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Molecular Species Delimitation and Morphology of Aquatic and Sub-Aquatic Bugs (Heteroptera) in Cameroon

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Molecular Species Delimitation and Morphology of Aquatic and Sub-Aquatic Bugs (Heteroptera) in Cameroon RESEARCH ARTICLE Molecular Species Delimitation and Morphology of Aquatic and Sub-Aquatic Bugs (Heteroptera) in Cameroon Solange Meyin A Ebong1,2,6☯*, Elsa Petit3☯, Philippe Le Gall1,3, Ping-Ping Chen7, Nico Nieser7, Eric Guilbert8, Flobert Njiokou6, Laurent Marsollier5, Jean- François Guégan4, Dominique Pluot-Sigwalt8, Sara Eyangoh2, Myriam Harry3 1 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP 1857, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2 Service de Mycobactériologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 3 UMR EGCE (Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, Écologie), CNRS IRD- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur- Yvette Cedex, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, 4 UMR MIVEGEC IRD, CNRS, Universités de Montpellier, Centre IRD a11111 de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, 5 Inserm Avenir ATOMycA CRCNA Inserm U892 & CNRS U6299, Université et CHU d'Angers, Angers, France, 6 Université de Yaoundé I, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 7 National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands, 8 Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR7205 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Meyin A Ebong S, Petit E, Le Gall P, Chen P-P, Nieser N, Guilbert E, et al. (2016) Molecular Abstract Species Delimitation and Morphology of Aquatic and Sub-Aquatic Bugs (Heteroptera) in Cameroon. PLoS Aquatic and semi-aquatic bugs (Heteroptera) represent a remarkable diversity and a ONE 11(5): e0154905. doi:10.1371/journal. resurging interest has been given to documenting at the species level these insects inhabit- pone.0154905 ing Cameroon in Central Africa due to their potential implication in the transmission of the Editor: Bernd Schierwater, University of Veterinary bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causal agent of Buruli ulcer, an emerging human Medicine Hanover, GERMANY disease. A survey was carried out over two years in Cameroon. Morphological analyses Received: August 17, 2015 were done in two steps. A first step consisted in separating the specimens based on broadly Accepted: April 20, 2016 shared characters into morphotypes. The specimens were then separated into two indepen- Published: May 5, 2016 dent batches containing each the same representation of each morphotype. One batch (309 specimens) was used by taxonomy experts on aquatic bugs for species level identifi- Copyright: © 2016 Meyin A Ebong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the cation and/or to reconcile nymph with their corresponding adult species. The second batch Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits (188 specimens) was used to define species based on the COI DNA sequences (standard unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any sequence used for “DNA barcoding”) and using the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery medium, provided the original author and source are credited. (ABGD) method. The first morphological analysis step separated the specimens into 63 dif- ferent morphotypes (49 adults and 14 nymphs), which were then found to belong to 54 Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files morphological species in the infra-orders Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha based on the spe- (phylogenetic trees of taxa identified in Gerromorpha cies-level morphological identification, and 41–45 putative molecular species according to and Nepomorpha infraorders, Sequences dataset the gap value retained in the ABGD. Integrating morphology and “DNA barcoding” recon- used in this study). ciled all the specimens into 62 aquatic bug species in Cameroon. Generally, we obtained a Funding: This study is part of an international good congruence between species a priori identified based on morphology from adult mor- program supported by the “Centre Pasteur du photypes and molecular putative species. Moreover, molecular identification has allowed Cameroun” in collaboration with its Northern partners with the goal to elucidate the ecology and transmission mode of M. ulcerans. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0154905 May 5, 2016 1/15 Aquatic Bug Diversity in Cameroon Competing Interests: The authors have declared the association of 86% of nymphs with adults. This work illustrates the importance of inte- that no competing interests exist. grative taxonomy. Introduction Aquatic and sub-aquatic true bugs (Heteroptera), comprised in the Leptopodomorpha, the Ger- romorpha and the Nepomorpha infra-orders, represent a remarkable species diversity of the aquatic biota with 4,656 species from 326 genera and 20 families found worldwide except in Antarctica [1]. Several surveys of aquatic bugs were carried out in the 1940s in Africa, specifi- cally in West and Central Africa, i.e. the Ivory Coast [2] and Cameroon [3–5]. After this period, the aquatic bugs of West Africa were not studied for decades. But since the 2000s, a resurging interest has grown, documenting the species of aquatic and sub-aquatic bugs inhabiting Camer- oon because some of them are suspected to be implicated in the transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causal agent of an emerging human disease named Buruli ulcer [6–11]. The current taxonomy of bugs is mostly based on morphological characters of adults, which are more or less reliable because of their intraspecific variability. Moreover, immature forms are difficult to identify based only on morphology because of the lack of discriminating charac- ters [12]. Therefore, complementary approaches must be developed to address taxonomic issues in Heteroptera. In that regard, Wheeler et al.[13] have shown a good congruence between morphological and 18S molecular data to delineate infraorders of Heteroptera but at the species level, more variable sequences than 18S are required. In order to identify taxa which are difficult to separate only on the basis of their morphology, different authors have proposed the “DNA barcoding” which uses a standard region of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) [14–16]. Several studies have now established that the COI gene is very useful in insect taxonomy including Hemiptera, especially aphids [17–19], but also true bugs [17]. Initial work [20, 21] reported some limitations using COI-based identification for some Heteropteran groups, but in recent studies, true bug taxa have been identified at both family and species levels, from Asia [17], Korea [22] or Brazil [23]. With the growing implementation of DNA barcoding, it is now possible to not only assign a sample to a pre-existing classification but also to identify unknown species and to decide whether species should be separated or merged using various delimitation methods. Two main classes of methods exist: distance-based methods which consist in clustering sequences in Molecular Operational Units (MOTUs), e.g. the Automatic Barcoding Gap Discovery method (ABGD) [24] and phylogeny-based, such as the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent method (GMYC) [25] or the Poisson Tree Processes (PTP) [26]. Here, we integrate both methods based on morphology and molecular data. The ABGD method with COI sequences was applied for the molecular species delimitation. This study aims to contribute to better understand the Cameroon’s biodiversity of aquatic and sub-aquatic bugs putatively involved in the transmission to humans of the environmentally-persistent bac- teria Mycobacterium ulcerans. Materials and Methods Sampling of Water Bugs across Cameroon, Africa According to The catch insects’ authorization has been issued by the Director of Wildlife and Protected Areas of the Ministry of Forests and Wildlife which is responsible for the field studies PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0154905 May 5, 2016 2/15 Aquatic Bug Diversity in Cameroon nationwide Decision N° 0859/PCBS/MINFOF/SG/DFAP/SDVEF/SC, insects were collected in 10 locations in Cameroon including two existing endemic zones for Buruli ulcer (Akonolinga and Bankim) and eight non-endemic zones with the same ecological characteristics that the two endemic ones (Mbalmayo, Abong-Mbang, Garoua, Tibati, Ngaoundéré, Bamenda, Buéa and Santchou) (Fig 1). A map (Fig 1) was made from field data collected in different sampling sites using Argis software version 10.2.2. Aquatic and sub-aquatic bugs were collected using two sampling methods: directly in aquatic environment by hauling a metallic dip net (32 × 32 cm and 1 mm in mesh size) within a surface of 1 m2 and at different depth levels (down to a depth of 1 m), and indirectly by using light trapping to capture winged imagoes. Aquatic sam- pling, which included a large variety of streams, rivers, swamps and flooded areas, was per- formed in triplicate at each survey session, on three consecutive mornings. Light traps were installed twice at each survey session in each site from 6:30PM to 11:00PM. Two survey periods were realized in 2011 (March to June) and 2012–2013 (September 2012 to February 2013) in the endemic (4 times and 6 times respectively at each survey period) and non-endemic zones (2 times at each survey period). After collection, adults and nymphs (L5) were selected, counted, and preserved in 70% ethanol, which was changed weekly, for morphological identifi- cation and molecular analyses. The 22,375 specimens collected were first classified by family using the Heteroptera classification given by Schuh and Slater [27] and then identified as mor- photypes in each family. For each morphotype, two independent
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