,I f 1. Li1ir7ear7n Belgica. Pars XV. no 2. juin 1995.

The butterflies of the Canary Islands A survey on their distribution, biology and ecology (Lepidoptera :Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea)

bl, Martin WILVERS(*)

Résumé la vegetación y la historia de la evolución de las islas. Cette publication traite du statut et de l'origine des Partiendo de investigaciones proprias realizadas en casi 31 especes de Rhopaloctres et de la seule Hespéride todas las islas. informaciones de colegas y datos re- qui nous sont connus des iles Canaries ; le tout consi- cogidos en una amplia bibliografía sobre el tema, se déré dans un contexte d'un historique évolutif et de estudian el habitat, las fases previas y las plantas ali- végétation. Un tiers des especes sont endémiques. Des menticias de las orugas. Por primera vez se presenta investigations personnelles dans la plupart des iles, des un mapa detallado de la distribución de cada especie données communiquées par plusieurs collegues et, en las Islas Canarias. l'évaluation de la littérature, les habitat:, les stades préimaginaux, les plantes-h6tes sont autant d'aspects 1. General parí constituant la base de ce travail. Des ébauches de cartes de répartition détaillées sont présentées pour la pre- Location and general geographj- miere fois. The archipelago of the Canary Islands is situated Summary off the west coast of Africa between 27'37' N and 29'30' N and between 13" 17' W and 18" 10' \V. This paper discusses the status and origin of the The distance be!ween Fuerteventura and Cap 32 butterfly species, a third of which are endemics, Juby (Morocco) is only about 100 km. known from the Canary Islands in the context of the Politically, the Canary Islands belong to Spain evolutionary history and the vegetation of the islands. where they form two distinct provinces, the western On the basis of personal investigations on most of the province Santa Cruz de Tenerife with the islands islands, records by severa1 colleagues and an evaluation Tenerife (2050 km'), San Miguel de la Palma of the extensive literature, an account of habitats, early (730 km'), La Gomera (380 km'), El Hierro stages and larva1 food-plants is given and detailed distribution maps are presented for the first time. (280 km') and the eastern province Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Lvhich includes Gran Canaria Zusammenfassung (1 530 km'). Fuerteventura ( i 720 km2), Lanzqote (830 km') and the islets Lobos, Graciosa, Montaña V'on den Kanarischen lnseln sind 32 Tagfa!terarten. Clara, Alegranza, Roque del Infierno and Roque darunter ein Drittcl Endemiten, bekannt. deren Status del Este (45 km' altogether). und Herkunft in dieser Arbeit im Kontext mit der Geographically, Gran Canaria is often included Entstehungsgeschichte und der Vegetation drr Kanaren lvithin the Lvestern islands because of its similar diskutiert werden. Auf der Grundlage eigener Unter- moritainous topograph}., elevations reaching about suchungen auf fast allrn lnseln, Angaben mehrerer Kol- 1500 up to 37 I S ni (Teide on Tenerife, is the highest legen und einer AusLvertung drr unifangreichen Lite- Spanish mountain) on the western Canaries, where- ratur werden die Habitate. Praimaginalstadien und as the hills of the eastern islands of FuerteLentura Raupenfutterpflanzen aller Arteii behandelt. und ihre and Lanzarote rarely exceed m. \'erbreitung u.ird erstmals in detaillierten Rasterver- 500 breitungskarten vorgestellt. The islands are divided from each other by considerable depths of 1000-3000 ni ; only the Resumen (*) Perrnanent address : Kleikarnp 13, D-4S153 hlünster. Gerrnany. De las Islas Canarias se conocen 32 especies de mari- Present address : The Rainforest Habitat, Unitech. UDC posas diurnas, un tercio de ellas endémicas. En este Office, Private Mail Bag. Lae 414. Morobé Pro\ince. Papua trabajo se analiza su status y origen en el contexto de New Guinea.

63 strait betv,een Fuerteventura and Lanzarote does Ciiu iute not exceed 500 m. .. Due to their oceanic situation. the cliniate of the Canary lslands is miid Lvith relatit,ely little Palaeogeograp/ij, seasonal variation in ternperatiire. Al1 the Canary lslands are probably of volcanic The monthly means in temperature are betiveen origin, formed during the late Tertiary, some 18°C in January and 24°C in August. At high 20 million years aso. altitudes like at Izaña (2367 m), on Tenerife, they The eastern islands formed first. According to are betiveen 5°C and 18°C. Frost is rare below ScHviscKE (19821, the main phase dates back to 1000 m but occurs regulariy above 2000 rn in the foiiowing times : December and Januar!.. On hlt Teide, a snou coi‘er can last for more than a month (15 days on the average). lsland Age (hlio. pears) The amount of rainfali is different between and Lanzarote within the islands. Whereas the western islands Fuerteventura receive about 420 mni precipitation per year (La Gran Canaria 14 La Gomera 12 Palma 586 mm and Gran Canaria about 325 mm), Tenerife 5 the eastern islands oniy receive about 140 mm. El Hierro l 2 This is due to the position of the isiands with- La Palma I 2 in the trade-winds zone in which north-eastern winds predominate. At an elevation of about 800- 1500 m below the inversion layer (which is found Some sediments, especiaily on the eastern is- at 1270 m in August but at 1740 m in March, ac- lands, have been refered to much earlier periods, cording to CIXMLLOS& ORTUSO(1972)), a dense from early Tertiary or even late Cretaceous (MIT- stratum of strato-curnulus clouds is formed be- CHELL-THOMÉ1976), but these sediments might tween dry and warrn air aloft and cool wet air have emerged from the sea floor more recently, above the ocean. These clouds accumulate on the and stratigraphy does not prove an age of more north side of the niountains, whereas the southern than 20 Mio. years. lee-side rernains cioudless. Only Lanzarote and Lanzarote, Tenerife and La Palma are still Fuerteventura are not high enough to form bar- volcanically active. The last eruption was near riers for the clouds. Therefore the north sides of Fuencaliente on La Palma in 1971. the western islands receive much precipitation, The exact origin of the Canary Islands is still especially during the winter months, whereas the unsolved. The longheld view that they constitute south sides and the eastern islands are characte- the rest of an ancient macaronesian continent rized by drought interrupted only by short winter Atlantis together with Madeira, the Azores and rains. A more exact description of the climate is the Capverde Isiands is not supported by modern given by FERSASDOPULLE(1976) and a concise geoiogists, but opinions differ as to whether the description of the ground- and rnicro-cliniate by islands are of purely oceanic or partly of con- HOI.LERhl.4SS (1985). tinental origin. Fig. 1 shows typicai climate diagranis fer the Zoologists often prefer the socailed “iand- different cliniate zones on the islands : the semi- bridge theory” which gives an easier expianation desert cliniate of the eastern islands and some for the colonization of the islands by nonflying south coasts of the western ones (e.g. Tefia/ animals (e.g. EVERS1959) but geologicai evidence Fuerteventura. Punta Orchilia/ Hierro). the semi- is more in favour of an oceanic orizin. ROTHE arid suptropical climate of most west and east & ScHwucK

64 \..

FIG.1. - Canary Islands : climate, vegetation, pluviornetry.

65 u.hich p1aJ.s an iniportant role in the forest zone, of flolbers made up of annuals like Jlí/ir/iiola especiall!. during the period of sumnier drought. par viflora, Ecli ii 111 i lat icero t fetise, híe; emhrpt i- themirni spp., Clit:i.satithetiirrnr coromrirtt?r, Rei- Flora aiid \yegetarioti chardia tirigiratia and perennials like AsphoclelrrJ The Canary Islands are famous for their high tenrrifoliirs, Lotirs Iancerotrensis or Kicki-ia sagit- endemism: almost half of the 1270 indigenous tata. Specialist haloph!.tic plant communities of plants are endemic and often onlp occiir on single salt-tolerant plants like Tanrarix or sedges. can be islands. Additionally about 650 alien plant species found at some coasts if they \vere not destroyed during the development of tourist facilities (like have been introduced. the palm oasis of Maspalomas). But for an understanding of the butterflies’ At the iipper limit of the xeric basa1 region, ecolog5- the tj‘pes of \,egetation are of special the juniper (Jruiiperrts phoenicea) groMs on Go- importance. These are as diverse as the climate mera (“Sabinar”). The numbers of Jzrniperus within the islands, reaching from semi-deserts to phoenicea and J. cedrus (at higher altitudes) on jungle-like laurel forests. Most butterfly species of Gran Canaria, Tenerife and Hierro have been the Canaries are not only restricted to some islands reduced to small areas, so that the “Sabinar” is but also to special units of vegetation or they difficult to recognize as a separate vegetational mainly occur there and for that reason the most unit. important vegetational formations are presented. Near the coast, succulent bush has often been A good introduction to the flora of the Canary replaced by urban or tourist developments, which lslands is given by KUSKEL(1992) who includes include parks and gardens, where a variety of a concise bibliography. CEBALLOS8: ORTURO subtropical and tropical ornamental plants grows. (1 976) give good descriptions of the vegetation These may sometimes provide substitute habitats of the western islands, an up-to-date check-list for endemic butterfly species and they represent of vascular plants was published by HANSEN& the only habitats of some nonendemic species, SL‘SDISG(1985), and HOHESESTER& WELSS including niigrants. (1993) can be recommended for the identification of indigenous plants. OBERDORFER(1965) de- scribes the most important plant-communities of 2. Tlie lritrel foresr Tenerife and La Gomera. This impressive and in many respects most important plant formation of the Canary lslands, 1. Tlie sitbtropical succrrlent bttsh represents a relic of the late Tertiary. 15-40 million This complex of succulent plant communities ycars aso, laurel forests cocered a large area dominates the low le\.els with little precipitation around the former Tethys Sea, the present Medi- up to 500 m on the north and 800 m on the south terranean Sea. Whereas the laurel forests in South sides of the western islands as \ve11 as the higher Europe vanished during the ice-ages because of mountains on Fuerte\.entura and Lanzarote. the colder and drier climate, thejr disappeared in Bushy Eirphorbinceae dominate, including the Xorth Africa because of the spreading of the candelarum milkweed (Errphorbia cctrinriensis), desert and no\$ survive in the Palaearctic only on t oset her ivit h Ceropegia, A Ilagopapprrs, Aeonirtni- the Macaronesian islands - although miich im- species. Kleiiiia neriifolia etc. Opirtitia and Aga\-va- poverished in species-richness. species introduced froni South America have often Unfortunatelj,. the Canary Islands’ 1aurisih.a is spread \.er!. niuch at these places too. The famous endangered because of anthropogenic pressures. drason’s tree (Dracaetin drago). of n.hich only few Initially it co\ered the northnortheast side of the n4d specimens still esist. also belonp to this v estern islands (including Gran Canaria) M hich \.egetational unit, as \\.el1 as the Canarp Palm are exposed to the trade uinds. froni 400 ni up (P1iocui.y cntiol-ictisis). of Fvhich some larger stock to 1400 ni (on La Goniera). Some e\ idence esists have remained at lvet places (e.g. Valle Gran Rey for laurel forests on the non desertificated eastern on Gornera). islands in piehistoric times. At the southern tip of Tenerife and in large areas An o\.er!iev of the recent relics of laurisilva of the eastern islands. the succulent bush gives Lvay is given in hl \cti \DO (19764. Large laurel forests to an almost \.egetation-free semi-desert, uhere remain in the Anaga mountains on Tenerife, in Laiuiaea arborescens (= Zollih-oferia spitiosa) and the Garajonay National Park on La Goniera and other spinp shrubs like Zj~gophj*llirtnfonlatiesii, the north-east of La Palma. The relics on the cliffs Straeda- and Salsoln- species predominate. Good of the gulf of Hierro and the north side of Tenerife winter raihs can change this picture to a carpet are highly degenerated and Gran Canaria has lost

66 Tt < 98-99% of its original laurel forests (KUMEL. dominate, \vhich also colonize areas of destroyed 1974). forest4 .. Characteristic trees of the laurel forest are ever- green Lariraceae with LQLI~~~Sazorica (= Latrrris 4. The niorattaiti senii-desert canariensis) as the most comrnon representative, Above 2000 m no forest can persist because of Persea indica, Apollonias barbujana and Ocotea the drought. In the Cañadas around Mt Teide on foetens. b'ibiirniitti tinrrs rigidrrni dominates the Tenerife and at the highest altitudes of the Caldera shrub layer and in wet places fern (especially de Taburiente there is a strange plant community Pteridirrm aqr~ilinttrn)and t he climbers Snrilax, made iip of globose and often spiny shrubs. The Coni~olvrrlriscanariensis and Heclera canariensis characteristic species are the white-floLvering Spar- are common. tocj.tisra siipraniibiiim, the yellow-flo\vering Ade- In degraded formations, called Fayal-Brezal, the nocarpris i*iscosirs. both Fabaceae, the violet- tree heather (Erica arborea) predominates along flowering Pterocephaliis lasiospernius and the Cru- with htvrica fajsa, which can grow up to 20 m cifer Descrrrainia borirgaeana and Erjsiniirm sco- high. Here Iles canariensis and Phj*llis nobla pariirnt. (The flowering period of these plants is dominate the shrub layer. Of the many plants confined to the spring. only A. viscosirs and F! growing on sunny clearings, e.g. along forest lasiospermris still flower in summer.) Especially tracks, only a few endemic plants can be enu- striking are the more than 2 m high candle-like merated here, i.e. Rhamntrs glandrilosa, Cedro- stands of the endernic Echiirm rvillpretii. nella canariensis, Urtica morifolia and Gesnouinia arborea. 5. The alpine-like scree cornnitiniries Further degradation of the Fayal-Brezal leads to the Canary dwarf shrub heather (Tomillares) Above 2600 m, on Mt Teide/Tenerife the en- where the tree heather (only growing as a shrub demic violet Viola cheiranthifolia represents the here) is accompanied by different Genista-like spe- only vascular plant and above 3200 m only few cies of the genera Adenocarptrs, Cytisrrs, Chamae- blue algae, mosses and lichens persist. cytisus, Teline and Ulex. Further typical represen- An excellent general map of climatic charac- tatives of this formation are Dittrichia (= hila) teristics and vegetational units of the islands is viscosa, Cistus, Lavandrila- and Micronieria-spe- copied with permission from HOLLERMASS (1985) cies. (fíg. 1).

3. Eiepine forest Historj. of the lepidopterological invesrigation the Canarq. Islands The Canary Pine (Pinw canariensis), another of tertiary relic. forms large stands at elevations The Canary lslands have long been a popular between 500 and 2000m, if these areas are not destination for European lepidopterists. The first covered by the laurel forest Lvhich is stronger in essay on the Lepidoptera of the Canary lslands cornpetition but requires more water. The pine \vas that of BOKYD E SAIST-VIYCEXT(1805). It forest can use the fog precipitation efficiently and includes a large number of errors discussed in therefore predorninates above 1000 m and on the detail by LEESTMA\F(1975a). south side of the western islands up to about At the end of the 19th century almost al1 of 2000 rn. the butterfly species were known : CHRIST(1882 These forests have been heavily exploited. Ac- and 1889) lists 22 of the 25 species at present cording to SUSDISG(1972). the pine forest on knoun to occiir on Tenerife. and the thorough Gran Canaria has been rediiced to aboiit 20% of paper b> REBFL & ROGFSHOFFR (1894) treats aii its original area, such that larger stands remain Canary lslands' species apart from Hipparchia only in the north-west (Tamadaba) and the south- tilosi M\\ii and the recent colonists Catopsiliu \ves( (north of Mogan). On Tenerife the imrnense jlorello FABRICI LIS and A:nnris rrbaldrrs CK A v ER. loss is being balanced b>. afforestations during the During the folloming years. a first and very reliable last 100 years. The pine forests in the south of comprehenshe study of the Canary lsland Lepi- Hierro and especially the large stands on La doptera vas cornpiled bj. REHrI (1896-1939). Up Palma still exist in good condition. On La Gornera to the 1960s many short traiel lists \fere published, original pine forests are lacking but unfortunately almost al1 confined to Tenerife (especially the plantations of the North American Piniis radiata en\?irons of Puerto de la Cruz forrnerly called have been introduced in the centre of the laurel Puerto Orotava) and added little new inforrnation. forest. The herb and shrub layer of pine forests Only STAMXI (1963) and GUICHARD(1965 and is relativeiy poor. Cistrrs and Ct*tisirs-speciespre- 1967) explored the smaller islands and were able

67 to discover new species for these islands. The of the Canarjr Islands. together uith a compre- account of FEKSASDEZ(1970) did not offer much hensive bibliography iip to 1993. Included are the more than descriptions of the aduit butterflies. (A results of private lepidopterological research trips slightly modified 2nd edition appeared in 1978.) A to Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma and El Hierro comprehensive study of the butterflies of Tenerife, in July/ August 1988 and to Fuerte\.entiira and especially in respect of the taxonomy is SCHMIDT- Lanzarote in Februaryi March 1991, during Lvhich KOEHL(1971). The most recent and comprehen- almost al1 indigenous species were in\.estigated. sive treatise of al1 Canary Island butterflies is the The only esceptions are the erratic migrants Hipo- outstanding work of LEESTMASVS(1975a) which lininas misippirs L.. Vunessn virginiensis DRL~RY, puts the accent on biogeographical aspects. The Issoria Icithonia L. and the recently discoi.ered bibliography contains practically al1 relevant ar- Azaniu ubcildits CR..\>iEK. On the other hand, one ticles until 1973. A quite up-to-date check-list of species (Pieris brassicae L.) was found in the al1 Canary Island Lepidoptera was published by Canary lslands for the first time (WiEbiERs 1992), BACALLADO& PISKER (1982). and on the island of El Hierro two species (Ar- Since LEESTMASC(1975a), many articles have gjsnnis panclora DESIS& ScHiFFER>irt.i-ER and been published, especially dealing kvith the biology Thjwieliciis christi REBEt.) were discovered which and ecology of species and the fauna of the smaller had not previously been found there (see systematic islands, which were previously poorly known. In part). fact, the number of papers concerned with butter- A number of colleagues who are mentioned at flies of the Canary Islands published during the the end of this paper also provided important last 20 years exceeds the number of al1 papers records and much useful information. Museum published prior to 1975. The only more compre- material has only occasionally been included. hensive work is that of OWEX& SXIITH(1993d) Checks in some local museums (e.g. in Bonn, which covers al1 North Atlantic Islands and reveals Düsseldorf and Münster) have shown that most the origin of their butterfly fauna and its relation material is old and inadequately labelled, only to the biogeography of the different islands. For rarely with exact localities (most often only the Madeira and the Azores the most recent and name of the island is stated). The more reliable detailed survey is MEYEK(1993). collectors have published at least the most impor- Finally, the Canary Islands are included in field tant of their records. guides on the butterflies of Spain (MASLEY& The number of published records in the past ALLCARD 1970 ; FERXASDEZ-RUBIO1991a and decades attributed to the different Canary lslands 1991b) as well as those of Europe (HIGGISS& is shown in tab. 1. Whereas most visits to the RILE'~.1970, 1978 and 1953; HIGGISS1975; Canary lslands until the 1960s have been during HIGGINS& HARGREA\'ES1983). These guides the winter months, niost islands have now been provide colour illustrations and descriptions of visited throughout the year, the only exception is adults and genitalia of most butterfly species on El Hierro Lvith no records from October to the Canary Islands, but little information on February (tab. 2). Nevertheless the seasonal dis- distribution, phenology, early stages and ecology. tribution of records is not even, as it is partly Moreover, even this scanty information contains following the holiday seasons, and only a few many mistakes. ?-he most recent guide by FER- records exist from the eastern islands foT the SASDEZ-RUBIO(1991a and 1991b) includes tiny summer rnonths. distribution maps for the Canary Islands but un- Tab. 3 is an up-to-date check-list of the butter- fortunately niany are incorrect and often do not flies of the Canary Islands. 1 have taken care to coincide Lvith the statements in the text. include only reliable records, and al1 records which \Ve feel that time has come to present another do not indicate indigenous populations but pos- synoptic paper Lvhich includes published informa- sibly \.agrants or migrants or which mipht be due tion Lvhich is often inaccessible to most 1.isitors of to mistakes in identification, have been marked the Canary Islands. because the papers (about 200) as such. are bvidely distributed in more than 40 different The flight periods of al1 taxa are gi\.en in the journals. sjstematic part of the paper. but Tab. 4 shows the months in kvhich a species has actually been reported (the common lack of Noveniber records The present status of lepidopterologj. is because of insufficient sampling) together with Ni the Cnnarj. Islartds the number of al1 known records for each species. This paper seeks to compile information from The number of species on the different islands al1 available published material on the butterflies and the similarity of the latter in terms of their

68 - 1880 90s 1900 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s L -47c 5 O O O O O O O 12 I 60 13 91 4.4 12 6 O O O 2 15 O 32 56 137 54 3 14 15.0 8 3 1 O O 9 O O 37 10 85 41 194 9.3 54 71 19 1 18 55 76 26 127 375 243 14 1079 51.8 C 4 27 O O O 17 O 5 25 85 91 9 263 12.6 F 3 O O O O O O O 5 8 33 30 79 3.8 L 10 O O O O O O O 3 4 21 31 69 3.3 z 96 107 20 I IS 83 91 31 241 539 670 192 2089 47c 4.6 5.1 1.0 0.0 0.9 4.0 4 4 1.5 11.5 25.8 32.1 9.2

TARIEAC 2. - Reported lepidopterological trips (deadline : 31 Dec. 1993)

IJIFIMIA M J J A S O Ii D El Hierro X X X X x X La Palma X X X X X X X X X X X La Comera X X X X x x X X X Tenerife X X X X x X X X X X X Gran Canaria X X x X X x X X X X X Fuerteventura X X X X X X X X X Lanzarote X X X X X X X X

butterfly fauna is shown in Tab. 5. The number Coordinates were stored with a precision of of species is highest in the more elevated islands 1 km’, if posible, but in the maps presented in with a wetter climate and more diverse habitat, this paper a square size of 5 X 5 km* was chosen provided they are not too small and remote (like for practica1 reasons. Two different penods have El Hierro). The similarity of their butterfly faunas been chosen, a period before and a period after seems to be highly correlated with their similarity 1975. An open circle indicates one or more records in climate. in the first period and a closed circle represents A more thorough correlation analysis of the one or more records in the second or in both butterfly faunas with biogeographic parameters by periods. Semicircles are used to mark doubtful OWEN& SMITH(1993d) aiso indicates that the records or records of single vagrants or migrants number of butterfly species on al1 Macaronesian which probably never established colonies. islands is positively correlated with vegetation The year 1975 was chosen as the turningpoint diversity and negatively correlated with distance for two reasons. First this is the date of publica- from the nearest continent. (The last point is of tion of the synopsis by LEESTMASS(197ja), and less importance for the difference between the secondly it divides the number of records into two Canary Islands.) sets of approximately equal size. c For the first time detailed maps are compiled to 1 stress that these maps are tentative. Many show the distribution of al1 butterfly species in the squares have not been checked for butterflies Canary Islands. These were prepared with the help (p. 79), or at least not throughout the season. of a compiiter program (called MAPPIKG) ; this Additional records would be appreciated to pro- program allows storage of data records according duce a more complete atlas in the future. to their coordinates and the preparation of maps with different symbols (e.g. for variable periods Origiti aticlfiitiire of the birttelfll.fairtia of time). in the Catiar:,. Islancls As coordinate system the UTM grid was choo- Of the 32 species recently found in the Canary sen for two reasons : first it is a system already Islands some of them colonized only during the used in mapping the distribution of butterflies on last 100 years (e.g. Datiniis plexippirs L. about the Spanish mainland as well as in other European 1887, Caropsilia florella FABRICICSabout 1965, countries (also employed by the European In- Azanrcs ubaldiis CRAMERabout 1982), at least one vertebrate Survey) and secondly the UTM grid species (Hypolinznas misipptrs L.) seems to reach is drawn in Spanish military maps (Mapa Militar the islands at irregular intervals and another one 1 : 50000,-1 : 100000, 1 : 200000), which are easily (Pieris brassicae L.) was recorded only once in available.

69 7 \iii [mi' 3. - Chrcklist of the Butterflies of the Canary Islands ídeadline : 31 Dec. 1993) ------Specieh L F C T G P H - E Pieris cfreiranthi (HiB.\EH. 1808) F ? s f s 95 Pieris brassicae (Lis~t:is. 1758) M 1 Pierk rapae (Lix\.-\txs, 1758) ? X s x X x x 176 Pontia daplidice (LIs\.\EL s, 1758) 7 X x x x x s 143 e Euchloe belerniu (ESPEK,1799) x x s 7 45 Euchloe cliarlonia (DO\?.EI.,1812) x x F F 34 Colias crocea (Gt.oFFHo\; i 785) X X x x x X s 128 CatopsiliaJIorella (F,\Bni< it's, 1775) X s s X s x 69 E Gonepteryx cleobule HcB\~.R.1825 F F X x x 85 Danaus plexippus (Lixs.\txs, 1758) hl X X x X x 92 Danairs chrysippus (Lixs~t.~s. 1758) X s 7 s x 60 H.spolirrinas rnisippus (Li\shtxs, 1761) h1 x h1 5 I'anessa atalanta (Lis\.\t:I.s, 1758) M iVf X X X X X SI E* lunessa iwlcania (GoD.\RT, 1819) M X X X X x 131 lúnessa cardui (Lis>.-\t:L.s, 1758) X X X X X s s 101 l ónessa virginiensis (DHIX Y, 1770) F X + + 26 Argynnispandora (Dichis R: SCHIFF.,1775) X X X s 40 íssoria lathonia (1.1s s.\ t: I.s, 1758) hl hl M h4 17 E Hipparchia biyssii (C'tiRIsT, 1889) x X 24 E Hipparchia bacchus (Hic~iss,1967) x 8 E Hipparchia gornera (HIW;ISS,1967) X 14 E Hipparchia tilosi (.\L\sIi., 1981) X 6 Rlariiola jurtina (Liss;\t:is, 1758) M? X X X X X 83 E Pararge xiphioides Suimix CEH , 187 1 x X X X 127 Callophrys rubi (Lissnb:i.s, 1758) hf 1 Lycaena phlaeas (LISSAEL.~,1761) X X X x X x 129 Lampides boeticus (Liss..\txs, 1767) ? X X X X X X 86 Azanus ubaldus (C'R..\mR, 1782) X 2 E Cyciyrius webbianus (B H L I.I.~,1839) x X s X + 149 Zizeeria knysna (TRimx, 1862) X ? x x X X x 86 A ricia crarnera (EsciIsctioi.w, 1821) X X X X X 73 Poiyornrnatus icarus (ROTTEhiBCRG, 1775) X X ? X ? 25 E Thymelicus christi (REREI.,1891) X -X X X X -63 Explanation : E = Canarian endemic species. E* = Macaronesian endemics. e = Canaririn endemic subspecies. X = confirmed occiirrencr. + = ancient certain occiirence. but no recent records. M = only single immigant or accidentally imported individuals reported. ? = unconfirmed doiibtfui recordh. partly without precise locality data.

1991. ?'he establishment of these species can be with each other or with the African continent. explained bj. the introduction of their food-plants Hence the biitterflies must have crossed the ócean. by nian in historical times. Some other butterfly This is relatively easy for many of the migrant species M hich do not differ from their continental species. In fact some species have been observed counterparts and alniost esclusively occur in man- crossing the ocean between the Canary lslands : made habitats (like Pieris rliyae L. or Iánessu íssorin larhoriiu L. (FERSASDEZVIDAI. 1986) and \irgi/iitvrsis Diii K\I ) probably also colonized the Datiaris plesippics L. (FEKSASUEZVir3,ti 1979). Canarj. lslands in historical times. But a third of Other species are less strong flyers and rnight have the total iiumber of butterfly species ha\e evolved been blotvn over to the islands from Xorthwest into distinct subspscies or species (the leve1 of Africa. the nearest continental source. Although M.hich often is debated : Tab. 3) and hence are the desert area aroiind Cap Juby \\oiild not be of niuch more ancient origin. expected to constitute a likely source nowadays, Most of the butterfly fauna is of Palaearctic the situation was different in prehistoric times. The origin (75%), fite are Ethiopian (16%), two Nearc- Sahara desert experienced much wetter periods, tic (6%) and one has Oriental affinities (3%). e.g. in the Neolithicum (6000 years ago) as well As already discussed in the chapter on palaeo- as during the Pleistocene interstadials, whereas geograp-hy, the Canary lslands are of volcanic during the ice-ages the Sahara seems to have been origin and most probably have never had contact even drier than today. Previously similar Bycles

70 <1 1 TAIII.EAC4. - Flight period of the imagines (actiinlly reported rnonths) (deadline : 31 Dec. 1993)

Spccics IJ F M OKD Pieris cheiranthi H i B> ER Ix X x X X ssp. heticiioai,ensis PISKER x x xxx Pieris brassicae L. x Peris rapae L. x X x xxx Pontia daplidice L. x x x xxx Euchloe belernia Ewtx ssp. Iiespericlirtn ROTSCHIL.D x x X X ssp. ei.ersi STAV11 x x Euchloe charlonia Dosztx. x x x x Colias crocea GEOFFROY x x xxx Catopsilia florella FARRICILS x x xxx Conepteryx cleobule HCBSER x x xxx ssp. eversi REHSELT x x ssp. paltme STAM11 X X Danaus plexippus L. X X X xxx Danaus chrysippus L. x X x xxx Hypolirnnas misippus L. xxx Vanessa atalanta L. X X X xxx Ianessa vulcania CODART X x X xxx I anessa cardui L. X X X xxx Vanessa sirginiensis D R CR s X x x X Argvnnispandora DENS& SCHIFF. x Issoria lathonia L. X X Hipparchia nyssii CHRIST x Hipparchia bacchus Hicciss Hipparchia gomera Hicciivs Hipparchia tilosi MANIL Maniola jurtina L. X Pararge xiphioides STACDISCER X X X xxx Callophrys rubi L. Lycaena phlaeas L. X X X xxx Lampides boeticus L. X X X Aranus ubaldus CRAMER X X Cyclyrius webbianus BRCLL~ X X x Zireeria knysna TRIMEX X x X Aricia cramera ESCHSCHOLTZ X X x Polyomrnatus icarus ROTTEMBLRG x X X x X Thymelicus christi REBEI. -X -X

ha\.e probably occurred throughout the upper seems to be CvcIvritrs nrandersi DRUCE, an en- kliocene (5-11 Mio. years ago), whereas during demic of Mauritius in the lndian Ocean. C. wvb- Pliocene (2-5 Mio. years ago) humid conditions bianris is thought to be a tertiary relic species. This remained stable (SARXTHEIN1980). suggests that a close relative must have occurred At first sight two mystery cases remain. The on the African continent which becanie e7rtinct first is I i-rnessa wilcania GOD.ARTwith its Oriental during the Pleistocene. At first sight the drastic sister species 1: indica HERBST and a vast distri- climatic changes during this period might be butional gap between the two. This case has al- thought of having erased the ancestor species on ready attracted several lepidopterists (LEESTMASS the African continent, Lvhereas the more stable 1978 ; Sti \PIRO 1992a;b ; OWES& SMITH1993~) oceanic island climate proiided better conditions and is explained in the following way: there is for sun.iva1. But a closer look at the ecology of eiidence of uarmer and more humid conditions Cj.c[rriirs \cvbbianrrs questions this assumption. around the former Tethys Sea (the present Medi- Obviously C. ~.ebbionirsis an ubiquitous species, terranean Sea) during the Pliocene. supporting not bound to a special habitat and common from laurel forests similar to those of the Canary Is- sea-le\.el up to the high altitudes. (The huge po- lands. Since both taxa are vagrants with a strong pulation densities u.ith millions of individuals at flight and adapted to laurel forests, their common several places might also explain the strange fact ancestor could have been able to colonize the that, although the species is supposed to be the present gap in distribution. most ancient Canary Island endemic and without Even more intriguing is the second case, CY- a strong flight, no inter-island variation has been cli.rirrs n.ebbianrrs BRULLÉ, whose nearest relative discovered.) 71 It is difficult to imagine how such a species nhere C. ic,ebbiutiio is absent. Recentl! single becanie extinct throughout the African continent. records have been made in the tsestcrn islands 1 propose another explanation : the Canary Blue Lvhich demonstrate that the species is able to reach seems to be a generalist not only in habitat choice them. but until now it has been unable to colonize but also in a number of other life history para- them. 1s this because of the presence of C. ii-eb- meters, e.g. in contrast to most other Ljmenidae, bianris? It remains to be scen if F) iccirrrs \vil1 be a uide i.ariety of food-plants is utilized. larvae able to get a foothold on the western islands, seem to feed on any parts of the food-plant and facilitated by human distortion of natural habitats, apparentl!? are not visited by ants. Although some and if there is a negative effect on C. ic,ehbianrrs. of these features could have arisen in the isola- The most serious threat to the endemic butter- tion of the islands due to lack of competition flies of the Canary Islands is habitat destruction. (C. rc*ebbiatiirs is usually the only Lrcaenidue in Although no species seems to be actually en- natural habitats), it is not improbable that the dangered, the sunival of many of them (and generalist behaviour derived from the African G0nepterj.x cleobirie HCRY.CKin particular) is tied ancestor species which was unable to compete with to the conservation of natural units of vegetation other species of fast-evolving and specializing like laurel forest. Fortunately, efforts are made L-vcaenidae on the continent. to protect the remains of this forest. but urban It could be argued that the existence of other and especially tourist developments destroy more species of Lj~caerziclaein the Canary Islands falsifies and more valuable habitats, especially in coastal this assumption. But with one exception, these districts. species utilize very different food-plants or (in the It could be argued that human influence has case of Lanipides boetictrs) are specialized on also created new habitats, thereby increasing di- special parts of the plants (the fruits). The only versity. Obviously, a change in species composition exception is the generalist Po[vonirnatiis icarrrs is a natural phenomenon and if there are gains ROTTEMBURG, the most common blue of the to a fauna there are also losses. The problem is Palaearctic region including al1 of the Mediterra- the present tempo of change which is much too nean islands (BERSARDI 1961). Strangely enough, fast on an evolutionary time scale. the only colonies of Picarus in the Canary Islands exist on the eastern islands of Lanzarote (known 11. Systernatic section since 1890) and Fuerteventura (known since 1965), This section deals with the distribution, habi- TAHLEAC‘ 5. - Simiiarity in butterfly fauna betu.een islands tats, phenology, early stages and larval food-plants of al1 butterfly species found on the Canary ls- Tlands 1 H PIG/T/C lands. Each species is introduced kvith a list of El Hierro 16 15 i5 La Palma O. 75 24 23 its most important synonyms as \ve11 as with a La Gomera 0.75 0.96 24 short account on its general range and taxo- Tenerife o. 73 0.92 0.92 12 nomy should this be in dispute. Excluded .are a Gran Canaria 0.76 0.80 0.79 II Fuerteventura 0.55 0.54 0.54 13 number of doubtful single records from the last Lanzarote 0.40 0.36 0.36 century (mostly from BORVD E ST. Visc~s~1805)

~ Wiies : shared niimber of butterfly species. uhich have already been discussed by LEESTMASS Italics : Soretiseti it1de.v of similaritv. (1975a) in detail : Papiiio tiiachaon L.. Aporin l crataegi L., Belenois caljpso DRuu’r: Caropsilia Cluster phenogram scj,iia L., Phoebis argatite ROBER.A../i.¡orhris chlo- ris FABKI CI CS., Limetiiris rec/ircta Si-:\c.i>iSGER., El Hierro 16 l Aglais rrrticne L.. Polixonia egea CK~\~~ER.Agrair- l lis imiiliae L.

LaGomrrd 24 Abbreviations of inforrnants

26 AB = Andreas Brch, D-Freiburg (La Gornera). DF = Detlev FEIERABE\D.D-Leberkusen (La Gome-

L---- Gran Canaria 21 ra). DG = Dietrich GA\IZHOR\, D-Wilhelmshaben (La Fuerte\entura 13 Palma, Gran Canaria). DO = Dr Denis OV.E\, GB-Oxford (Fuertekentura Lanzarote 9 with MW).

72 GJ = Gerd JESCH, D-Edemissen (El Hierro, La Pal- Palma and 1 suggest that populations of the ma). ”fórmer island belong to ssp. benchoavehsis as well. GM = Günter M~DER,D-Erlangen (Gran Canaria). A review of the variation in Pieris brassicae HR = Hans RETZLAFF, D-Bielefeld (Gran Canaria). including El cheiranthi and hybrids obtained from LM = Dr Luc MASIL,F -Bures-sur-Yvette (El Hierro, crossing experiments between both taxa is given La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Cana- by GARDISER(1979) who postulates that P chei- ria). ranthi originates from brassicae-stock introduced MW = Martin WIEMERC,D- Münster (El Hierro, La into the Canary Islands “some time in the sixteenth Palma. La Gomera, Tenerife, Fuerteventura (Fvith DO), Lanzarote). century after the introduction of Nasturtium from OL = Otfried LEGLER,D -Butzbach (Gran Canaria). the newly discovered Americas”. This opinion, PK = Paul KEF,CH -Zürich (La Palma). partly based upon the false assumption of a special PO = Dr Pedro ORoví, E-La Laguna (La Gomera, relationship between I? cheiranthi and Tropaeolum Tenerife). nzujia, must be rejected (WIEMERS1992), because TH = Torsten VAN DER HEYDEN, D-Hamburg (Gran the large differences in adults and early stages Canaria). could not have arisen in such a short period of WB = Wolfgang BISCHOFF, D-Bonn (El Hierro, La time. Palma, La Gomera, Tenenfe, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, in coll. ZFMK). Distribut ion WF = Werner FLACKE, D-Schweitenkirchen (El Hier- ro, La Palma, Tenerife). Confined to the north of Tenerife and La Pal- ma. Formerly also in the north and centre of La Gomera, where it seems to have become extinct PIERIDAE during the last 20 years. Despite of extensive searches in recent years no specimens have been Pieris cheiranthi (H~BKER,1808) found (ORoyí, in litt.). The last published record from La Gomera dates back to 1966 (GUICHARD Synonyms 1967) and in 1975 the last specimen seems to have Papilio brassicae L. been captured (v. unpublished records). The dis- Pieris brassicae cheiranthi HWBNER tribution record “Gran Canaria” in HIGGINC& RILEY(1970), accepted also in the German trans- Taxonomy and range lation by FORSTER(HIGGINS & RILEY1978) is an error which has been corrected in the updated An endemic species closely related to the Palae- English edition (HIGGISS & RILEY1983). Never- arctic Pieris brassicae. There is still an argument theless 1 have received information on a possible on the specific status of cheiranthi. This point will not be discussed here but instead 1 refer to the recent occurrence (introduction ?) of cheiranthi on Gran Canana : Hans RETZLAFF (Bielefeld) told papers of GARDISER (1964), KUDRNA(1973) and me of his observations of a pupa at Mogan in SCHURIAN (1975). 1 only want to note that modern enzyme electrophoretic studies carried out by GEI- the end of XII 1975 and severa1 butterflies in the Jardín Canário (at Monte Coello) in the end of GER (1981) and GEIGER & SCHOLL (1985) supports 1984 which he did not publish due,to the the specific separation from El brassicae. XII PISKER(1968) has described the ssp. benchoa- statement in HIGGISS& RILEY (1978). Unfortu- vensis from La Palma, quoted to differ from nately he !vas not able to collect any samples for nominate cheiranthi by the disconnection of the verification. Additional observations are needed to large black markings in the feniale. This character, clarify this matter. A sighting recorded by BALD- which is most often found in specimens of small \VIS (1991) from Lanzarote most probably is a size is not confined to individuals from La Palma misidentification of Catopsilia florellr or possibly (see ROSE 1976) and therefore does not warrant o f Pieris brassicae. subspecific differentiation. The extent of the black Single small “aberrant” specimens. which niight markings in cheiranthi is subject to strong indi- represent hJ,brids between cheiranthi and brassicae, vidual variation which may be due to microclimatic have been found on La Palma (WiEbiERs 1992) ; factors. Nevertheless La Palma specimens seem to they conform to specimens obtained froni crossing differ from their Tenerife counterparts by the experiments (GARDISEK,in litt.). extension of the black apical suffusion reaching vein 2 in the forewings and its better-defined zigzag Hnbitat borderline. The few specimens which 1 have seen The original habitat as described by PINKER from La Gomera are very close to those from La (1968) are wet, deeply excavated barrancos -in the

73 laurel forest area at altitudes of 200-1400 m. On tains niustard oil glycosides like the cruciferous the island of La Palma vith the highest preci- plants (Bi~ussicacene)and is there'fork also fed pitation in the Canary Islands, \vet cliffs in the upon by Pieris brassicne and Pieris rnpae in Caldera de Taburiente (outside the laurel forest) Europe. The oligophagy of cheiranthi has been are also inhabited. At first sight the lvell-known shown in se\.eral feeding experiments by SCHC- occurrence of cheiraiirhi in La Orotava above RI.-\Y (1975). KVHXERT(1977). GOLTZ(1978) and Puerto de la Cruz on Tenerife seems to contradict \'ALI.ETTA (1978). G-\~uiurn(1978) e\.en fed the this habitat description, but 1 subscribe to PIYKER'S caterpillars successfully uith artificial diet. Ai.1.- (1968) point of view that this is a secondary habitat c'.-\KI>R: Y..\I.I.ETTA(1984) \vere the first to dis- with similar microclimate M here populations of co\.er an original food plant. They found lanae cheiranthi managed to surtive after the anthropo- on Crainhe strigosu, an endemic Brassicaceae genic destruction of the original habitat. confined to tt'et rocks inside the laurel forest. This plant offers sufficient large leaves to gi\,e enough Phen olog!. food for a colony of caterpiliars. According to rny obseri.ations on La Palma the size of an egg batch The species breeds in a succession of about 7-8 varies betueen 5 and 50 eggs dependins on the not lvell-separated generations, so that any stadia size of the plant. An exceptionally large batch \vas can be found at a given locality at any time. found on a cabbage plant (Brassica oleracea) in Experimental breeding with shortened photoperiod a srnall garden inside the laurel forest which did not produce diapause pupae (SCHURIAK1975). confirms the obser\.ations of ALLCARD& VAL- I-ETTA (1984) that eggs are also laid on this culti- Ear!i* stages vated plant if the microclimate fits, which is normally not the case in cabbage fields. (Economic The early stages of r) cheiranthi show marked differences compared to its continental sister spe- damase in cabbage cultivations by f! cheiranthi cies l? brassicae. has ne\'er been reported.) The yellow egg bears 13-14 longitudinal ribs (17-18 in í?brassicae), about 8 of them reaching UnpLI b lish ed records the micropyle zone where they protrude above the La Palma : Bco. del Agua (300-700 rn) - Adults micropyle plate (this is not the case in l? brassicae) as well as eggs and larvae on Cranibe strigosa bearing not more than one aeropyle. The detailed (at Los Tilos) and Brassica oleracea (in a description and SEM-photographs can be found sniall garden under high chestnut trees), Bco. in EITSCHBEKGER& WIEMERS (1991). de la Galga (400-800 rn). San Isidro, Cumbre The ground colour of the caterpillars is a gree- Kiieva (1000 m), Caldera de Taburiente : nish grey. La Palma specimens with a yellou Bco. de las Angustias : Roque de la Mocana touch, but not uhitish-yelloLv as in l? brassicae, (500 m), Sta. Cruz : Bco. de la Rio de las so that it contrasts uell uith the dorsal and lateral Nieves (500 m), 31.V11.-4.V111.88 (MW) ; yellow stripes. The black rnarkings are more Bco. de San Juan / Los Sauces, 24.V1.89 regular and smaller than in f! brassicae and the (WB) ; Bco. de Jieque (near Tijarafe. 600 m), hair is shorter. The most distinctive difference can hlña. de la Venta (1320m), Pto. de,Taza- be seen in the head capsule: R brassicae bears corte. 6.-18.1V.93 (GJ) ; La Laguna (200 m), a broad black band around the yellow triangular 1.X1.93 (PX) : Los Tilos and Fiiencaliente. front and this band is almost absent in f! chei- 26.Xll.81 (LM) ; ranrhi. La Gomera : Hermigiia. 3.VIII.74, I 9 F. García The pupa has reduced markings and long lateral Tala\.era 1e.g. (PO) : El Cedro. 5.V11.75, 1 6 spines in comparison bvith Central Eiiropean bras- hl . Rl orales ley. (PO) : sicae. but south Mediterranean brassicae show, Tenerife : Pto. Cruz. 15.19.Xl1.81 and 15.VI1.83. si ni ilar c ha rac t ers . lcod Alto. 18.-19.\'11.83 (LM) Gran Canaria : \'. Distribution (HR). Larvol food-planrs Pieris brassicae brassicae (Lrssi\t:i.s, 1758) Until recently fiopaeoliinr riiajris (= "Sastur- tiiim") \vas said to be the only food-plant of R Taxorioni!. and rnnge cheiranrhi. This \vas derived frorn observations at La Orotava. This non-native plant, an intro- Palaearctic sister species of R cheiranthi and duction frorn South America, has become wide- well-known migrant with a vast range from North ly distributed on al1 the Canary lslands, con- Africa to the Himalayas.

74 DistribLrtion Ph en ologj. The capture of one female on Lanzarote on Throughout the year in several geneiations. At 3.111.91 (WIEAIERS1992) constitutes the first record low elevations population densities rise to high of this species for the Canary Islands, although levels in Lvinter and decrease during the period B,ALDWI\(1991) might already have observed a of summer drought (AR4SGL'RES & BACZ1984). specimen in April 1988 (reported as a male of At high altitudes the species is observed almost cheiranthi. but most probably a misidentification exclusi\,ely during the summer months. of Cat opsilia jlorella). Earlj. stages Habitat The early stages do not differ from European The female caught was flying in open country populations. along a hillside of the Mña. Blanca. At the time these were covered by dense flowering meadows Larval fooci-plants of annuals. In the village of Tias, 2 km away, Caterpillars have been found on Brassica ole- cabbage is grown in many small plantations, racea, Tropaeolirm majirs, Reseda and even on which the caterpillars could have fed upon, but Atriplex by RETZLAFF (1986). a search for larvae was not successful. Unprrblished recorcis Larval food-plants El Hierro : _Valxrde (600 m), Frontera (300- Unknown, but Brassica oleracea would be the 1300 m), 26.-29.VII.88 (MW) ; Asanaque, most probable food-plant because native Brassi- --- -Taibique, 18.111.-2.IV.91 (GJ) ;_- San------; Andres, caceae on Lanzarote have small ieaves which Jinama, Frontera, 16.-17.VII.83 (LM) ; could not support a colony of larvae. La Palma : Sta. 'Cruz 7QQegg -laying on 770- paeolirm majirs, San Isidro : Cumbre Nueva Unpirblished records (1000 m), Los Llanos de Aridane (350 m) - None. also larvae on Brassica oleracea, Bco. del Agua (200-700 m), Bco. de ia Galga (400- 800 m), 30.VII.-3.VIII.88 (MW) ; Los Code- Pieris rapae (LINNAEVS,1758) sos (1200 m), Bco. de Jieque (600 m), Ta- mano (1200 m), Mña. de la Venta (1320 m), Sjnonyms 1.-18.IV.93 (GJ) ; La Laguna (250 m) : larvae and pupae on Brassica oleracea. 25.X.93 Artogeia rapae L. (PS) ; Fuencaliente, Los Sauces, 26.XII.81, Los Tilos, 24.-26.VlI.83 (LM) ; Taxonornj?ano' range La Gomera : Valle Gran Rey : La Calera and Bco. This well-known pest on cabbage is distributed de Arure (100-200 m), Las Hayas : Mt. Que- throughout the Palaearctic region and has been mado (700-1200 m), 19.-21.VII.88 (MW) ; introduced to North America and Australia. Valle Gran Rey : Vueltas and Bco. de Arure, Las Hayas, Mt. Garajonay. El Cedro, Her- Distribrrt ion niigua and Vallehermoso, 8.-18.111.93 (AB) : Las Rosas, Chipude, Agulo, 10.-22.VI1.83 \Videl-. distributed on al1 islands. but rare on (LM) : Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. For this last island Tenerife : Puerto de la Cruz, Las CaÍiadas : El there is oniy one record by GUICHARD(1967) Portillo and Los Roques (2000-2300 m), 5.- without information on locality. 6.ViI1.88 (MW) ; Chinobre ,' Anaga, 2.1V.85 (\\'B) ; Pto. Cruz, Orotava (1300 m). Las Habitar Mercedes, Sta. Cruz, Candelaria, Güimar, Cultivated open country at low to moderate Las Calletillas, Las Galletas, Los Christianos. altitudes is prefered lvhere it can be by far the Gigantes, 12.-25.X11.81. Pto. Cruz, Icod Alto. dominant butterfly species, but E! rapae can be Aguamansa. Mña. Roja (1800 m), Las Caña- found at most places, even in the Cañadas on das (2300 m). Vilaflor, Las Mercedes, Güi- Tenerife (especially at the service stations) and mar, 13.-19.VII.83 (LM) ; single adults have been observed as high as 3000 m Gran Canaria : Maspalomas, 111.80 (OL) ; Pto. on Mt Teide (RECTEREXALTEKA 1948). Rico, Sta. Lucia, Cruz Tejeda, Fontanales,

75 Firgas, Tafira, Pozo Nieves, 7.4 2.V11.83 (GJ); San Andres, Jinama, Frontera, 16.-

(LM) ; 17.VI1.83 (Lhl) ; ,< Fuerteventura : Betancuria, Vega de Rio-Palmas, La Palma : Sta. Cruz : Quintero and Bco. de la 300-400 m, 23.-24.11.91 (DO and MW). Rio de las Nieves (200-300 m), Caldera de Taburiente : Bco. Angustias (200-400 m), 2.- Pontia daplidice (LIXSAECS,1758) 4.VIII.88 (MW) ; Los Codesos (1200 m), -_..__ - Bco. de Jieque (600 m), 1.-18.IV.93 (GJ) ; Sj‘tl0n)~nls Los Tilos, 24.-26.VIi.83 (LM) ; La Gornera : Valle Gran Rey : Bco. de Arure (200- Papilio daplidicae L. 400 RI). 20.-24.V11.88 (MW) ; Hermigua, Pieris daplidice L. 5.V111.86 (WB) ; Valle Gran Rey: Vueltas and Bco. de Arure, Las Hayas, El Cedro and Taxononiy and range Vallehermoso, 8.-13.III.93 (AB) ; Chipude, This Palaearctic (but predominantly Holome- 21.VII.83 (LM) ; diterranean) species has been split into two distinct Tenerife : Mña. Roja between El Portillo (2000 m) taxa by means of electrophoresis (GEIGER & and La Caldera (1200 m), 7.VlII.88 (MW) ; ScHor-i. 1982). The populations of the Canary Ladera de Güimar, Bajamar 7.-12.IV.85 Islands, of which samples have also been inves- (WB) ; Candelaria, Güimar, Las Caletillas, tigated, belong to the western Atlantomediterra- 18.-25.XII.81, Pto. Cruz, Icod Alto, Agua- nean taxon which retains the name daplidice L. mansa, Mña. Roja (1800 m), Las Cañadas (WAGENER1988) and inhabits North Africa and (2300 m), Vilaflor, Güimar, 13.-19.VII.83 Southwest Europe to Liguna. (LM) ; Gran Canaria Arinaga, 25.111.85 (WB) ; Sta. Distribution Lucia, Cruz Tejeda, Fontanales, Tafira, Pozo Nieves, 7.-11,VII.83 (LM) ; Widely distributed on al1 islands but there is Fuerteventura : Betancuria, Vega de Rio Palmas, only one record for Lanzarote (GUICHARD 1967) 300-400 m, 23.-26.11.91 (DO and MW). without exact data on locality.

Habitat Euchloe belemia (ESPER, 1799)

As adults can be observed everywhere, but the Synonj ws population size is highest in arid zones (semi- desert, succulent bush, sparse pine-wood). Antliocharis beleniia ESPER

Phenologj. Tasononiy ancl range Throughout the year in severa1 generations. Atlanto- and Pontomediterranean species.

Early stages

Not described from the Canary Islands, but c- probably indistinguishable from European speci- FIG 1-6 : Pieris cheiranrhi : mens. 1: egg batch, shortl> before batching : Barranco del Agua, Lo3 Tilos. La Palma. 31.V11.19S8 ; 2: caterpillar : idem ; Larval food-plants 3: pupae : Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife ; 4: adult female. same data ; OLVEN(1988) found the caterpillars on El Hierro 5: host-plant. Cronibe sfrigosn wiht frass : Barranco del on an undetermined Reseda-species. According to Agua. Los Tilos. La Palma. 31.VI1.1988 ; 6: typical habitat : Barranco de la Galga. La Palma. sarne H ~SSES & SUSDISG(1985) Reseda ltiteola is the data. only species of the genus known to occur on La Gomera. FERYASDEZ(1978) found them in the FIG7-1 i : GWIP~IP~.!.Vclt.ohrrle : Cañadas on “Sispibriwd’ (Descrirainia). 7: caterpillar : Barranco del Agua, Los Tilos. La Palma ; 8: pupa. idem : 9: adult male, idem ; Unptrblished records 10 : holotype of Gonepterjx “c1eoparra”rosei(K. ROSE,leg.), Las híercedes, Tenerife, 2.4.X.1972 ; El Hierro : Valverde, Frontera (300 m), 26-28. Il : habitat of G. cleobrile : Roque de Agando, Gomera. with VIi.88 (MW) ; Las_MgcañT

76 31 7 m

h

cv Di5 t ribritiot i Orri XIIG. pers. comm.). Larval food-plants have not been morded from Gran Canaria but on The ssp. hesperidum ROTHSCHILD, 1913, de- scribed from Fuerteipentura, where it is local, is Fuerteventura fully-groum caterpillars have been also Lcidely distributed in the northern part of found feeding on the fruits of Carrichtera annrta and Sisjwibriitni erj.sin~oidesby myself (OWES & Gran Canaria (detailed information : FERSASDEZ VIDAL(1982)). There is also a doubtful record WIEXIERS1992), both south Mediterranean Bras- from La Gomera (sightings of severa1 specimens sicaceae uith extensive distribution in the Canary near San Sebastian) by GORICP(1976). Islands. On Tenerife, E. belemia had not been found until STAL~XI(1963) discovered a population in the Chprrblishecl recorn’s Cañadas and described it as ssp. eversi (with Fuerteventura : Tetir, La Matilla, La Oliva, Tin- whitish underside of the apex, not yellowish as daya, Betancuria, Vega de Rio Palmas - at in ssp. hesperidun~).Single specimens have also the last two places also fully grown larvae been found at Güimar and at the southern tip of on Carrichtera annua and Sisjvtbrirtnt erj- the island at El Roque. sintoides, 200-400 m, 20.-26.11.91 (DO and FERSAYDEZ-RCBIO (1985) StateS that SSP. eversi M W). is the only subspecies of E, beleriiia with a conti- nuous white band in the blackish apex (ups. fw.) and along with its different ecology might be Euchloe charlonia charlonia (DONZEL, 1842) viewed as a species “in statri nascendi”. Synonyms Habitat Anthocharis levaillantii LUCAS On Tenerife, E. belemia colonizes the semi- Anthocharis charlonia DONZEL desert of the Cañadas and adjacent sparse pine- Elphinstonia charlonia DONZEL woods in altitudes of 1800-2300 m, whereas on Gran Canana, it is most common in middle heights of 200-1000 m (only rarely up to the Taxonontj. and range summits) flying in uncultivated places with Sisyrn- The taxonomy of the subgenus Elphinstonia bririnz (FERSANDEZ VIDAL 1982). On Fuerte- KLOTS is discussed in BACK & EITSCHBERGER ventura, OWEK & WIEMERS(1992) found them (1976) and LEESTMAKS & BACK (1992). The only on damp meadows and fallow land (especially Southmediterranean E. charlonia is distributed ruderal Sisylbririrrt plant associations on wet throughout Northwest Africa to the Arab penin- loamy soils). sula, ufith relic populations in the Sahara (Tibesti and Hoggar). Recently restricted colonies were Phen o logj. discovered in Spain near BazaIGranada in An- Two generations, on Tenerife found from 22.111.- dalusia (FABIANO 1993) and near Fraga/ Huesca 4.\*1., on Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura from in Aragon (PEREZ DE-GREGORIO et al. 1992). 25.X11.-6.V. GUICHARD (1967) found a fresh speci- men on the 22.VI. Fully-grown caterpillars, found Distribrition b> me on the 26.11.91, produced one adult of the Restricted to Fuerteventura and Lanzarote in- second generation which emerged on the 11.111.91 cluding Graciosa (BALD~VIN1991). but widely from a green pupa, Lchereas the other (brown) distributed on these islands. The only record from pupae entered diapaiise (until winter 93/94). Tenerife (Orotava) by HOLT-WHITE(1894) was Ear!i. stages already denoted false by REBEL.(1896) for good reason. Nonetheless this record has been accepted The fully grobvn caterpillar is green with a pink by many later authors, even by HIGGIVS& RII.EY dorsal and lateral lines. the latter closely connected (1983). The only record from La Gomera by to u.hite lines underneath. The head is pink, too. GORIIJP (1976), a siphting near San Sebastian, The pupa, n.hich may be green or brownish tvith probably is a misidentification. brown lateral stripes (s. phenology), has a long- draivn-out head like Anthocharis cardamines L. Habitat Larval food-plants Semi-deserts of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote at In the Cañadas, caterpillars have been found places richer in vegetation ; loamy soils with dense on the local endemic Descurainia borrrgeana (S. stands of the food-plant are especially favoured.

78 1 l 1

~ Canary Islands, relief l

A B C G E F

Canary Islands - al! records

Ii'kn III IIIIIIIIIIIIIII

l I i I I !41 i Pieri s cheiran thi HUEBNER o 1800 - 1974 I 1975 - 1994

- -r , I 1 lo1 i ! 1 \ l,\ Pieris brassicae LINNAEUS O 1800 - 1974 I 1 l lUA 1975 - 1994 l 1 \>y

Pieris rapa? LINNAEUS O 1800 - 1974 1975 - 1994

79 The highest population densities could be observed t h is p 1a n t. a soii t h h.1 ed i te rrane an Brassiccrcetre, at Vega de Rio Palmas on fallow land with an and fiirther searches ret.ealed a 1arge:number of estimate of more than 100 individuals (OWEK& eggs as well as several larvae in different stages. WIEMERS1992). Larvae \vere observed to feed primarily on the Eggs are rnost often deposited on plants at the linear leaves and flowers. Although se\,eral other border of smali ruptures. species of Brassicaceae \vere cornrnon in the neigh- bourhood, no esgs or iarvae could be found. Phenologj. Kickxia \ras absent at most flight-places of E. charlonia (with esception of Las Casitas de Femés At least two generations appear in XII-V, on Lanzarote. e.g.) and eggs or caterpillars bvere dependent on the beginning of the winter rains. not found on this plant despite extensive searches. An early individual has been recorded on 14.X. On the contrary, Carrichiera annrta \vas present (REBEL & ROGESHOFER1894). in al1 habitats of E. charlonia. Collected larvae From the pupae, obtained from larvae found refused t o feed on Kickxia whereas Sisj.mbritirii by myself on the 26.11. at Betancuria1 Fuerteven- was readily accepted by them. OWES(1988) and tura, two butterflies of the second generation BACK (1991) observed egg-laying on Reseda lance- emerged on the 6. and 8.III., the other pupae have rotae (syn. R. crj~stallina)on Lanzarote, but DEKIS entered diapause. OWEKand 1 did not find this plant on our visit to Fuerteventura. Early stages Unpublished records The egg, which is figured in LEESTMAKS & BACK (1992), bears about 18 longitudinal ribs Fuerteventura : Castillo de Fuste, La Corte/ Valles which protrude from a six-leaved inner and nine- de Ortega. Los Lavaderos, La Oliva, Betan- leaved outer micropyle rosette and which is con- curia, Vega de Rio Palmas - at the two nected by more than 20 transverse ribs. latter localities also eggs, larvae and females The caterpillars are uniform green with a white laying eggs on Carrichtera annrra, 0-400 m, lateral stripe, which can be almost absent in some 21.-25.11.91 (DO and MW) ; cases. The chrysalis is light brown or green (in Lanzarote : Uga, Tabayesco, Mña. Blanca, Te- subitan pupae) with a brown dorsal stripe ; where- goyo, La Vegueta/ Mácher, Femés, Las Casi- as diapause pupae possess a well pointed head, tas de Femés, Masión, 100-400m, 28.11.- it is only slightly pointed in subitan pupae (OWEN 3.111.91 (MW). & WIEMERS1992, figured in LEESTMASS& BACK Colias croceo ( GEOFFROY,1785) 1992). The larvae and pupae of related taxa are - described and figured in BACK (1982) and LEEST- MANS & BACK (1992). Svnoiijms Papilio aeditsa FABRICIUS Larva1food -plant Colias edrrsa FABRICIUS Colias crocetrs FOYRCROY According to MYLILS-JOR (1986a, 1986b and 1987) the caterpillars feed on Kickxia sagittata c Ta-ronorrtj-mid rorige (syn. K. heterophylla), a yellow-blossomed creeper of the Scrophrrlariaceae family, which is especially Holomediterranen species with great migratory common in the lava semi-deserts of Fuerteventura potential, often reaching England and even South and Lanzarote. This is quite a strange observa- Scandinavia. The female-limited colour form helice tion taking into account that this plant family is is found frequently throughout the Canary Islands. otherwise unknown to contain hostplants for E. charlonia and related taxa. Al1 other food-plant Distribtiiion : records for this species belong to the Brassicaceae \Videl! distributed on al1 islands. or Reserlaceae family, e.g. Moricmzdia ar\yensis in Morocco (RLXGS 1981) and Lonchophora capio- Huh ira I montnna and Cleonie arabica in Algeria ( BACK & EITSCHBERGER1976 ; SPEIDEL & HASSLER 1989). This migrant species can be found in any bio- OWEK& WIEMERS (1992) detected Carrichtera tope and has been even found on Mt Teide at annria as a new food-plant of the species. On 3200 m by REBEL& ROGEKHOFER (1894). Popu- Fuerteventura, 1 was able to observe females lations can sometimes reach high densities, espe- laying single eggs on the underside of leaves of cially in arid areas.

80 <* 1 Pher io logj* mented records date back to 1965 for Tenerife diti8 1966 for Gran Canaria (PISK~K‘1968 and Throughout the year in several generations. GuiCHiZRD 1967) but single individuals of the African migrant probably reached the Canary Earlr stages Islands even earlier. (in the coll. René OBERTHUR Kot described for the Canary lslands but proba- and Max CRETSCHMARin ZFMK Bonn there bly indistinguishable from Mediterranean popu- are specimens labeled “Tenerife” (unfortunately lations. without any more precise data) which must have been captured before 1965 (R. OBERTHCRdied Lari3al food-plarits in 1943, M. CRETSCHMARin 1961). Meankvhile the species has been found on al1 Canary lslands Not recorded for the Canary Islands, presuma- with the exception of El Hierro. It is now well bly several small Fabaceae like Trifoliirni or Lotus. established especially in coastal districts. The first records for the other islands are : 1976 on Gomera Utipirblished records (PÉREZPADROS 1977), Fuerteventura (SCHXIITZ El Hierro : Frontera (300 m), 29.VII.88 (MW) ; 1990) and Lanzarote (KOHSERT 1977), 1986 on Asanaque, Taibique, 29.111.-2.IV.9 1 (GJ) ; La Palma (OWES 1988). Both female forms, the San Andres,- Jinama, Frontera, 16.-17.VII.83 white form pvene and yellow form jlorella, are (LM) ; common. La Palma : Sta. Cruz: Quintero (200 m), San Isidro : Cumbre Nueva (1000 m), Bco. de Habital las Angustias (200-500 m), Bco. del Agua Parks and gardens near the coast with its larva1 (200-500 m), Bco. de la Galga (400-800 m), food-plant, rarely above 500 m. 31.V11.-4.VIII.88 (MW) ; Monte de Luna, 19.VIII.86 (WB) ; Los Codesos (1200 m), Phet1olog.r Bco. de Jieque (600m), Mña de la Venta (1320 m), 1.-18.1V,93 (GJ) ; Caldera de Ta- Throughout the year in several generations. buriente : Dos Aguas (400 m), 4.XI.93 (PN) ; Adults have been found in al1 and larvae in almost Fuencaliente, Los Sauces, 26.XII.8 1, Los al1 months of the year. It can be assumed that Tilos, 24.-26.VII.83 (LM) ; the species has about 9 generations per year, be- La Gomera: Valle Gran Rey: Bco. de Arure cause caterpillars need about three weeks for (200 m), Mt. Garajonay (1200 m), 23.-24. de\.elopment and the pupa1 stage lasts 10 days. V1I.88 (MW) ; Bco. de Arure, El Cedro and Vallehermoso, 11.-13.111.93 (AB) ; Earo. stages Tenerife : Las Cañadas (2000-2300 m), Mña. Roja These are quite similar to those of Goriepterj*x, (1800 m), 6.-7.VII1.88 (MW) ; Benijo / Ana- ga, Ladera de Güimar, 4.-7.1V.85 (WB); but the larvae are much more variable and tend Candelaria, Güimar, Las Caletillas, 18.-25. to take the colour of the substrate (yellow on XI1.81, Las Mercedes, Pto. Cruz, Agua- flowers and green on leaves without becoming lighter to the sides) with variations in the width mansa, 13.-15.V11.83 (LM) ; of the brownish or blackish lateral stripes which Fuerteventura : Betancuria (400 m), 23.-26.11.91 (DO and MW) ; La Oliva, 26.-27.III.85 adjoin the Lvhite lines dorsally. The pupa is tur- quoise and lacks markings apart from the whitish (\i’B) ; Lanzarote : Tabayesco, Hária. 100-300 m, 1.-2. lateral stripes. 111.1 (MW). Lar valfoocl -plan t Cuf opsilia flor ella ( FAB R 1CI is, 1775) The caterpillars fred on the leai.es and flowers Tasonoriij. and rarige of Cassia dic(iiuobotrya (originating from Africa) and possibly (as in Africa) also other Cassia- Afro- and Palaeotropical element and lvell- species groum as ornamentals in subtropical parks knoun migrant (LARSES 1992 ; SAMRAOUI1993), or gardens. The Cassia-plants can bear large num- not knotvn from Europe or Northwest Africa. bers of the singly iaid eggs and defoliation has been recorded several times. Although only re- Distribr rtion cently established, the larvae are already heavily This sp-ecies colonized the Canary Islands only parasitized by tachinids and braconids (PEREZ during the last three decades. The first well-docu- PADRON1977 and own unpubl. obs.).

81 Utip~tblishedrecords intensive orange upper Lving coloration, similar to

La Palma : Pto. de Tazacorte, 14.1V.93 - larvae ei-ersi, and on the other hand 1 h'ave seen an extremely pale male of cleobrrle from Tenerife. A on Cassia (GJ) ; Tazacorte (50 m), 3.XI.93 (PX) ; similar aberrant male from Tenerife has been described as a subspecies of G. cleoparra (G. c. Tenerife : Pto. Cruz, Arafo, Candelaria, Güimar, rosei) by GROSS(1973), which for him is a proof Las Caletillas, Las Galletas, Los Christianos, that cleob~rleis different from cleoparra at the 15.-27.XI1.81, Pto. Cruz. 15.VII.83 (LM) ; species le\ el. In fact Goneptet:,,s cleopatra has Gran Canaria : Maspalomas, end of 111.80 (OL) ; neler been found in the Canarj. Islands. Fuerteventura : Castillo de Fuste (50 m), 22.-25. bf4TSChO (1988) fOllOiVS KCDRSA (1975) in his 11.91 - also egg-laying, eggs and larvae on systematic e\.aluation of the Gonepte,:r~s-taxain Cassia didvmobotrya (DO and MW) ; the Atlantic Islands, without proving it by the Lanzarote : Playa Blanca, 28.11. and 3.111.91 - ultraviolet reflectance pattern he investigates. He eggs and larvae on Cassia didi*ntobotrya (MW). illustrates only a couple of G. cleobrrle from Tenerife along with one male of G. cleoparra from southern France. These demonstrate that the area Gonepteryx cleobule HUBSER, 1825 of UV-reflectance on the upper uings is slightly more expanded in the cleobrrle-$ than in the Synonynts cleopatra-$. On the other hand no marked dif- Rhodocera cleobttle HOBNER ferences in UV-reflectance pattern could be found Gonopteryx cleobrrle HUBSER between the taxa cleobtrle, eversi, palmae and Gonepteryx cleopatra cleobule HUBNER maderensis, neither in males nor females. The Gonepteryx eversi REHNELT females of al1 taxa investigated by niyself al- Gonepteryx palmae STAMM most never show UV reflection on the upper Gonepteryx cleopatra rosei GROSS side, with the exception of the cell spot and some- times a weak stripe of reflection at the costal Taxonomy and range margin of the forewings. However, MATSUKO (1988) illustrates a cleobrrle-Q (aberrant ?) with A Canary Island endemic but closely related to extensive UV-reflection ! the Holomediterranean G. cleopatra and the in- NORDMAX(1935) states that G. cleobrrle also termediate G.(c.) maderensis FELDER from Ma- inhabits Gran Canana and Fuerteventura which deira. is unequivocally false. Nevertheless FERSASDEZ (1978) accepts this without comment. Distribrrtion and interisland variation Confined to the laurel forest areas in the Habitat north of Tenerife (ssp. cleobule HCBSER,1825), La Gomera (ssp. eversi REHNELT, 1974) and La G. cleobtile inhabits barrancos, sunny clearings Palma (ssp. palmae STARIM,1963). The elevation and paths in the laurel forest up to 1500 m, during of these latter two taxa to the species leve1 by the summer adults can be found up to 2000m; severa1 authors, especially in very recent years can the butterflies like to feed on blossoms of Cedro- not be accepted. ZIEGLER& JOST(1990) state that riella ctlnariensis. According to ZIEGLEK& JOST REHVELT (1989) has shown that the $-genitalia (1990). they fly at lower elevations in winter than differ in these taxa, but this is incorrect. In fact in summer. the alleged "difference" according to REHKELT (1989). a small protrusion in the dista1 shape of Pllenologj. the ~alvaeof paltiiae (and less clear in eversi), is of no taxonomic importance, because this is Adults can be observed throughout the year. siibject to a considerable infrasubspecific varia- Due to the longevity of the adults, the succession tion in G. cleobirle (onn investigations). as well of broods is unclear. The records of caterpillars as in many other Gonepterjx (see illustrations in in April (OEHMIG1977, ZIEGFK& JOST 1990). KUDRVA 1975). As early stages also do not seem as \ve11 as in August and December (onn obs.. to show specific characters on the different Islands, see below), indicate that adults breed throughout the only remair ig differences are those in wing the year. Kevertheless this does not ansiver the coloration (see .EHNELT 1974a, 1974b and 1989), question if at least part of the adults enter into which are not so constant as they are often claimed Lvinter diapause and if there is more than one to be ; cg. males of palmae can have quite an generation per annum.

82 IIIIIIIIIIIIIII Earlj. srages ,. A detailed description of specimens from La La Palma: Sta. Cruz: Quintero (200 m) and Gomera can be found in Z~EGLER& JOST (1990). Bco. Rio de las Nieves (400 m), Cumbre Larvae and pupae frorn La Palma \vere found to Nueva (1000 m), Bco. del Agua (300-700 m) be indistinguishable from those of La Gomera - also larvae on Rhaninirs glariclrilosa, Bco. and also do not seem to differ from those of de la Galga (400-800 m), 3 1 .VII.-4.VllI.88 Gonepterj..u cleopatra from France. Thr yellow (MW) : Bco. de Jieque (near Tijarafe. 600 m), egg has 8 longitudinal ribs. The larvae are green 18.1V.93 (GJ) ; Los Sauces, 26.X11.81, Los with white lateral stripes bordered ventrally by fine Tilos. 24.-26.VII.83 (LM) ; yellow lines. The ground colour of the pupa is La Gomera : In the laurel forest : Las Hayas, green too, apart from the broun head spine, brown Roque de Agando, Mt. Garajonay. Laguna rnarkings at the wing origins, rnany small brown Grande and Mña. Quemada (700-1200 m), spots across the body and along the outer border 21 .-23.V11.88 (MW) ; Vallehermoso and of the wing sheath, as well as white lateral stripes. Herrnigua - also larvae, end XII.87 (DF) ; Valleherrnoso, Hermigua and La Palmita, Larval food-plants Il.-lS.lI1.93 (AB) ; Las Rosas, 20.-22.VI1.83 0-M) ; ZIEGLER& JOST(1990) observed egg-laying and Tenerife :Chinobre / Anaga, 2.1V.85 and 6.VII1.86 larvae in lower parts of La Gornera on Rhamnrrs (WB); Icod Alto, Las Mercedes, 14.-19. crenulata, which grows at the border between VII.83 (LM). succulent bush vegetation and laurel forest, and which is replaced by the endernic Rhaninrts glan- (to be continned) ditlosa inside the laurel forest. Larvae on this latter plant were found by OEHMIG(1977) on Tenerife and by myself on La Palma (see below).

84 c

I - LINNEANABELGICA PARS XV 1995 no 3 octobie-okiobei 1995 ISSN 0024-4090

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PARS XV 1995 No 3 octobre-oktober 1995

SOMMAIRE - INHOUD

WIEMERS, M., The butterfiies of the Canary Islands. A survey of their distribution, biology and ecology (Lepidoptera :Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) (2nd part) ...... 87 JUTLELER,D., G RILLO, L. et DE BROS, E., Une visite 5 l’ile de Vulcano (dans les iles Eoliennes, Sicile) pour Hipparchia leighebi (KUDRNA, 1976) (Lepidoprerci : Nyniphalidae, Saty- rinae) ...... 119 MOLLET, B., Contribution h la connaissance des Procridinae de Turquie et des iles grecques de I’est de la mer Egée (Lepidoptera :Zygaenidae) ...... 127

c

Corrigenda : Pritre de bien vouloii- corriger au sommaires des fascicules 1 et 2 le Pars XV au lieu de Pars XIV.

Frontispiece : Cyclyrius rvebbianus feeding on Micronieria sp., Gomera, Mt Garajonay, 23.VII.1988 (photo : M. WIEMERS). <*

Limeuna Belgica. Pars XV. no 3. octobre 1995.

The butterflies of the Canary Islands A survey on their distribution, biology and ecology (Lepidoptera :Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) (second part)

by Martin WIEMERS(*)

NYMPHALIDAE Habita t Parks and gardens in subtropical coastal areas, Danausplexippus (LISNAEC'S,1758) only rarely migrating to higher elevations (Cañadas according to GUICHARD1967). The often disputed Syn onynis migratory activity in the Canary Islands is proved Danais archippus FABRICIUS by captures of individuals at sea, between Fuer- Danais eripprts CR A M E R teventura and Lanzarote, as well as between La Anosia plexipprrs L. Gomera and El Hierro (FERKANDEZ VIDAL1979). Danaida plexippris L. The two adults, observed by DENISO WEN and Danaus ctirassavica FABRIC~US myself on Fuerteventura, were migrating through the hillside. Taxonomy and range Phenology This famous North and Central American mi- grant extended its range across the Pacific and Adults fly throughout the year and larvae have colonized Hawaii and New Zealand in 1840, been found in al1 seasons. The species seems to Australia and the South Pacific in 1870, India in breed throughout the year in the Canary Islands. 1901, as well as across the Atlantic, establishing colonies in the Azores (1864) and the Canary Eartv stages Islands (1887). In Europe, migrant specimens These do not differ from North American popu- have regularly been found along the western lations. coastline but it was not until 1980, that colonies established along the South Spanish coast in the Larva1food -plants surroundings of Málaga, which still persist (MARTIN & GURREA 1988 ; own unpubl. obs.). On Tenerife, larvae have most often been found Most recently. with first captures in 1983, plexip- on Asclepias ctirassavica and on Goniphocarpus pus has even established on Mauritius from an frrrticosirs, both members of the Asclepiadaceae. unknown source of origin (DAvis & BAKNES Cotton (Gossipirini arboreurn), given as the food- 1993). plant by REBEL& ROGENHOFER (1894), clearly is of no irnportance nowadays. OWES& SMITH Distribrtt ion (1989) discuss the choice of food-plants utilized by the species on the Atlantic Islands. It is remark- First recorded in the 1880s in the Canary lslands able that only alien Asclepiadaceae (from Central (REBEL & ROGESHOFER1894), the species now America and Africa) and no native species, neither inhabits coastal districts of al1 islands with the the kvidely distributed Periploca Irrevigafa. nor one exception of Lanzarote. Whereas a large number of the endeniic Ceropegia species. have been of observations exist from Tenerife, few records are known from the other islands where the species seems to be rare and perhaps not permanently resident. On La Gomera, the Monarch has been (*) Permanent address : Kleikamp 13, D-45153 Münster. Germany. recorded only from San Sebastian (POLATZEK, Present address : The Rainforest Habitat, Unitech, UDC according to REBEL 1906 ;P EREZ PADROS(1975) ; Office, Private Mail Bag, Lae 414, Morobe Province, Papua, D. OWE~,pers. comm.). Neu Guinea.

87 recorded as food-plants. In greenhouse experi- Africa (O\k~s¿G WIEMERS1992). lt is widespread ments by the sarne authors, six fernales bred from on La Palma and La Goniera, pcevigusly also on larvae kvhich \vere found on El Hierro (on Con?- Tenerife Lvhere it seems to ha1.e beconie extinct phocarpus fiirticosris), also showed a strong pre- since the beginning of the 1970s. Since 1972 it has ference to la! their eggs on Asclepias species or been recorded only once, in 1990. In the course GontphocarpLis firiticosia. ?-he Africa derived of a leimte (a hot eastern \vind froni the Sahara Calotropis pr-ocern was also not found to be desert) PEREZPADROS (1990) \vas abls to collect exploited bx Gran Canaria populations (VAS DER three speciniens of f. alcipyiis near Güimar. This HE\.DES1992b). colour form (with white on the hindivings) is rare in the Canary Islands but predorninant in tropical Unpiiblished recorrls n.estern Africa. The species seems to be rare on Gran Canaria, El Hierro : Frontera (300 m), 28.-29.VII.88 (MW) ; maybe only as an immigrant (VA% DER HEYDES La Palma : Pto. de Tazacorte, 9.1V.93 (GJ) ; Pto. 1991) ; apart from the record in REBEI.& ROGES- Naos, Tazacorte - also eggs and larvae, Los HOFER (1894), only two more recent records have Sauces (300 m), 28.X.-3.X1.93 (PS) ; been notified. It is extremely localized on Fuer- Tenerife : Puerto de la Cruz, 5.V111.88 (MW) ; teventura. Sta. Cruz, Las Galletas, Los Cristianos, Los Gigantes, 17.-27.XlI.81, Pto. Cruz, 15.VII.83 Habitar (LM) ; Gran Canaria : Maspalomas, end 111.80 (OL) ; Although most records come from the gardens Pto. Rico, Firgas, Tafira, 8.-12.VII.83 (LM) ; and parks of Puerto de la Cruz, where the species Fuerteventura : Betancuna, Bco. de Ajuy (400 m), flew together with D.pfexippus, before the most 23.11.91 (DO and MW). important site (in the Bco. Martianez) was des- troyed in the course of road construction (OWEN Danaus chrysippus (LISSAEGS,1758) & SbíiTtj 1993d), succulent bush (from sea leve1 to 500 rn) represents the primary habitat in the Synonps Canary Islands. Papilio chrys@rs L. Phenology Dailais chrysippris L. Danaida chrpipprrs L. The time of appearance is the same as in D. plexippris : adults and caterpillars are observed í7asoiiont.r aiicl rntige throughout the year, thus D. chrysipprrs breeds cont in u ously . Distributed throughout the Old World tropics, in h'orth Africa as a migrant (e.g. S~MRAOUI& Ear!i* stages B~\~4cocs1991 ; SAMRAOUI1993) which may at least become temporarily resident (S ~MRAOUI These do not differ from African populations. et al. 1992). TESXEAT(1995) states that there is Caterpillars can be easily distinguished from those a strong e\idence that the species has established of D. pfexippris by their t\vo additional filaments breeding colonies in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia between the first and second abdominal Segment. within the last 50 years. In South Europe only Additionally, the yellow rings of D. plexipprrs are niigrants hale been found, but since 1979, when reduced in D. clrr~~siyprrs: they are dicided at the the first Spanish colony was reported from Al- ridge and do not reach the ventral side. One larva meria. the species has spread along the Spanish from Fuerteventura, which pupated in a grey- coast iip to southern France and Corsica (BOIKEAU broun paper box, produced a greyish-Lvhite chry 1984. 1988 ; JACK 1985 ; OLVEX1991 ; MASO1992 ; salis similar to the box, coloiir instead of the usual MOKC,E\ROTH1993 ; QLI\ KO\ 1993), reaching turquoise coloiir. Sardinia (K-\GrR 1992). Lnri*nffooci-pfnnts Distriburioir Like D. plesiiJpus, this species feeds onl}. on ln contrast to D. plesipyra, the African rnigrant menibers of the Asclepiarlaceae. ln parks and seems to be an original element in the Canary gardens, caterpillars have often been found on Islands. The f. aegjptiirs (= chrjsippiis) is most Asclepias crirassavica. ln its original habitat, the common which indicates that populations origi- succulent bush, larvae feed on Gontphocarpus nate from Asia and not from tropical western frriticosris and probably also on endemic Cero-

88 ** ‘ pegia-species like Ceropegia hians on la Palma record further captures near Tecina/ Playa de (PEREZPADKOS 1975). A recently discovered Santiago on the 25. 11. 1988, including $9, which population on Fuerteventura uses Carallirnra bur- might be overlooked as mimetics of Danairs chardii as larval food-plant (OWES& WIEMERS chryipprrs. Half a year later 1 could not find the 1992). This endemic succulent Asclepiadaceae is species in Valle Gran Rey. confined to a few places in the hillsides of Old records of this species also exist from Fuerteventura, Lobos and La Graciosa. The tro- Tenerife (3 $8 in X.-XI. 1895 near Orotava ac- pical Calotropis procera, a food-plant of African cording to CROMPTOV(1896), 1 $ captured by populations, recently established on Gran Canaria, KII.IAV(1897) near Sta. Cruz and 1 ¿3’ leg. 1913 might be exploited in the future (VAVD EK HEYDES in coll. ZFMK. Bonn) and FERVAVDEZ(1978) has 1992b). seen a specimen in a foreign collection uhich uas allegedly caught in Sta. Cruz de la Palma. Unpirblished recoro’s Habitar La Palma: Bco. del Agua (300 m), Caldera de Taburiente : Dos Aguas (500 m), 31.VII.- The few records al1 come from gardens in 2.VIII.88 (MW) ; Bco. de Jieque (near Tija- coastal districts. rafe, 600 m), 7.1V.93 (GJ) ; Caldera de Ta- buriente : Dos Aguas (400 m), Tazacorte - PIi en o 1og.s also eggs and larvae, 3.-4.XI.93 (PN) ; Los So far found only in winter. Sauces, 26.X11.81 (LM) ; La Gomera : Valle Gran Rey : La Calera and Bco. Earlj stages de Arure (200-300 m), 19.-24.VI1.88 (MW) ; Bco. de Arure 12.111.93 (AB) ; The early stages have not been found in the Gran Canaria : Bco. Guiniguada/ Las Palmas- Canary Islands. Vegueta, 1.85 (GM) ;Puerto Rico, end XII.83 (HR) ; Larva1food -plant Fuerteventura : Betancuria, Bco. de Ajuy (400 m) Unknown in the Canary Islands. - also larvae on Carallzrma burchardii, 23.- 26.11.91 (DO and MW) ; Vega de Rio Pal- Unpirblished records mas, 24.VIII.86 (WB). See “Distribution”. Hypolimnas misippus (LINXAEUS,1764) Yanessa atalanta (LIXSAEC‘S,1758) - . .. Sjn oiijnrs s~’no?l~~3?2s Diadema niisippw L. P\.rariieis atalnnta L. Taxononi).and range Tasonoiiij~ano’ range This chiefly Afrotropical element now occurs throughout the Old World tropics, and is esta- Holarctic species, in temperate regions a- mi- blished in the West Indies, sometimes reaching the grant. probably introduced to New Zealand. American continent. Xot known from Europe or Disrribr ction Korth Africa. Vagrants are knoun from the Azores, Lebanon, Widely distributed on al1 islands but rarer in Turkey, as far as Australia (R. LEESTM-~SS,pers. the dry eastern ones. commun.). Habiiat Disrribution Adults can be observed everywhere from sea Probably only a very rare immigrant to the kvel to over 2000 m, but as in Europe, flowery Canar}. Islands from tropical Africa, but some parks and orchards (with rotten fruit). as well as colonies established on La Gomera in recent deciduous forests, are preferred and arid places years : FEIERABEND(1989) was first to collect two avoided. males (from several other observed males) in the Phenology end of X11. 1987 in Vueltas/Valle Gran Rey. PEREZ PADROK& CARSEROHERXASDEZ (1988) Throughout the year in many not well separ-ed

89 generations. Larvae have also been found during information and similar results has rzcently ‘Ijeen the Lvinter months. published bj. SHAPIRO(1992a). Unforortunatelj. he \vas unaware of LEESTMASS’publicat‘ion (SHAPIRO Ear(r stages 1992b). Single records of vrtlcariia have also been made lndistinguishable from European populations. in the lberian Peninsula (GOXIEZ-BCSTILI-O8c FE R s .ASD EZ-Rc BI o 1974 ; E R s D DA L Larival food-plants F s EZ-Vi 1989) and also in East Germany (GEKISCH1975 Urtica-species, only by OEHXIIG(1974) identified and 1979 ; REISHAKDT & GERICCH1982), Lvhereas as Urrica irrens, have been reponed as food-plants. a record from Britain (TVKSEK1982). possibly an introdiiction by breeders. belongs to the related Unpirblished records indica from S.E. Asia. El Hierro : Valverde (600 m), Frontera (300- -- Distribution 1300 m), 26.-28.VlI.88 (MW) ; Taibique, Hoya del Morciiio, 21.III.-l.IV.9i(GJ) ; .Ji-- Widely distributed in the western islands inclu- nama, 16.VII.83 (LM) ; ding Gran Canaria, but predominantly in their La Palma : Bco. de la Galga (700 m), 3.VIlI.88 northern parts. Single specirnens, probably immi- (MW) ; Los Tilos, 26.-26.VII.83 (LM) ; grants, have also been recorded from Fuerteven- La Gomera : Mt. Quemado (800 m), Mt. Gara- tura (REBEL & ROCENHOFER1894 ; MOSBACHER jonaj- (1200 m), 21.-23.ViI.88 (MW) ; Valle 1978). Gran Rey, end XII.87 (DF) ; Vueltas and La Palmita, 8.-18.111.93 (AB) ; Hab ira t Tenerife : Aguamansa (1200 m), 7.V111.88 (MW) ; Like K atalanta, flowery parks, gardens, or- Pto. Cruz, 15.-19.X11.81, Pto. Cruz, Las chards and sunny spots in laurel forests are Mercedes, 14.-15.VII.83 (LM) ; preferred, but its population density generally Gran Canaria : Fontanales, Tafira, 8.-11 .VIL83 seems to be higher, especially in laurel forests with (LM) ; its original food-plant. Fuerteventura : Betancuria, Vega de Rio Palmas, 300-400 m, 24.11.91 (DO and MW) ; Henologj Lanzarote : Hária (300 m), 2.111.91 (MW). Like I: atalanta, adults fly al1 year round in Vanessa rwlcania_. (GODART, 1819) severa1 generations. Caterpillars have also been .- found in the winter months. S)*norijwis Ear.1~’stages Papilio atalanta L. Pvameis indica viilcania GODART The ova, which has 10 ribs and the larva have Pvanzeis atalanta vrilcanica GODART been described by SCHUKIAS(1976) who found F/nriessa caiiirhoe FABR ICI us them to be indistinguishable from I: atalarira- Variessa indica volcanica GODART caterpillars (which are very variable). It isalso well Vaizessa indica viilcania GODART figured in BODI (1985). I’anessa indica calliroe H~BSER Lariwl food-plants Tasoi I o111)’ aii d range The main food-plant in the laurel forests seems Macaronesian endemic confined to Madeira to be the endeniic Urrica niorifoiia, egg-laying and and the Canary Islands but closely related to the larval behaviour is like in atalatira (Oivm South-East Asian Variessa indica (HERUCT,1794) 1988b ; O\VES8c Saiii-ti 1993~).in disturbed places and sometirnes considered as subspecies of the near the coast also Urticn rirms (OEtixiici 1974). latter. LEESTM~SS(1978), in his revision of the Lr:csni,\us (l975a) takes o\.er the old record genus Iílnessa, discusses the probable palaeocli- “L’rtica dioica” frorn REHEI.& ROGESHOFEK matic reasons for the vast gap in distribution (1894), although this plant does not occur in the between vrilcania and indica in detail and ranks Canary lslands. Pouu-os(1928) allegedly found rwlcania as a separate species, based upon diffe- the Iarvae in 1888 (sic !) on Malva, but the long rences in wing pattern and shape, as well as small time between observation and publication suggests differences in 3 genitalia. Another paper on the the possibility of an error (confusion with K probable origin of vulcania without much new cardiro. 90 .* Unpiblidied records Pheno1og.r -El H-¡erro : Frontera (300-1300 m). 26.-29.VlI.88 Adults and larvae are found thioughout the (MW) ; Jinama,_- Frontera, 16.-17.VII.83 year. In the winter months a mas augmentation (LM); - of population size 2nd migrant movements have La Palma: Bco. del Agua (300-700 m), Bco. de been observed in the eastern isiands (G~XTZHORS la Galga (700 m), Bco. de la Rio de las Nieves 1988, \AY DEK HEYDES1989, MADEK1989, Mos- (500 m), 31.VII.-4.VIII.88 (MW) : Los Co- H-ZCHER 1978). Alone on a single spot of fallow desos (1200 ni), Bco. de Jieque (600 m), 4.- land of about 1000m2, more than 7000 larvae 18.IV.93 (GJ) ; El Time (350 m), Breña Alta nere estimated to feed on Mahya parviflora, about (300 ni). 29.-30.X.93 (PX) ; Fuencaliente, half of the 30 collected \vere parasitized by the 26.X11.81. Los Tilos, 24.-26.V11.83 (LM) ; braconid Cotesia i’anessae (OLVES8i LYIEMERS La Comera : Las HaJ.as : Mt.Quemado (800 m), 1992). Mña. Quemada (1000 m), 21 .-23.VII.88 Along Lvith southern Morocco, the eastern (MW) ; Valle Gran Rey, Vallehermoso, end Canary Islands might play a role for the immi- X11.87 (DF) ; Hermigua, 5,VIII.86 (WB) ; grations into southwestern Europe, where F< car- Mt. Garajonay, El Cedro, La Palmita, 11.- dui, with the exception of some southern Spanish 14.111.93 (AB) ; Las Rosas, Chipude, 20.- coastal districts (Malaga), cannot survive the win- 22.V11.83 (LM) ; ter (OWES1989). Tenerife : Chinobre / Anaga, 2.1’4.85, Teno, 16. V11.89 (WB) ; Pto. Cruz, Sta. Cruz, Güimar, Earlj stages Las Caletillas, Las Galletas, Los Christianos, Identical to European populations. Los Gigantes, 15.-27.XII.81, Pto. Cruz, Icod Alto, Las Mercedes, 14.-19.VIi.83 (LM) ; Lrirval food-plants Gran Canaria : Maspalomas, end 111.80 (OL) ; Fontanales, 11.ViI.83 (LM). Caterpillars of this extremely polyphagous spe- cies have often been recorded from “thistles and Vunessa cardui (LISKAEUS,1758) mallows” (only specified as Malva parviflora by SHELDOS(1935) and OWEX& WIEMERS(1992)), Sjnonj ms as well as on Urtica and undetermined species of Asteraceae. Papilio cardui L. Pjv-ameis cardiri L. Unprrblished records Cvnthia cardiri L. El Hierro--:- Taibique, Sabinosa,- 20.III.-3.IV.91 Tasononij*and range (GJ) ; A cosmopolitan migrant (only unknown from La Palma : Cumbre Nueva (1000 m), 1.V111.88 South America) but unable to survive cold winters (MW) ; Ermita Virgen del Pino (900 m), and thus not permanently resident in temperate 31.111.93 (GJ) ; Tazacorte (150 m) - laying regions. eggs on thistle, 3.X1.93 (PN) ; Fuencaliente, Los Sauces, 26.X11.81, Los Tilos, 024.- Distribrir ion 26.V11.83 (LM) ; La Gomera : Valle Gran Rey: Bco. de Arure, Found everywhere on al1 islands including the 20.V11.88 (MW) : Las Hayas and El Cedro, small so-called “lsletas” Alegranza, Montaña Clara 9.-11.111.93 (AB) ; and Graciosa. fluctuating in numbers. The species Tenerife : Pto. Cruz, Orotava, Candelaria, Giiiniar, is often the most common and sometimes even Las Caletillas, Las Galletas, Los Christianos, the only butterfly on Fuerteventura and Larizarote. Los Gigantes, 12.-27.X11.81 (LM) ; As feu exact localities are mentioned in the Gran Canaria : Maspalomas. end 111.80 (OL) : literature and statements like “comnion every- Fuerteventura : Triquivijate. Tetir, Tuineje, Costa where” predominate. the distribution map is in- Calma. La Oli1.a. Betancuria, Vega de Rio complete and does not show the true pattern. Palmas - also larvae at rnany places on Mali*aparviflora, thistles and another Aste- Hnbitar raceae. 0-400 m, 18.-26.11.91 (DO and MCV) ; The species can be found in any type of habitat. Lanzarote : Uga, Tabayesco, Máguez, Hária, Mña. also and especially in semi-desert areas, but forests Blanca, Tias, La Vegueta/Mácher, Las Ca- are avoided. sitas de Femés - also larvae at many places

91 on ii,fnlim pariVif1oi.a. 0-400 ni. 28.11.-3.111.9 I L~l~i~cll.foc>~-~lalll~ (hlW). .. Kot reported in the Canary Islands. According I’anessa virginiensis (DR u R Y, 1770) to FER\AWEZ(1978). the iarvae feed on L’rricn. In Korth America the species is poljrphagous.

b~iyiiblishedrecords Papilio hr intera FA B n I ci r s 18nessa hrrtitercr FABRICILS Tenerife : Hoya Fría, 27.1X.92. 1 R. CITORESleg. Pi.raniei.r iirginierisis DRCR\. (PO). Cvnrhia ijirginiensis DKLT R Y

Tasorionij. and range Argvnnis pandora seifzi (FRLHSTORFER,1908) A North and Central Arnerican species which ..- .r.- . __ occasionnally reaches western Europe. Establish- SJtionjim ed and still expanding in Portugal where it was first encountered in 1949, and scatterec! colonies Argj’nnis niaja CRAMER in Spain since 1959 (LEESTMASS1975b; REI Pandorinna pnndora DEXIS & SCHIFFER- MUSIZ1986). Most other European records are M c 1.L.E FI from the Atlantic coast but a singie specimen ssp . chrj*sobarJllaF R u H STOK FE R was even caught near Frankfurt! Main far away from the sea (SCHROTH 1988). Taxonoirij. and range Holomediterranean element and probably of Disrribr rtion ancient origin. Specirnens are ver} similar to North African ones. The last revision of its sub- This migrant, originating ir! North America, specific differentiation was written by MOCCHA has been widely distributred on Tenerife in the (1967). past, but disappeared in the 1970s from its last strongholds in Puerto de la Cruz (LEESTMANS Distribution 1975b ; KUHKERT1977 ; EITSCHBERGER & STEI- Restricted to the northern forested regions of SrGER 1981). No records are knobkn from the 1980s and thus it could have become extinci in Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma and Ei Hierro : the Canary Islands. B~itrecently a single specimen on the latter island firsi found by the authoi (see has been captured (see below), indicating that beloiv). it might turn up again. From Gran Canaria anci La Gomera it has not been recorded since Gvi- Habita¡ CHARD (1967). According t0 LEESTM.4US (1975a The species inhabits laurel forests at elevations and 1975bj. T< rirginietisis has also been found of 500-1500 m, but in adjacent pine forests. adults on La Palma. The ‘’occasional sightings” from maj also be observed. Lanzarote by B~I.DWIS(1991) must in fact have * been sonie smali I cardrri. Plier i ologi The flizht period extends from E. \’. to M. IX : Habita: Rrxii-EKi:s AI.TESA (1948) aliegedl!, found an individiial at E. l\’. Because records do not shoM Most observations ha\,e been made in parks discontinuit!.. 1 doubt thc existence of more than near the coast as bveli as in laurel forests. biit single one generation per yea;. The statement by Hi(;c;iss indi\.iduals ha\.e been found ~ipto 200U in. & Rii FY í1978 and 19833 that in Eiir-ope thc species fiies \’I-VII in one generation. but in Kortt; Africr. \‘-\‘l and VIII-IX in tiw senerations. cannOt he true. becaiise the butterfly cari be foiind Adults ha\,e been observed th:oughout the year. until tiir end of Septembrr in soii:liern Europe too (e.g otvn observations).

Earlr. slages These do not seem to have been described from the Caiary Islands. These are unknown in the Canary Islands.

92 0.

m 3 W -z z Y i

a b C a .2i Q -4 a a vi cn aJ C 2

OU? Oh --mm o. Lnr- L’alJootl-pInrlts Enr-li.stnges

,< The larva has not been found in the Canary Unkno\vn in the Canary Islands. Islands but should be searched for on Viola- species. Lar- idfood-plnn ts Kot known in the Canary Islands, probably Unprrblished records Viola species. El Hierro : First record for the island : Frontera -- (800-1000 m), 27.VII.88 (MW) ; Unpirblished records La Palma : Cumbre Xue1.a (1000 m), 1.VIII.88 None. (MCV) ; Los Tilos, 24.-26.VlI.83 (LM) ; La Gomera: Las Hayas (1200 m), 21.VII.88 (MW) ; Las Rosas, Guadalupe, 20.-22.VII.83 (LM) ; Pararge xiphioides STA CDIS c ER, 187 1 Tenerife : Mña. Roja (1500 m), 7.VIII.88 (MW) ; Pto. Cruz, Aguamansa, 13.-15.VII.83 (LM) ;

Pnrarge negeria xiphioides STAUDISGEK Issoria iathonia (LIXKAEVS,1758) Pararge xiphia xiphioides STAUDISG E R

Taxotiomy and range Argynnis lathonia L. Endemic to the Canary Islands ; wing pattern is intermediate between that of the Madeiran Taxononij3and range endemic F! siphiu FABRICIUSand the Palaearctic F! aegeria L. Lvhich recently established itself on Palaearctic migrant species, in Central Europe Madeira, too (OEHMIG 1982 and 1983 ; OWEXet known for its pronounced fluctuations in numbers al. 1986; MEYER& HELLERS 1990; OWEN& and range. SMITH1994).

Distribrrt ion Distribiition The few records of single individuals from Widely distributed in the northern parts of La Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma and Gran Canaria Palma, La Gornera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria (on this latter island only 1 recorded by FER- 6 with some interisland phenotypic differentiation S~VDEZVIDAL 1986) indicate a sporadic occur- (Owm & SMITH1993a). rence on the islands, possibly due to immigration from the African continent. In my opinion the Habitat captures at sea by FERXASDEZVIDAL (1986) are a hint for an immigration from Morocco rather Like E! aegeria, this is a true woodland species than proving migrations between the islands. The which inhabits dense laurel and chestnut forests situation is similar to that o11 Madeira and 1 (only rarely pine woods) up to 2000 m, bu1 shady presume that the species can only temporarily parks or banana plantations are also accepted as establish itself on this island, too, although secondary habitat. This habitat description is also SHREEVF& SXIITH(1990) express a different valid for the sister species I! x@hia frorn Madeira opinion. investigated by SHREEVE& ShiiTti (1992). They found that the recent colonizer, F! aeger-in (ahich Habitat has not been recorded in the Canary Islands), differs in habitat associations from the endeniic Most observations have been made in forests l? siplzia. l? ncgeria predominantly established \vhere the biitterflies were flyin? in barrancos or itself in disturbrd, sunny sites including pine and on clearings. eucalyptus forests, where the endemic \. egetation has recently declined. Whether this decline is diie Phenology to interspecific competition (which interactions Al1 records have been made in the period of betlveen adults did not indicate) or caused by 20.W. to 8.X. ; they do not suffce to give an idea anthropogenic changes of surroundings is an un- of the succession of generations. solved matter.

94 l I l I ioi] l Vanessa virgini ensis DRURY o 1800 - 1974 l 8 1975 - 1994

Argynnis pandora DEN 8 SCHIFF :i;: i;i: I

L! ! ! !o! I Issoria lathonia LINNAEUS o 1800 - 1974 8 1975 - 1994 0 migrant

Pararge xiphioides STGR o 1800 - 1974 1 1975 - 1994

l c

Phenologj. Enrli. stoges Throughout the year in se\.eral not u.ell separ- These are described here for the first time : the ated generations but nith a peak of abundante \vhite egg is about 1 mn-i in diameter (thus inter- in spring. Outside dense laurel forest, numbers mediate in size betwfeen f! aegeria and P xiphia decrease in summer, similar to fl -i-@lrin but in (OEHMIG1979)), but the fine retiform structure contrast to E! aegeria on Madeira (AKASGL'RES of the chorion is like in E aegeria. The young & BAEZ 1984 ; SHREEVE & SMITH1992). larva is white with long blsck hairs and a white

95 => , head uhei-cas thc yoiinc caterpiI1:~r'~head of its (500 ni). 11.\'11.-4.V111.88 (MW) ; Bco. de sister species cqctkr if black arid the hairs are Jieqire (600 ni). Taniario (1200 m), Mña. de \vhite (Roos 1977). Thc adiilt 1ari.a is grren with la \'enta (1320 ni). 5.-18.1V.93 (GJ) ; Los m hitish longitudinal lines and indistinguishable Sauces, 26.X11.8 1, Los Tilos, 24.-26.VlI.83 from the í?aegerio-caterpillar (Bo~i1985). (LM) ; The pupa remains to be described. La Gomera : In the laurel forest area : Las Hayas, Mt. Quemada. El Cedro, Mña. Quemada, Lut-i*al.fOotl-plcrt 115 Mt.Garajonay and Laguna Grande (700- 1200 m). 21.-23.V11.88 (MW) ; Arure. end Accordin? to Siiitrr \ r, SviTH & B \rz (1992) X11.87 (DF): Hermigua, 5.V111.86 (M'B) ; isolated plants of Brrdi~pocliritiisjhwicririi are Valle Gran Rey : Vueltas and Bco. de Arure, prefered as hostplants in laurel and pine forests Las Hayas. La Palmita. El Cedro and Val- on Tenerife. but Aytmris tetiiris, Cat.e.\- diiwlsa, lehermoso, 8.-18.I11.93 (AB) ; Las Rosas, Li izirla jorhteri, Oi:\zop i \ t I I iliucea a n d DactjVis Chipude, 20.-21.V11.83 (LM) ; gloiiiet.af(i vere also noted to be used. OWEN Tenerife : Puerto de la Cruz. 5.VIIi.SS (MW) ; (l988a) found eggs and larvae on Rtmhjpodiiiunz Chinobre ; Anaga, 2.1V.85 and 6.V111.86, pititiutiitu on La Palma. Personal esperiments Bajamar, 12.1V.85 (WB) ; Pto. Cruz, Orot- indicate that, in captiviti', females la) eggs on ava, Candelaria, Ciüimar, Las Caletillas. 12.- man' grass species (like Poa) and caterpillars will 25.X11.8 1, Pto. Cruz, lcod Alto, Aguamansa, readilj, feed on them. I suggest that the structure 13.-19.VII.83 (LM) ; of the hostplant and the surrounding microclimate Gran Canaria : Cruz Tejeda, Fontanales, Firgas, is a much more important factor for an egg-laying Tafira, 8.-12.VII.83 (LM). female and the survival of the caterpillars than its taxonomic position. Hippurchiu ivyssii (CHRIST,1889) - complex Unprihlislieti recorcis In the Canarj. islands, the genus Hipparchia La Palnia : Bco- *gila (200-700 m). Bto. de (subgenus Pse~irlorergirn7ia)is represented by a la (400-800 m)3 de de group of closely related allopatric taxa, each con- ('Ooo m)* Bto. la Rio las Nieves fined to one of the western islands. This paper treats the populations from Tenerife (\tyssii), La Gomera (gomero), El Hierro (baccltris) and La Palma (filosi) as distinct species becaiise of con- siderable differences not only in wing pattern and genitalia but also in early stages and especially in egg niorphology (\VIEMERS 1991), uhereas the populations from Gran Canaria (rnrnndahae) are provisionally treated as a subspecies of it;ixsii, so long as its early stagss remain unknoun. Although the morphological differences are strong indicators c

FIG.I : Pmmrge sip/iioidr.s : hall-grou'n Iai-\,a : La f'ainia. Bco. de la Galga : Fici. 2 : idem ; Fic;. 3 : idsni. adult. Cioniera. Las Hayas : 21.~'11.19SS ; Fi<;.4 : //ijipnrc/iiu yurtrrrcr : !'«iing larrat. : Gorricrit. Bco. de /\rp;igrt F[cs.5 : icicni. Q Cioniera. üco. dc Ariirt. : 21.\'11.1988 : Fi<,.6 : i/ippurchio t*,.>.s.\ii: OLYIC. Tencriic.. Bco. de la Arena. Agti;ini:ima ; FIG.7 : ideiii. lana in L.1 : smit. locality ; Fic;. 8 : idsni. adult 9 : same locality : Fia. 9 : Habitat of I.ámxw iulcariiu : Fayal-Brezal asso- ciation. El Hierro, blt Tabano, 27.V11.1988 ; Fici. 10 : Habitat of Hipprdiiu gotnera : cliffs with suc- culent bush vegetation : Gomera. \'alle Gran Rey. 2 I .VI 1.1988. Egg of-Purcrrge s~h'oic(es: Bco. de la Galga. La Palma : S.E.M. photo by hl. R[;iwi. (Frankfurt a.31.). (photos : M. WI.I:MEKS)

96 PLATE 11

3

1 to sugest species status, the ultimate proof for 1400 rn (Tencrife) and 2000 m, often found drink- the biospecies is the test of reproductive isolation ing at ivet places. .. which is ver- diffcult to accomplish in these allo- patric taxa. Their ph}*logenyis unsolved, but they are prob- ably derived from each other, and may therefore The long single generation ernerges in the begin- be regarded as belonging to a single taxonornic ning of April at louer places on Gran Canaria unit at or above the species level. The term “super- and from the beginning of June on Tenerife. Worn species”. created by MA’~.R(193 1). has been used specimens can be found until the beginning of to designate similar cases, which are especially September in the higher mountains. The larvae common among arquipelago biotas, but its merit, hibernate. apart from merelj. practica1 reasons to deal with cgroups of taxa, whose status is uncertain, has been Ear!,. stages seriously questioned (e.g. LViuhiAss 1985). The following descriptions are based on the nominate subspecies. Early stages of ssp. tamo- Hipparchia wyssii (CHRIST, 1889) cluhae are unknown, yet, but their knowledge rnight clarify if this subspecies is correctly placed with H. ivj-ssii. Satjnis jidia iiyssii CHRIST The white eggs are large (1.5-1.6 mrn in height Satyits rvpsii CH RIST and 1.25-1.35 mm in diameter) bearing 14-15 SatJws3itiia iryssii C H R IST longitudinal ribs which dissolve towards the rnic- Pseirciotergiimia biyssii CH RIST ropyle zone nhere three micropyles were detected in electron micrographs. The chorion is becoming (Sa~jmsficiia bryxsii CHRIST is the correct much thinner aiong the ribs thus producing a original combination, not Satyrus fatua u’yssii strange appearance especially a short time before CHKIST, as erroneously stated in WIEMERS(1991). the caterpillars hatch. In fact SEITZ(1908) and GAEDE (1931) place wyssii The young larva is light-brown with fine dark- as a subspecies of fatua.) brown dorsal, subdorsal and stigrnata-lines as well as a broad dark-brown line above the stigrnata. Taxonorny and range The pupa is unknown. Endemic species, confined to Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Taxonorny, biology and ecology of the Larval fooci-piants H~~a‘c,liia-,i;I.ssii-speciesgroup with the sister species H. bacclirrs, H. gomera and H. tilosi is Larvae have not been found yet. When bred, discussed by WIEMERS(1991) in detail. The nearest they feed on many different grass species (WIE- relative on the continent might be H. teivfzki MERS 1991). WII-TSHIREfrorn the Arab peninsula (SMITH& O\vcx (1995)). The latter have also investigated Unpirbiished records interisland variation of sorne wing pattern char- Tenerife : Aguamansa. Bco. de la Arena (1400 m), act . and discuss their probable evolution. Their 7.VI11.8S (MW) ; Mña. Roja (1800 m), 13.- con,iusions on the relationships betLveen the taxa 15.V11.83 (LM) ; are based on \ving pattern alone, ivithoiit consid- Gran Canaria : Mogan : above Soria, V.88 (TH) ; ering differences in genitalia or early stages. If Maspalomas : Bco. de los Palmitos (400 rn). these had been taken into account. a different and 6.-20.IV.89 (TH) ; Pozo Nieves. 9.V11.83 miich more complicated picture Fvould have (LM) ; Tiraiana, V.1934 (LNMD, 1 Q leg. enierged. A. CADI~ERAir1 coll. ZWKOU.SK~.): Roque Kublo (i 100 m). 29.V.1981 (ZFMK. 1 ieg. Dist rihi ir ion 9 H LYTTF iiE H). Locally distributed in the pine forest regions of Tenerife and Gran Canaria (ssp. tarnadabae OWEK Hipparchia bacchus (H~ccrss,1967) R: S~IITH,1992 lvith distinctive wing pattern). ._ - Habitat Synonjwis Rocky places in barrancos in the Pinris cana- Satjnrs iiyssii CH RIST riensis woods between 400 m (Gran Canaria) or Pserrdotergrrmia ry-ssii bacchtrs H IGG I ss 98 14

Tasoiionij. and range Ta.uoriorn-i-arid rarige Endemic species confined to the island of El Endemic to the island of Gomera. Closest to Hierro. SMITH& OWEX(1995) state that the H. bacchus in wing pattern but genitalia interme- species is closest to H. goinera but this is only diate between H. \cyssii and H. tilosi and eggs true for wing characters, not for genitalia or egg similar to those of H. tilosi. sculpture. Distribution Distribrrtiori Confined to coastal regions of Gomera. Confined to the cliffs of the gulf of Hierro near Frontera and Sabinosa. Huhirar Barrancos, rocky slopes and steep cliffs covered Habitar b). Sras in the succulent bush zone, sometimes also found in vine-yards. The 1500 m high and extremely s?eep grass- covered cliffs of the Risco de Tibataje probably Phenology represent the breeding habitat. Adults have most often been found in vineyards at the bottom of The long flight period lasts from 23.V. to 8.1X. the cliffs but also on the cliffs in the habitat of Nei,ertheless there is only one generation. The the famous Hierro endemic Giant Lizard (Gallotia larvae hibernate. sinionyi STEIXDACHNER,1889) at Fuga de Gorreta (MACHADO 1985). Ear1.r stages The eggs are 1.3 mm in height, 1.1 mm in Phenology diameter and thus only slightly larger than those Adults have been observed between 17.VII. and of H. bacchirs, but they bear 21 ribs which reach 29.VIII. in one generation. The larvae hibernate. the micropyle zone. This shows 4 micropyles which are surrounded by a six-leafed rosette. Earlv stages The young larva is similar to that of H. bacchus. Grown up larvae show additional white lines The eggs are smailer than those of al1 other between the brown lines and three brown stripes Hiyparchia in the Canary Islands (1.2 mm in across the head capsule. height and 1.0-1.1 mm in diameter). They bear 16- The pupa remains unknown. 17 longitudinal ribs dissolving towards the mic- ropyle zone. The 3 micropyles are surrounded by Lnrval food-plarits a six-leaved rosette. The caterpillar is similar to the one of H. btyxsii. Ir. H. bryssii. The pupa remains unknown. Ur ip i r b lished recorcls Larval food-plants : La Gomera : Bco. de Argaga (200 m), Valle Gran Rey : Bco. de Arure (200-300 m), :19.- See H. \t-.ssii. MACHADO (1985) presumes that 24.V11.88 (M W) ; Vallehermoso, Hermigua, the food-plant might include Brachvpodiirm spe- Agulo, 21.-22.V11.83 (LM) ; cies which are abundant on the cliffs.

Hipparchia tilosi (ILImii., 1984) Uripirblished t-ecords

Hierro : Frontera, Pie del Risco (300 m), 28.- 29.VII.8S (MW) ; .Frontera. 16.-17.V11.83 (LM) ; Sabinosa, 19.V111.76 (WF). Tu.\-ononi.i.and rarige Hipparchia gomera (Hicciss, 1967) Endemic to the island of La Palma. The bving pattern is ver} distinctive, with the general appear- Si.nonjwis ance niuch like H. bacchlrs but some forewing Sntyrw yyssii CHRIST characters like H. Lvyssii tamaciabae. Genitalia are Pserrdotprgirmia btyssii gomera HIGGIXS intermediate between H. bacchus and H. goniera Pseudo tergttm ia Myssii bacch Lis H IGGIss and the egg sculpture is closest to H. gomera. * 99 1

2

3

1 , ** 1758) Distribirtion Maniola- .. jl;rtinajurtina_- (LI~XAE~S, Confined to La Palma where it has been ,. Si ‘iiory ms discovered recently and is known only from a few localities in the northeast of the island. Epinephele janira fortrrnata ALPHE RAKY Epinephele janira Iiisp~rllaHOBSER Habitat Epinephele jiirtina fortruiuta AL PH ERAKY Rocky, not too shady places in barranco bot- Tasonoinj. ancl range toms inside the laurel forest. BECK(1991) also records it from light pine forests. The Canary lsland populations belong to the same subspecies as those of Xorth Africa, \\here Phenologj. the nominate ssp. is found (THOMOX1973). (This restriction of LisuÉ’s type locality is in dispute.) As yet only been found from 25.VII. to the 1 cannot support a separation of the Canary beginning of 1X. populations as a different ssp. Cforrrrnaia ALPHERAKI;1889). Spot variation between dif- Ear!v stages ferent islands and in comparison with southern The egg is similar to that of H. goniera in size Portugal has been investigated by OWEN& SM1-w and bears 22 longitudinal ribs, whose structure is (1990 and 1993b). They also conclude that the dissolving towards the micropyle zone, even more origin is to be found in North Africa. than in H. bacchtu. The larva is not different from the H. goniera- Distribirtion larva. Widelv distributed on La Palma. El Hierro and The pupa is unknown. La Gomera; on Tenerife and Gran Canaria confined to the northern parts. A solitary specimen Larva1food-planrs noted by BALDWIN(1991) at Costa Teguise on See H. bvyssii. Lanzarote probably was a stray, perhaps from Morocco, provided that it was correctly identified. Unpirblished records Habitat La Palma: Bco. del Agua: Los Tilos (600 m), 31.VII.88, Sta. Cruz : Bco. de la Rio de las Grassy, not too dry places in the laurel forest Nieves (400-500 m), 4.VIII.88 (MW) ; La zone but not confined to laurel forest and also Cumbrecita (1300 m), M.VIII.88 (WF). common near cultivations.

Phenologj . The flight period of the single generation be- ginning 22.111. at lower eievations, while adults do not emerge until May at high altitudes. There (especially in the laurel forests) they also sem to aestivate like in southern Europe (v. DOWDES- WELL 1981) and u.orn specimens can be found Fic;. 1 : Hipparchia bncchcrs : ovae. El Hierro. Pie del Risco iintil 25.1X. de Tibataje : Fia. 2 : idem. lanae in LI. same locality : Earli. stages Fia. 3 : idem, 8,same locality. 28.VII.1988 ; Fia. 4 : Hipparchia tilosi: ova. La Palma. Bco. de Las Not described from the Canary Islands. Nieves ; FIG.5 : idem. half-grown larva. same locality : Fia. 6 : Cir(i.riu.7 rivbbiniicis 9 : Gomera. Las Hayas, Lm~’CllfoOc~-platlt.s 21.V11.19S8 : Fic;. 7 : ci.c/i.ricis ri.ebbia~irrs: lana (green-red-u.hite form). Kii.irzs (1896) found the caterpillars on Tenerife La Palma, La Galga ; in May biit does not state the food-plant. Most FIG.8 : idem, pupa. sarne locality : probably they feed on different grasses and hiber- FIG.9 : Hipparchia tilosi 0 : La Palma. Bco. de la Nieves ; FIG.10 : Habitat of Hipparchia barcliirs. El Hierro, Risco nate. de Tibataje, Frontera, 28.V11.1988 ; FIG.11 : Habitat of Hipparchia tilosi, La Palma, Bco. de Unpirblished records Rio de Las Nieves, 4.VIII.1988. (photos : M. WIEhlERS) El Hierro : Valverde. (600 m), -.Frontera (300- 101 Q-v -o\ o\- -.-.

II 00 rnm0- c-

oa X 0, 3 Q E O U !-- (B H [Y I O

'1 '1 v, v, 1. a 'Y c c, L a 9 Q 5

l l l l l

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1 l l l l . ./ 1300 m), 26.-29.VII.8S (MW) ;--_ Jinama, Fron- Ta.ronornj*and range tera, 16.-17.VI1.83 (LM) ; YWidely distributed throughout the Palaearctic La Palma : Bco. del Agua (200-700 m), Bco. de up to North Cape ; also in easternmost Africa and la Galga (400-800 m). Sta. Cruz : Quintero eastern North America. Specimens of L. phlaeas (200 m) and Bco. de la Rio de las Nieves from the Canary Islands show extreme individual (300-500 m), Cumbre Nueva (1000 m). Bco. variation in brightness of coloration nhich might de las Angustias (200 m), 31.V11.-4.VIII.88 be induced by ecological factors but they do not (MW) ; Bco. de Jieque (600 m). 14.-18.IV.93 seern to differ from the nominate subspecies. (GJ) ; Los Tilos, 24.-26.VII.83 (LM) ; La Gornera : Valle Gran Rey: Bco. de Arure Disrribiition (200 m), In the laurel forest zone : L2s Hayas, Mt. Quemado, El Cedro, Roque de Agando, Widely distributed on al1 islands, but rarely Mt. Garajonay, Mña. Quemada and Laguna found on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. (For the Grande (700-1200 m), 19.-23.V11.88 (MW) ; latter island it is only noted by GCICHARD(1967) Las Rosas, 20.-22.VII.83 (LM) : Lvithout precise data.) Tenerife : Pto. Cruz, Aguamansa, Las Mercedes, 13.-15.VI1.83 (LM) ; Habitat Gran Canaria : Cruz Tejeda, Fontanales, Tafira, Flowery places in al1 habitat types up to 2300 m 8.-11.VII.83 (LM). in the Cañadas but most abundant in light pine f orests. LYCAENIDAE Phenology Ca//ophrysrubi 1758) (LISXAEUS, Throughout the year in several generations with no apparent seasonal change in population den- Taxonomy and range sities. Distributed throughout the Palaearctic region including Northwest Africa and many Mediterra- Ear!v stages nean islands. Similar to European populations ; larvae with a remarkably high percentage of the reddish Distribiition colour form (K. SCHURIAS, pers. comm.) Apart from the dubious record by HOLT-WHITE (1894), C. rubi was never recorded from the Larval food-plants Canary Islands. Nevertheless HIGGISS& RILEY Egg-laying was observed on Runiex species (R. (1983) indicate its occurrence on Tenerife. Accord- iriaderensis or R. vesicarirrs) on Gran Canaria, but ing to letters of the late L. G. to R. HIGGISS larvae which were reared in captivity readily LEESTMAXS(in litt. 7.XII.1974 and 11.X.1975) this accepted Rriniex acetosa and R. acerosella (K. is based on captures of several specimens taken SCHURIAS,pers. comm.). by the son of Douglas COTTRILLon a holiday on Tenerife in April 1963. One of them (labelled .. Unpirblished records Santa Cruz, 4. IV. 1963) was sent to L. G. HIG- GISS. This record is best explained as an accidental El Hierro :- -Frontera--- (300-1300 m), 26.-28.VII.88 introduction. However it is most interesting to (MW) ; Mirador de las Playas, Taibique, 18.- note that this ubiquitous species has not been able 3 1.II1.9 1 (GJ) ; San Andres, Jinama. Fron- to establish on Tenerife despite of having somehow tera, 16.-17.VII.83 (LM) ; reached the island. La Palma : Bco. de la Galga (400-800 ni), Cumbre Nueva (1000 m). Caldera de Taburiente : Unpirblished records Bco. de las Angustias (200-500 m), 1.- 3.VI11.88 (MW) ; Charco Verde, 23.V1.89 Tenerife : Santa Cruz, IY. 1963 (COTTRILI.leg.) 4. (WB) ; Los Codesos, 1.-9.1V.93 (GJ) : Hoya - s. Distribiition. Grande (1200 m), Tinizara (500 m), 26.X.93 (PN) ; Los Tilos, 24.-26.V11.83 (LM) ; Lycaena phíaeas (Liss.4ELS, 176 1) La Gornera : Mt. Quemado, Laguna Grande, Mt. Garajonay (700-1200 m), Valle Gran Rey : Sjnonj*ms Bco. de Arure (200 m), 21.-23.VII.88 (MW) ; Po!i*omniatrtsphlaeas L. Hermigua, 5.VIII.86 (WB) ; Bco. de Arure,

103 .. I Las Hayas, El Cedro, La Palmita and Val- including peas (Pisruii sari\wni), Cnssia or Cha- lehermoso, 9.-18.111.93 (AB) ; Las Rosas, niaecj-tisirs (see belokv). According to niy own 20.-22.VI1.83 (LM) ; obsenrations, they are often visited by ants, Lasiris Tenerife : Mña. Roja (1400-1800 ni), 7.VII1.88 niger L. (identified by K. FIEDLER,pers. comm.). (MW) ; Masca / Teno, 6.1V.85 (WB) ; Orot- ava, Las Mercedes, Güimar, 12.-25.X11.8 1, Unpiiblished recorcls Pto. Cruz, Aguamansa, Cañadas (2300 m), E1 Hierro- :--Valverde- ---_ (600 m), Frontera (300- Vilaflor, Las Mercedes, Güimar. 13.- 500 m), 27.-29.VlI.88 (MW) ; .Iaibique, 18.VII.83 (LM) : 31.111.91 (GJ) ; Frontera, 16.-17.V11.83 Gran Canaria : Sta. Lucia, Cruz Tejeda, Fonta- (LM) : nales, Firgas, Tafira, Pozo Sie\.es, 8.- La Palma : Bco, del Agua (200-700 m). Bco. de 11.VII.83 (LM) ; la Galga (400-800 m) - eggs and larvae on Lanzarote : Hária, 11.88 (DO). Chaniaec~tisrrspalniensis, 3 1. VI 1. -3 .V 111.88 (MW) ; LOS Tilos, 24.-26.V11.83 (LM) ; Lampides boeticus (LISNAECS, 1767) La Gomera : Valle Gran Rey : La Calera and Bco. x .- de Arure (200 m), Las Hayas, Roque de Sjnonjnrs Agando, Mt. Garajonay, Laguna Grande, Lq'caena baetica L. Chipude (700-1200 m), 20.-24.V11.88 (MW) ; Lq'caena baeticiis L. Las Rosas, 20.-22.VII.83 (LM) ; Cosmoly ce boer ica L. Tenerife : La Laguna - eggs, larvae and pupae, 1.VIII.74 (WF) ; Candelaria, Güirnar, 18,- Taxononiy and range 25.X11.81, Pto. Cruz, lcod Alto, Aguamansa, Cosmopolitan migrant in tropical and subtrop- 13.-19.VII.83 (LM) ; ical regions throughout the world. Gran Canaria : Maspalomas, end 111.80 (OL) ; Tafira, 8.V11.83 (LM). Distribtition AZQ~USubaldus (CRAMER, 1782) Widespread on al1 islands, on Tenerife partic- ularly along the north coast. From Lanzarote Taxononij9and range recorded only by GUICHARD (1967) without precise Palaeotropical elernent with vast distribution in data. savannas from Morocco to India. Habitat Distribiitiori 1 Not confined to a specific habitat type if larval Only known from Playa del Inglés/ Maspalomas food-plants are present, occurrhg at altitudes up on Gran Canaria. The first specimens were cap- to 2000 m, but more common at lower elevations. tured by P. Ni.iss~s(Schiedam, NL) in 1982.but "iqh population densities can be observed in the were not identified until 1992 (OLIVIER & VAN mterbuschland" characterized by bushy Faba- DER POORTEU 1992). The recent record by .ie o f the genus Adenocarpiis, Chaniaecytisris, SCHUKIAU& HOKSEMASN (1992) indicates- that Ieline and Ulex. the species is pernianently established at Maspa- lomas. Phen o logj. Throughout the year in several generations. Hahiraf Subdesert coastal districts around Acacia trees Earlv srages ivhose flowers are used as nectar sources by the Probably indistinguishable from Mediterranean adults. populations. The ground colour of the larva varies Phetiologj. from clear green to deep red with al1 intermediates. It has a dark dorsal line and many light lateral Only foiirid in the end of January and April, diagonal lines. The pupa is grey Lvith many black but probably flying throughout the year in several spots especially on the dorsal side. generations as in Africa.

Larva1food -plants Enrli. srages The laivae feed in fruits of different Fabaceae, Not known frorn the Canary Islands. 104 p' , ,< .\ Larval food-planrs : fields of the Pico de los Muchachos (1600-2000 m) on La Palma, a site comparable to, thq Cañadas Not known for the Canary Islands, most prob- on Tenerife. ably ornamental Acacia. Phenologj. Unpt iblished records The species has several inseparable generations None. throughout the year, at least at low elevations. ToLvards higher altitudes, population densities Cyclqtrius webbianus (BRLLLÉ, 1839) become very high during summer months but decrease to zero in autumn. Sjnonjn7s It is not known how C. rvebbianrrs survives the Ljcaena forttrnata STAUDISGER winter at high altitudes. On the Cañadas, no Lj*caena bvebbiantrs BRULLÉ specimens have been found between 5.X. and 2.V. Ljraena utebbiana BRULLÉ Cldiriris webbianiis BRULLÉ Earlj. stages These have been described by BACALLADO Taxonorny and range (1976). This Canary Island endemic is not especially The eggs bear about 40 spiral ribs, half of them closely related to any other butterfly. Its next laevorotatory, the other dextrorotatory towards relative is Cyclyriirs nzandersi DRUCE 1907 from the micropyle zone. Mauritius which may have become extinct in The young larva is whitish whereas the full- recent decades (WILLIAMS1989 ; DAVIS& BARNES grown larva is very variable in colour. It can be 1993). iight green with a pair of slightly lighter dorsal lines, several diagonal lateral lines and white Distribution lateral stigmata-lines or change to deep red with Widespread on La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife al1 intermediates. It can also be densely covered . and Gran Canaria. On El Hierro, the species has bvith white excluding only the regions of the been found only once (on the 29.VIII.1889 3 $3 reddish lines. in the Mña. Tenezedra (700m) SIMOXYleg., The larva is densely covered with fine white hair. The light-brown pupa is hairy, too, with according to REBEL & ROGENHOFER 1894). This record is reliable, but the actual occurrence remains many fine dark-brown spots across the body. to be confirmed. Landfood -plants Habitat Different Fabaceae, according to BACALLADO ( 1976), Lotris sessilifolitrs at low elevations, Ade- On the western islands, C. crvbbianzis is not nocarprrs foliolosiis and Lotris glaricirs at higher restricted to a specific habitat and is missing only elevations and Adenocarpus viscostis (but not in the arid zones of the central islands. Like its Spartocpisrrs sripranrrbiirs !) at the high altitudes food-plants, the species profits from the degrada- on Tenerife. On La Palma, the larva feeds on tion and opening of the laurel forests and it is Lotrrs hiilebrandii, according to the same author, much more numerous at higher altitudes than at and 1 found them on Teline srenopetala (see lou elevations. On the 2000 m high plateau of the below). In feeding experiments the larvae accept Cañadas on Tenerife. the species can develop many other Fabaceae, including Onobrj~lris(K. extremely high population densities with hiindreds SCHL~RI.\\.pers. comm.). of thousands if not niillions of individuals (own observations) and specimens have been observed Lhpr rblislied recoirls up to 3500m near the summit of Mt Teide (LEESTMASS,1975a). On the Cañadas. 1 found the La Palma: Bco. del Agua (200-700 m), Bco. de biitterflies particularly flying around the domina- la Galga (400-800 m), - Q egg-laying. eggs ting Spartocj.tisirs sripranirbiiim shrubs and suck- and larvae on Teline stenopetala, Sta. Cruz : ing at the pink flowers of Pterocepphalrrs lasios- Quintero and Bco. de la Rio de las Nieves pernium. (At middle heights Dittrichia viscosa and (200-500 m), Cumbre Nueva (1000 m), Cal- Micromeria-species are preferred as nectar plants.) dera de Taburiente: Dos Aguas (500 m), Surprisingly REBEL & ROGENHOFER(1894) note 3i.VII.-4.ViII.88 (MW) ; Monte de Luna, the absence of C. webbianus on the pumice-stone 19.VIII.86 (WB); Los Codesos (1200 m),

105 ‘8 . Rco. de Jieque (600 m), Ermita de San Ni- The adults fly close above sparse vegetation; colas (600 m), 1.-16.IV.93 (GJ) ; Fuenca- feeditig has been obser\.ed on flowers of Helio- liente, Los Sauces, 26.X11.81, Los Tilos, 24.- tropirim raniosissirnrini and il~esei?ibr~.anther?trrtii 26.VII.83 (LM) ; ~iod~floruni(SCHC.RI-\Y 1994). La Goniera : Arure (800 m) ; in the laurel forest : Las Hayas, Mt. Quemado, El Cedro, Roque Phenologj. de Agando, Mt. Garajonay, Mña. Quemada, Throughout thc year in severa1 inseparable Lasuna Grande (700-1200 m), 21.-23.VI1.88 generations. (MCV); Hermigua, end X11.87 (OL); Las R.ssas. Chipude, 20.-22.VI1.83 (LM) ; Earli. srages Tenerife : Las Cañadas : El Portillo, Mña. Blanca, Teide, Los Roques (2000-2300 m) - eggs Scnuw-2\ (1994) reared the species from Gran and larvae on Adenocarprrs viscosus, Mña. Canaria populations. He describes courtship be- Roja (1400-2000 m), 6.-7.VIII.88 (MW) ; Ft. haviour and iliustrates the early stages. The larvae Esperanza, ErjosiTeno, Benijo / Anaga, were polymorphic with a ground-colour ranging 9.-12.VII1.86 (WB) ; Orotava (1300 m), Las from green to red with various intermediate forms. Mercedes. Arafo, Candelaria, Güimar, Las Thej. are visited by ants (identified as belonging Caletillas, 12.-25.XII.81, Pto. Cruz, Icod to the genus Pheidole). Eggs were partly parasitized Alto, Aguamansa, Mña. Roja (1800 m), Las by Chalcididae, and larvae of Cotesia criprercs Cañadas (2300 m), Las Mercedes, 13.- LYLE(Braconidae) ernerged from one of the 19.V11.83 (LM) ; caterpillars. Gran Canaria : Maspalomas, end 111.80 (OL) ; Larval food-plants Sta. Lucia, Cruz de Tejeda, Fontanales, Pozo Nieves, 8.-11.VlI.83 (LM). SCHURIAS(1994) found eggs and larvae on Aniaranthiis, and single eggs were layed on Malva Zizeeriu knysna (TRIMEK,1862) and one other plant (Fagonia?). Egg-laying was observed at verges on solitary plants which were Srnonjws frequently tread or rolled down. When reared in captivity, larvae accepted different Fabaceae (Trq- Ljraena ljsimon H~~BXER olium, Lotiis, Coronilla) and females deposited Zizera lysimon corneliae REGTEREK ALTENA some eggs on Trifolirrm repens. Zizera hsitnon HUBNEK Unpiiblished record Tasonomj. and range La Palma: Sta. Cruz, Los Llanos de Aridane Atlantomediterranean element with scattered (350 m), 3O.V11.-2.VI11.88 (MW) ; Pto. de colonies on the Iberian peninsula and Korthwest Tazacorte, 17.1V.93 (GJ) ; Tazacorte, Pto. Africa, but the range of its close sister species, Naos, 3.-4.X1.93 (PN) ; 2. karsandra MOORE, includes the entire Old La Gomera : Valle Gran Rey : La Calera, Vueltas, World tropics. Bco. de Arure (100-200 m), 19.-24.y11.88 (MW) ; Valle Gran Rey, end X11.87 (DF) ; Distribiition Tenerife : Puerto de la Cruz, 5.V111.88 (MW) ; Localized in the coastal districts of al1 islands ; Pto. Cruz, Las Mercedes, Candelaria, Güi- singl :ords onlj’ for El Hierro, La Gomera and mar, Las Caletillas, Las Galletas. Los Gi- Lanzarote ; GL~ICHARD(1967) is the only one who gantes, 15.-27.X11.81, Pto. Cruz, 15.V11.83 notes its occurrence on Fuerteventura. imv ; Gran Canaria: Pto. Rico, Sta. Lucia, Firgas, Habit n t 7.12.Vl1.83 (LM). Subtropical plant associations of weeds growing Ariciu cranzera (EXHSCHOI.TZ,1821) in disturbed areas much influenced by man and vehicles, like the Polwarpon-Alternanthera-asso- Sj-norijx1s ciation (“Trittpflanzen-Gesellschaft” in German, compare OBERDORFER 1967) at verges near the Lj*caenaastrarche canariensis BMCHIFR coast, most often in villages, only rarely in bar- Aricia mecion cramera ESCHSCHOi.TZ rancos of the laurel forest zone. Only REGTEREK Aricia canariensis BLACHIER ALTENA(1948) notes its occurrence in the Cañadas. Aricia agestis cramera Escnscnoirrz .

106 0.

'D C '1 4

C 4 Azanus ubaldus CRAMER o 1800 - 1974 1975 - 1994

Aricia cramera ECCHSCHOLTZ o 1800 - 1974 a 1975 - 1994

o 1800 - 1974 e 1975 - 1994 0 doubtful/stray

l o 1800 - 1974 1 Thymelicus christi REBEL a 1975 - 1994

*

Tusononij' arid ratige thr Canarian Aricin : the s~btematicstatus is dis- cussed b' HoI-GI+G[I iwi iBalearic Islands and the lberian pen- insula where it seems to be locally sympatric with Local and uncommon on Tenerife, Gran Ca- Aricia agestis D. and S. ScHiLiiDT-KoEtiL (1971) naria, La Gomera, La Palnia and El Hierro ; on entangled the at times confused nomenclature of the latter island, only recently discovered (fipt

108 reported by Otvm 1988, but already found in 1983 Disrribirtion by L. MASIL). A local species on Fuerteventura and'lanzarote, Habito1 particularly in the hillsides. The species has never been reported from the western islands, but re- Flowery sunny spots inside the forests, in par- cently single inditiduals have been observed (but ticular sucking at yellow-flowering Asteruceae. On unfortunately no proofs have been collected) on Tenerife and La Palma, the species is most often Gran Canaria and La Palma (see unpublished observed in pine forests and on La Gomera, where records). The authenticity of these records is in- natural pine woods are absent, it is also especially creased after the discover- of t\vo specimens (1 8 common in plantations of pines. On El Hierro. 3- 1 9) in coll. ZFMK (Bonn) which were still 1 found it at a sheltered wet spot covered with in their original labeled envelopes (see Unprrblished grass and fern at the bottom of the cliffs and a records). These constitute the first record for similar habitat is described by RETZLAFF(1978) Tenerife. Possibly these records indicate a recent for Gran Canaria. colonization of the western islands. On Gran Canaria, the species was first encountered in 1978, Phenologj. whereas both the records from Tenerife and La The butterflies fly throughout the year in severa1 Palma are from 1989. Al1 these records are from generations. sites near the coast.

Early stages Habitar See SCHURIAN(1995). Flowery meadows and coastal cliffs with large stocks of the larva1 food-plant in sheltered posi- Larval food-plants tions. SCHURIAN(1995) observed oviposition in Tene- rife on Tuberaria gtrttata L. (Cistaceae). Phenology Severa1 generations throughout the year al- Unpublished records though alniost no observations exist for the

El Hierro : Fronterac-- and Pie del Risco (300 m), sunimer months. Therefore it might be that the 28.VII%3 (MW) ; San-AndLes, Jinama,.- Fron- larvae aestivate during summer when their food- tera, 16.-17.VII.83 (LM) ; plants are desiccated. La Palma: Caldera de Taburiente: Dos Aguas (500 m), 2.VIII.88 (MW) ; Los Tilos, 24.- E¿v[r srages 26.VII.83 (LM) ; The adult larva is green with pairs of only La Gomera : Las Hayas (1200 m), Mt. Garajonay slightly lighter dorsal and stigmata-lines. (1200 m), 21.-23.VII.88 (MW) ; Valle Gran Rey, end X11.87 (DF) ; Larva1food-plants Tenerife : Mña. Roja (1500 m), 7.V111.88 (MW) ; Las Caletillas, 19.X11.81, Vilaflor, Las Mer- On Lanzarote, egg-laying was observed pn the cedes, Güimar, 13.-18.VII.83 (LM) ; leaves of Lotris lancerottensis (OWEX1988 ; K. Gran Canaria : Fontanales, Pozo Nieves, 9.- SCHURIAS,pers. comm.) and on Fuerteventura, 11.V11.83 (LM). the larva kvas found to feed on the same plant (O\\.cs & ~VIEXIERS1992). Po~o~~~Q~usicarus (ROTTEMBLRC , 1775) U)ipirblished recortls La Palma : ? Los Llanos. 25.1.8.11.89 (DG) ; ? Pto. Ljwmia icarirs celina ACSTAUT de Tazacorte, 15.1V.93 (GJ) ; Tenerife : Punta Hidalgo, IO.Vl1.89 (WB) - iden- Tusononi!. and range tification confirmed by the author ; This Palaearctic species is the most common Gran Caparia : ? Arguineguin, VIII.78 and 1.86 blue in large parts of its vast range and no (DG) ; subspecific differentiation seems to have evolved, Fuerteventura : Tindaya, Betancuria - also an at least in Europe. The female-form caerulescens adult larva on Lom lancerottensis, Vega de WHEEL+ERwith blue suffusion on the upperside Rio Palmas, 300-400 m, 22.-26.11.91 (DO is common in the Canary Islands. and MW) ; 109 Lanzarote : Hária. Las Casitas de Feniés, 300 m, Unprrhlislieti re( 0rd.s 'I 2.-3.111.91 (MW). El Hierro : First record for this island : Frontera, Pie del Risco (300 m), 28.-29.VII.88 (MW) ; HESPERIIDA E La Palma: Bco. del Agua (200m), Bco. de la Galga (400-800 m). Cumbre Nueva (1000 m). Ihymelicus christi (REBEL,1894) Sta. Cruz : Quintero (200 m) and BCO.de la - ---. -:A-.- Rio de las Kieves (300-400 m), 31.VII.- Sj~~oiijms 4.VI11.88 (MW): LOS Tilos. 24.-26.VI1.83 (LM) : Hesperia actaeon EsPfn Tenerife : Masca , Teno, 6.1V.85 (WB) ; Agua- Adopaea acteon ROTTEMBL'RG mansa, Güimar, 13.-18.V11.83 (LM) : Adopaea christi REBEL Gran Canaria : Cruz de Tejeda, Fontanales, 8.- Thpielicrrs acteon christi REBEL 11.V11.83 (LM). Thjnielicrrs actaeon chrisri REBEL Acknowledgements Taxonorq. and range Many colleagues gave their records for inclusion into Many authors consider the Canary Island en- this paper nhich helped to improve the distribution demic, T. christi, as a subspecies of Thjwtelicus maps. 1 am grateful to al1 of them. The list of in- ncreon ROTTEMBCKG, a holomediterranean ele- formants (1st part, pp. 72-73) is ordered according to ment with a northern range extending to Central the abbreviations used to mark their records in this Europe, although differences in wing coloration paper and includes an enumeration of the islands from are quite obvious (LEESTMXNS 1975a). which records have been obtained. NORDMAN(1933) cites a specimen captured by 1 am also obliged to those colleagues who contributed to this paper in diffrrent ways ; LISDBERG in 1926 in the High Atlas (Morocco) and ZERNY (1935) mentions a few captured by Prof. Dr Klaus ROSE(Mainz) granted me to examine SCHWISGENSCHUSCin 1933 in the same range. and photograph the type of Gonepterys cleoparra rosei ZERNY (1935) is much in doubt of their exact G~oss,1973 in his collection. taxonomic status due to lack of material. The Brian O. C. GARDISER(Carnbridge) provided hybrid Atlas population probably belongs to 7: acteon specimens obtained from his crossing experiments between Pieris brassicae and Pieris cheiranrhi. oranus EVANS as suggested by LEESTMAXS(1975a). Prof. Dr Peter HOLLERMANS(Bonn) kindly permit- ted to reproduce his graphic presentation of climatic Disrribrrrion characteristics of the Canary Islands. Locally distributed in the north of the western Dr Eckhard Sctlru3DFR (Bonn) helped in the deter- islands (incl. Gran Canaria). First identified on El mination of several plants. Hierro by the author (see below). Dr Denis O\VEN(Oxford) and Dr Klaus G. SCHL.RI-\V(Kelkheim) read and corrected the proofs of the manuscript and provided important additional Hnbitnr pieces of information. Grassy places in the lower transition zones hlercedes BARBOS(Bonn) translated the symmary between the laurel forest and the succulent bush into Spanish. Dr Liic M,.\\ii. (Bures-sur-Yvette) for his cornrnents represent the favoured habitat of the species. and data. Pheriologi, Finally 1 thank Ronny LI~I-S-IN.A\Sfor his interest in publishing this paper and his competent advice in From 1I.III. to 25.1X., probably in 2-3 gener- the stage of terminating the rnrinciscript. at ions. Bibliographj Earlj. stages Apart froni the papers cited in the test 1 have niade These remain to be described and do not seem a11 effort to include al1 papers dealing u.ith butterflies to have been found. of the Canary lslands, especially those \vhich appeared after the last comprehensive bibliography bj. LEES-I- Larva1food -plants MASS (1975a). With the only exception of Hoi.i-CV~iiti (1894) which turned out to be inaccessible, al1 these Not known in the Canary Islands, probably papers have been read and evaluated by the author, species of grass. especially for the production of the distribution maps.

110 II A ‘ 4% Also included are some of the most recent and more BAYSES,E. S. A., 1961, Canary lsland Butterflies. comprehemive papers on the butterflies of the other Enroniologist 94 : 260-262, North Atlantic Islands. A Canary bibliography for al1 BECK,A., 1991, Tagfalterbeobachtungen aufden Kanar- insect orders has been compiled by MACHADO (1987). ischen lnseln. Entomol. Z. 101 : 450-452. BERGMASS,H.-H. & ESGLASDER,W., 1993, Reise- ALLCARD, H. G. & A. VALLETTA,1978, A week of führer Katur. Kanarische Inseln. BLV München, collecting in Tenerife, Canary Islands, in Sep- 160 pp., 131 col. pict., 54 black and white pict. tember 1977. Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 90 : 91-94. BERsARDI, G.. 1961, Biogéographie et spéciation des ALLCARD, H. G. & A. VALLETT.-\.1981, The Canary Lépidoptkres Rhopalockres des lles Méditerra- lslands revisited in 1979. Enromol. Rec. J. Var. néennes. /ti : Le peirplemenr des /les itíédirerra- 93 120-125. néennes et le problhe de l’insirlariré. Colioques ALLCARD,H. G. & A. VALLETTA,1982, TLVOweeks di1 C. A?.R. S. (Paris) 94 : 18 1-2 15. at the Canary Islands in 1981. Enromol. Rec. J. BLACHIER: Ch., 1887, XOtiCeS sur les Lépidoptkres Var. 94 : 11 1-1 16. diurnes de l7le de Ténériffe. Ferrille jeun. fiar. ALLCARD, H. G. & A. VALLETTA, 1984, A week in 17 : 100-103. La Palma, Canary Islands, in 1982. SHILAP BODI,E., 1985, Die Raupen der europaischen Tagfalter. Revta. lepid. 11 : 319-321. - Les Chenilles des papillons diurnes européens. ALLUAUD,M. C., 1892, [Capture de deux Anrhocharis - The caterpillars of European Butterflies. 47 (Lép.) dans les iles Canaries]. Brrll. Soc. eritomol. pp. & 19 pls. Compikgne (Sciences Nat). France 1892 : 239. BOIREAU,P., 1985, Danaiis clir}.sippirs L. pour la ALPHERAKY, S., 1889, Zur Lepidopteren-Fauna von premiere fois en Corse (Lepidoptera, h’ympha- Teneriffa. In : Romanofl X.M. : Ménioires siir lidae). Alexanor 13 : 365-366. les Lépidopti.res 5 : 203-232. St. Petersburg. 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118