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Chemistry Helper- Front.Ai NONMETALS THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS +1 Alkali Metals+1 Noble Gases 0 1 -1 2 +2 -4 Alkaline +2 possible +3 +4 Hydrogen atomic number +4 oxidation states Pb solid -3 -2 -1 Helium 1.008 1s Earth Metals 50 Chalcogens Halogens 1s 4.003 -2 0 +1 +2 element name +3 +2 +1 -1 liquid +4 +2 8 10 3 4 Sn Br 5 6 -4 7 +3 9 +4 Tin atomic weight +5 Be outermost gas -1 Li orbital 5p* 118.710 B C N -2 -3 Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon indicates variation 6.941 +12s 9.012 +2 in electron placement 10.811 +32p 12.011 +2 14.007 2p+3 15.999 +4 18.998 +12p 20.180 0 +6 +5 11 12 +4-4 15 +5-3 16 -2 17 +7 18 13 14 -1 Na Mg TRANSITION METALS Al Si P S Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon 22.990 +13s 24.305 +2 +3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2 26.982 3p+3 28.086 +2 30.974 3p+3 32.066 +4 35.453 +13p 39.948 0 +3 +3 +4 +5 +6 +5 +4 +4 +3 +3 +2 -3 -2 -1 19 20 21 22 23 +5 24 +6 25 +4 +3 +3 +3 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 +7 26 27 28 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton 39.098 4s 40.078 44.956 3d 47.867 50.942 3d* 51.996 54.938 3d 55.845 58.933 3d 58.693 63.546 *3d* 65.39 69.723 4p 72.61 74.922 4p 78.96 79.904 4p 83.80 +1 +2 +3 +4 +3 +6 +4 +3 +3 +2 +1 +2 +3 +2 +3 +4 +1 0 +5 +6 +4 +4 +5 +6 +5 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 +7 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 -3 52 -2 53 +7 54 -1 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon 85.468 91.224 92.906 95.94 101.07 102.906 106.42 114.818 118.710 121.760 126.904 +15s 87.62 +2 88.906 +34d +4 +5*4d* +6 (98) +4*4d* +3 +3*4d* +2 107.868 +1*4d* 112.411+1 +15p +2 +35p 127.60 +2 5p 131.29 0 +6 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 +7 76 +4 77 +4 78 +4 79 +3 80 +2 81 +3 82 +4 83 +5 84 +4 85 86 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon 132.906 6s 137.327 138.906 5d 178.49 180.948 *5d 183.84 186.207 5d* 190.23 192.217 5d* 195.078 196.967 *5d* 200.59 204.383 6p 207.2 208.980 6p (209) (210) 6s (222) +1 +4 87 88 +2 89 +3 104 105 106 107 108 109 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium (223) 7s (226) (227) 6d (261) (262) 6d (263) (262) 6d (265) (266) 6d 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 LANTHANIDES Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium 140.116 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.967 ELECTRON PLACEMENT start here 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 1s2 ACTINIDES Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium 2s2 2p6 232.038 231.036 238.029 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 DIATOMIC ELEMENTS PREFIXES =atomic weight in grams for an element Bromine 1. mono =molecular weight in grams for a compound 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 Chlorine 2. di =6.02x1023 atoms for an element Fluorine 3. tri =6.02x1023 molecules for a compound 2 6 10 6s 6p 6d Hydrogen 4. tetra =22.4 liters for a gas at STP Iodine 5. penta =24.4 liters for a gas at S.C. 7s2 7p6 Nitrogen 6. hexa 7. hepta 8s2 Oxygen 8. octa 9. nona 10. deca s = soluble SOLUBILITY CHART RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT DIGITS STEPS TO DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS I = insoluble 1. Digits other than zero are always significant. How many seconds are in 76 years? 1. Determine Unknown: - = does not exist 96 g 2 significant digits Unknown: seconds a. Establish the units you are trying to get by reading the question. s/I= partly soluble 61.4 g 3 significant digits 0.52 g 2 significant digits Given: 76 years Bromide Bromide Carbonate Chlorate Chloride Hydroxide Iodide Nitrate Oxide Phosphate Sulfate Sulfide d= decomposes Acetate 2. One or more final zeros used after the decimal Known Relationships: +3 2. Determine the Given and Known Relationships: Aluminum s s - s s i s s i i - d Al point are always significant. 60 sec = 1 min + a. Write down the information that is given in the problem. Ammonium s s s s s s s s - s s s NH4 4.72 km 3 significant digits 60 min = 1 hr b. Write down any relationships that might help in the conversion. Barium s s i s s s s s s i i s Ba+2 4.7200 km 5 significant digits 24 hr = 1 day 82.0 m 3 significant digits Cadmium s s i s s i s s i i s i Cd+2 365 days = 1 year 3. Zeros between two other significant digits are +2 Calcium s s i s s i s s i i i i Ca always significant. 3. Setup Diagram: + Copper(I) -ous - s/i i - i i i - i - d i Cu 5.029 m 4 significant digits 76 years a. Start with the given. Copper(II) -ic s s d s s i - s i i s i Cu+2 306 km 3 significant digits s b. Place the units you are trying to get at the end of the diagram. 4. Zeros used solely for spacing the decimal point Hydrogen s s s s s s s s s s s s H+ are not significant. The zeros are placeholders Iron(II) -ous s s i - s i s s i i s i Fe+2 only. 4. Canceling Units: Iron(III) -ic i s - - s i - s i i s/i i Fe+3 7000 g 1 significant digit a. This can be done by making sure the units you are trying to cancel Lead(II) -ous s s/i i s s/i i i s i i i i Pb+2 0.00783 kg 3 significant digits 76 years 365 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 s are both on top and bottom. 5. Counted numbers have an infinite number of s Lead(IV) -ic d - - - d - - - i - - - Pb+4 1 year 1 day 1 hr 1 min b. Keep adding relationships to the dimensional analysis diagram until significant digits. +2 all units have canceled except the one(s) you are trying to get. Magnesium s s i s s i s s i i s d Mg 32 people ∞ significant digits Manganese s s i - s i s s i - s i Mn+7 3 cars ∞ significant digits 5. Check the Setup: + Mercury(I) -ous s/i i i s/i i - s/i s/d i i/d i i Hg 76 years 365 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 s a. Make sure all unwanted units cancel out. Mercury(II) -ic +2 2,400,000,000 s b. Make sure all relationships used are correct. s s/i i s s i i s i s/i d i Hg 1 year 1 day 1 hr 1 min Nickel s s i s s i s s i i s i Ni+2 CHEMISTRY + Potassium s s s s s s s s d s s s K 6. Calculate Results: Silver s i i s i - i s i i s/i i Ag+ STUDY GUIDE a. Multiply all values on top and divide by all values on the bottom. Sodium s/i s s s s s s s d s s s Na+ b. Round to the correct number of significant figures. Designed by: 76 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60) / (1 x 1 x 1 x 1) = 2,396,736,000 = 2,400,000,000 Tin(II) -ous - s/d - - s/d - s/d - i i s/d i Sn+2 c. Remember definitions have an infinite number of significant Mike Stratton figures. Tin(IV) -ic s s i s s i s d i i s i Sn+4 +2 Centralia High School Zinc Zn - - - - - - - 2 3 2 2 2 I 3 - - - - r - 3 Science Teacher NAMES & CHARGES OF POLYATOMIC IONS 4 4 3 S Cl B O OH 1- NO 2- 3- 4- PO SO CO ClO COO (360)330-7605 - 2- 3- 3 Acetate C2H3O2 Carbonate CO3 Arsenate AsO4 Hexacyanoferrate(II) [email protected] 4- CH Fe(CN)6 - 2- 3- 4- NH2 Orthosilicate SiO Amide Chromate CrO4 Arsenite AsO3 4 - 2- 3- 4- Astatate AtO3 Dichromate Cr2O7 Borate BO3 Diphosphate P2O 7 NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS - 2- 3- Azide N3 Hexachloroplatinate PtCl6 Citrate C6H5O7 - 2- Benzoate C6H5COO Hexafluorosilicate SiF6 Hexacyanoferrate(III) yes no 3- Does the formula Are there two atoms, It is an Does the acid contain a METRIC CONVERSTIONS Fe(CN)6 - 2- 3- begin with H? both the same? acid polyatomic ion (more Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol Bismuthate BiO3 Molybdate MoO 4 Phosphate PO4 - 2- Phosphite PO 3- than two elements)? tera Up=Left Bromate BrO3 Oxalate C2O4 3 no yes 1 000 000 000 000 T - 2- giga Chlorate ClO3 Peroxide O2 1+ 2+ yes 1 000 000 000 G - 2- + 2+ no Chl orite ClO2 Peroxydisulfate S2O8 Ammonium NH4 Mercury(I) Hg2 1 000 000 mega M - + 2+ Does it begin with a It is the diatomic gas Cyanide CN Neptunyl(V) NpO2 Neptunyl(VI) NpO2 1 000 kilo k - 2- + 2+ metal which has more hydrogen.
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