; - Au Dr Sara Eyangoh, Directeur Scientifique du Centre Pasteur du Cameroun pour m’avoir ouvert les portes du Service de Mycobactériologie, pour son appui financier et logistique à travers les projets “JEAI”, “ANR Buruli”, ses efforts consentis à la réussite de cette lourde tâche. Docteur Sara comme nous aimons vous appeler très affectueusement, soyez rassurée de mon immense gratitude. Je remercie le personnel du Centre Pasteur du Cameroun et en particulier le service de Mycobactériologie pour la sympathie et l’enthousiasme qui ont toujours régné entre nous
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