Marine Environmental Awareness of Residents and Tourists in Valle Gran Rey

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Marine Environmental Awareness of Residents and Tourists in Valle Gran Rey Marine environmental awareness of residents and tourists in Valle Gran Rey, La Gomera Master thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (M.A.) University of Sustainable Development Eberswalde Faculty of Sustainable Business Master programme “Sustainable Tourism Management” Submitted by Maita Bengsch Matriculation number: 16210784 Supervisor: Hon. Prof. Dr. Nicole Häusler Co-Supervisor: Dipl. Biol. Fabian Ritter Eberswalde, 27th December 2018 Acknowledgement I would like to firstly thank my supervisor Hon. Prof. Dr. Nicole Häusler and my co-supervisor Dipl. Biol. Fabian Ritter for their support and assistance. Additionally, I thank Harald Zipko for his help and support during the data analysis. I thank Ramona for an endless exchange in voice messages! Thank you to Carlo, for lending your text marker to me, supporting me in everything and suffering my unbearable moods in the past couple of months! A special thanks goes out to my family (especially Mom and Dad), because it would not have been possible without them and their boundless support. I am very grateful to them for giving me the opportunity to study, travel and for making my goals reachable. Abstract Environmental protection and nature conservation are becoming more and more important in this day. The preservation of a natural and intact environment should undoubtedly be a top priority. But today we often observe the opposite. Especially the oceans suffer from human activities. Climate change, overfishing and pollution by industry, packaging or the extraction of resources threaten the marine ecosystem and its inhabitants. In order to counter these threats, a change in society is needed. However, this change can only be achieved through increasing environmental awareness. Environmental awareness consists of various components. Knowledge about environmental problems, their causes and effects forms the basis for awareness. On the basis of this knowledge, the attitude towards the environment is formed, which in turn gives an indication of environmentally friendly behaviour. In order to increase the environmental awareness of society, education is seen and used as an effective means. This is especially true for nature-oriented experiences. La Gomera is one of the Canary Islands surrounded by the ocean. The area is one of the most species-rich in terms of marine mammals, making it one of the best places in Europe for whale watching. An environmental organization has made it its mission to protect the whales and dolphins in the area by conducting research and education. The M.E.E.R. e.V. works together with whale watching boats and established a permanent exhibition in Valle Gran Rey, the island's main tourist destination. A quantitative research approach has been chosen to better adapt educational measures and to get an overview of the current state of environmental awareness of the society in Valle Gran Rey. A survey was conducted on environmental knowledge and attitudes towards the environment. The focus was on the ecosystem of the sea, whales and dolphins. The New Environmental Paradigm Scale was used to query environmental attitudes. Furthermore, the interest in environmental education was examined. Four different population groups were considered: Spanish and German residents and tourists. The influence of whale watching trips and the effectiveness of the exhibition were also analysed. A total of 223 completed questionnaires were collected. After sorting out questionnaires from nationalities other than German and Spanish, 204 questionnaires could be analysed. The statistical evaluation showed that a relatively high level of environmental awareness is present in the population. Differences between the population groups were not particularly large, but German inhabitants of Valle Gran Rey showed the greatest awareness. Furthermore, the influence of whale watching and the exhibition was found to be very positive. The participants of a tour and visitors to the exhibition are more environmentally aware than others. Zusammenfassung Umwelt- und Naturschutz gewinnen in der heutigen Zeit immer mehr an Bedeutung. Der Erhalt einer natürlichen und intakten Umwelt sollte zweifelsfrei von oberster Priorität sein. Doch beobachten wir heute oft das Gegenteil. Besonders die Meere leiden unter menschlichen Aktivitäten. Klimawandel, Überfischung und Verschmutzung durch Industrie, Verpackung oder den Abbau von Ressourcen bedrohen das Ökosystem Meer mitsamt seiner Bewohner. Um diesen Bedrohungen entgegen zu wirken, ist ein Wandel in der Gesellschaft von Nöten. Dieser Wandel kann jedoch nur über steigendes Umweltbewusstsein erreicht werden. Das Umweltbewusstsein setzt sich aus verschiedenen Komponenten zusammen. Den Grundstein für Bewusstsein bildet das Wissen über Umweltprobleme, deren Ursachen und Auswirkungen. Auf Basis dieses Wissens bildet sich die Einstellung gegenüber der Umwelt, welche wiederum Hinweis auf umweltfreundliches Verhalten gibt. Um das Umweltbewusstsein der Gesellschaft zu steigern, wird Aufklärung als wirkungsvolles Mittel angesehen und genutzt. Dies gilt besonders bei naturnahen Erfahrungen und Erlebnisse. La Gomera ist eine der kanarischen Inseln und umgeben von Meer. Das Gebiet ist eines der artenreichsten Gebiete in Bezug auf Meeressäuger, was es zu einem der besten Orte in Europa für Whale Watching macht. Eine Umweltorganisation hat es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, die Wale und Delfine in dem Gebiet zu schützen, indem sie Forschungs- und Aufklärungsarbeit leisten. Der M.E.E.R. e.V. arbeitet dazu zusammen mit Whale Watching Booten und hat eine Dauerausstellung in Valle Gran Rey, dem Haupttourismusort der Insel. Um Aufklärungsmaßnahmen besser anpassen zu können und einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand des Umweltbewusstseins der Gesellschaft in Valle Gran Rey zu bekommen, wurde ein quantitativer Forschungsansatz gewählt. In einer Umfrage wurden das Umweltwissen und die Einstellung gegenüber der Umwelt abgefragt. Der Fokus lag dabei auf dem Ökosystem Meer, Walen und Delfine. Zur Abfrage der Umwelteinstellung wurde die New Environmental Paradigm-Skala genutzt. Des Weiteren wurde das Interesse an Aufklärung über Umweltthemen geprüft. Vier verschiedene Bevölkerungsgruppen wurden dabei betrachtet: Spanische und deutsche Einwohner und Touristen. Außerdem wurde der Einfluss von Whale Watching Ausfahrten und die Wirksamkeit der Ausstellung analysiert. Insgesamt konnten 223 ausgefüllte Fragebögen gesammelt werden. Nach dem Aussortieren von Fragebögen von anderen Nationalitäten als deutsch und spanisch, konnten 204 Fragebögen analysiert werden. Die statistische Auswertung hat dabei ergeben, dass ein relativ hohes Umweltbewusstsein in der Bevölkerung präsent ist. Unterschiede zwischen den Bevölkerungsgruppen waren nicht besonders groß, jedoch zeigten deutsche Einwohner von Valle Gran Rey das größte Bewusstsein. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss von Whale Watching und der Ausstellung als sehr positiv befunden. Die Teilnehmer einer Tour und Besucher der Ausstellung sind umweltbewusster als andere. Table of contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Purpose of the study .............................................................................................. 2 1.2. Research questions ............................................................................................... 3 1.3. Limitations .............................................................................................................. 4 1.4. Report Organisation ............................................................................................... 4 2. Background information ................................................................................................. 5 2.1. La Gomera ............................................................................................................. 5 2.1.1. Tourism on La Gomera .................................................................................. 5 2.2. Whale Watching ..................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1. The marine environment off La Gomera ......................................................... 8 2.3. M.E.E.R. e.V. ........................................................................................................11 2.4. Threats to marine life ............................................................................................13 3. Literature Review ..........................................................................................................16 3.1. Environmental Awareness .................................................................................16 3.1.1. Environmental knowledge .............................................................................17 3.1.2. Environmental attitude ...................................................................................18 3.1.3. Environmental awareness and behaviour ......................................................19 3.1.4. Influences on Environmental Awareness .......................................................20 3.1.5. Current State of Research on Environmental Awareness ..............................22 3.2. Environmental Education ..................................................................................24 3.2.1. Environmental Education in Tourism .............................................................24 4. Methodology
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