NONMETALS

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS +1 Alkali Metals+1 Noble Gases 0

1 -1 2 +2 -4 Alkaline

+2 possible +3 +4 atomic number +4 oxidation states Pb solid -3 -2 -1 Helium 1.008 1s Earth Metals 50 Chalcogens Halogens 1s 4.003 -2 0 +1 +2 element name +3 +2 +1 -1 liquid +4 +2 8 10 3 4 Sn Br 5 6 -4 7 +3 9

+4 atomic weight +5 Be outermost gas -1 Li orbital 5p* 118.710 B C N -2 -3 Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon indicates variation 6.941 +12s 9.012 +2 in electron placement 10.811 +32p 12.011 +2 14.007 2p+3 15.999 +4 18.998 +12p 20.180 0 +6 +5 11 12 +4-4 15 +5-3 16 -2 17 +7 18 13 14 -1 Na Mg TRANSITION METALS Al Si P S Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon

22.990 +13s 24.305 +2 +3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2 26.982 3p+3 28.086 +2 30.974 3p+3 32.066 +4 35.453 +13p 39.948 0 +3 +3 +4 +5 +6 +5 +4 +4 +3 +3 +2 -3 -2 -1 19 20 21 22 23 +5 24 +6 25 +4 +3 +3 +3 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 +7 26 27 28 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Scandium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton 39.098 4s 40.078 44.956 3d 47.867 50.942 3d* 51.996 54.938 3d 55.845 58.933 3d 58.693 63.546 *3d* 65.39 69.723 4p 72.61 74.922 4p 78.96 79.904 4p 83.80 +1 +2 +3 +4 +3 +6 +4 +3 +3 +2 +1 +2 +3 +2 +3 +4 +1 0 +5 +6 +4 +4 +5 +6 +5 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 +7 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 -3 52 -2 53 +7 54 -1 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon 85.468 91.224 92.906 95.94 101.07 102.906 106.42 114.818 118.710 121.760 126.904 +15s 87.62 +2 88.906 +34d +4 +5*4d* +6 (98) +4*4d* +3 +3*4d* +2 107.868 +1*4d* 112.411+1 +15p +2 +35p 127.60 +2 5p 131.29 0 +6 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 +7 76 +4 77 +4 78 +4 79 +3 80 +2 81 +3 82 +4 83 +5 84 +4 85 86 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Cesium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Thallium Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon 132.906 6s 137.327 138.906 5d 178.49 180.948 *5d 183.84 186.207 5d* 190.23 192.217 5d* 195.078 196.967 *5d* 200.59 204.383 6p 207.2 208.980 6p (209) (210) 6s (222) +1 +4 87 88 +2 89 +3 104 105 106 107 108 109 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium (223) 7s (226) (227) 6d (261) (262) 6d (263) (262) 6d (265) (266) 6d

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 LANTHANIDES Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium 140.116 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.967 ELECTRON PLACEMENT start here 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

1s2 ACTINIDES Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium 2s2 2p6 232.038 231.036 238.029 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) 3s2 3p6 3d10

4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 DIATOMIC ELEMENTS PREFIXES =atomic weight in grams for an element Bromine 1. mono =molecular weight in grams for a compound 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 Chlorine 2. di =6.02x1023 atoms for an element Fluorine 3. tri =6.02x1023 molecules for a compound 2 6 10 6s 6p 6d Hydrogen 4. tetra =22.4 liters for a gas at STP Iodine 5. penta =24.4 liters for a gas at S.C. 7s2 7p6 Nitrogen 6. hexa 7. hepta 8s2 Oxygen 8. octa 9. nona 10. deca s = soluble CHART RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT DIGITS STEPS TO DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS I = insoluble 1. Digits other than zero are always significant. How many seconds are in 76 years? 1. Determine Unknown:

- = does not exist 96 g 2 significant digits Unknown: seconds a. Establish the units you are trying to get by reading the question. s/I= partly soluble 61.4 g 3 significant digits

0.52 g 2 significant digits Given: 76 years

Bromide Chlorate d= decomposes 2. One or more final zeros used after the decimal Known Relationships: +3 2. Determine the Given and Known Relationships: Aluminum s s - s s i s s i i - d Al point are always significant. 60 sec = 1 min + a. Write down the information that is given in the problem. s s s s s s s s - s s s NH4 4.72 km 3 significant digits 60 min = 1 hr b. Write down any relationships that might help in the conversion. Barium s s i s s s s s s i i s Ba+2 4.7200 km 5 significant digits 24 hr = 1 day 82.0 m 3 significant digits Cadmium s s i s s i s s i i s i Cd+2 365 days = 1 year 3. Zeros between two other significant digits are Calcium s s i s s i s s i i i i Ca+2 always significant. 3. Setup Diagram: + Copper(I) -ous - s/i i - i i i - i - d i Cu 5.029 m 4 significant digits 76 years a. Start with the given. . Copper(II) -ic s s d s s i - s i i s i Cu+2 306 km 3 significant digits s b. Place the units you are trying to get at the end of the diagram. 4. Zeros used solely for spacing the decimal point Hydrogen s s s s s s s s s s s s H+ are not significant. The zeros are placeholders Iron(II) -ous s s i - s i s s i i s i Fe+2 only. 4. Canceling Units: +3 Iron(III) -ic i s - - s i - s i i s/i i Fe 7000 g 1 significant digit a. This can be done by making sure the units you are trying to cancel Lead(II) -ous s s/i i s s/i i i s i i i i Pb+2 0.00783 kg 3 significant digits 76 years 365 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 s are both on top and bottom. 5. Counted numbers have an infinite number of s Lead(IV) -ic d - - - d - - - i - - - Pb+4 1 year 1 day 1 hr 1 min b. Keep adding relationships to the dimensional analysis diagram until significant digits. +2 all units have canceled except the one(s) you are trying to get. Magnesium s s i s s i s s i i s d Mg 32 people ∞ significant digits Manganese i s s i +7 s s - s i - s i Mn 3 cars ∞ significant digits 5. Check the Setup: + Mercury(I) -ous s/i i i s/i i - s/i s/d i i/d i i Hg 76 years 365 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 s a. Make sure all unwanted units cancel out. Mercury(II) -ic +2 2,400,000,000 s b. Make sure all relationships used are correct. s s/i i s s i i s i s/i d i Hg 1 year 1 day 1 hr 1 min Nickel s s i s s i s s i i s i Ni+2 CHEMISTRY + Potassium s s s s s s s s d s s s K 6. Calculate Results: Silver s i i s i - i s i i s/i i Ag+ STUDY GUIDE a. Multiply all values on top and divide by all values on the bottom. Sodium s/i s s s s s s s d s s s Na+ b. Round to the correct number of significant figures. Designed by: 76 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60) / (1 x 1 x 1 x 1) = 2,396,736,000 = 2,400,000,000 Tin(II) -ous - s/d - - s/d - s/d - i i s/d i Sn+2 c. Remember definitions have an infinite number of significant Mike Stratton figures. Tin(IV) -ic s s i s s i s d i i s i Sn+4 +2 Centralia High School

Zinc Zn

- - - -

-

-

-

2 2 3 2 2

2 2

I 3 - - - -

r -

3 Science Teacher NAMES & CHARGES OF POLYATOMIC

4 4

3

S

Cl

B O

OH 1-

NO 2- 3- 4-

PO SO

CO ClO COO (360)330-7605 - 2- 3- 3 Acetate C2H3O2 Carbonate CO3 Arsenate AsO4 Hexacyanoferrate(II) [email protected] 4- CH Fe(CN)6 - 2- 3- 4- Amide NH2 Chromate CrO4 Arsenite AsO3 Orthosilicate SiO4 - 2- 3- 4- Astatate AtO3 Dichromate Cr2O7 Borate BO3 Diphosphate P2O 7 NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS - 2- 3- Azide N3 Hexachloroplatinate PtCl6 Citrate C6H5O7 - 2- Benzoate C6H5COO Hexafluorosilicate SiF6 Hexacyanoferrate(III) yes no 3- Does the formula Are there two atoms, It is an Does the acid contain a METRIC CONVERSTIONS Fe(CN)6 - 2- 3- begin with H? both the same? acid polyatomic (more Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol Bismuthate BiO3 Molybdate MoO 4 Phosphate PO4 - 2- Phosphite PO 3- than two elements)? tera Up=Left Bromate BrO3 C2O4 3 no yes 1 000 000 000 000 T - 2- giga Chlorate ClO3 Peroxide O2 1+ 2+ yes 1 000 000 000 G - 2- + 2+ no Chl orite ClO2 Peroxydisulfate S2O8 Ammonium NH4 Mercury(I) Hg2 1 000 000 mega M - + 2+ Does it begin with a It is the diatomic gas CN Neptunyl(V) NpO2 Neptunyl(VI) NpO2 1 000 kilo k - 2- + 2+ metal which has more hydrogen. Does the polyatomic Formate HCOO Ruthenate RuO4 Plutonyl(V) PuO2 Plutonyl(VI) PuO2 100 hecto h - 2- + 2+ than one oxidation end in –ate or –ite? Hydroxide OH Selenate SeO4 Uranyl(V) UO2 Uranyl(VI) UO2 10 deka da - 2- + 2+ number? (ie Fe, Pb, Sn) Hypobromite BrO SeO Vanadyl(V) VO2 Vanadyl(IV) VO 1 Selenite 3 -ate -ite - 2- yes Hypochlorite ClO Silicate SiO3 0.1 deci d - 2- Name the first element followed by its Hypophosphite H2PO2 Sulfate SO4 GRAMS ACTIVITY SERIES 0.01 centi c - 2- no oxidation number (Roman numeral). 0.001 milli m Iodate IO3 Sulfite SO3 OF METALS Name the - 2- Nitrate NO3 Tartrate C4H4O6 MOL MW polyatomic ion, 0.000 001 micro  - Lithium Nitrite NO2 Tellurate TeO 2- replacing –ate 0.000 000 001 nano n - 4 Potassium Does the formula contain a polyatomic Is the polyatomic Perbromate BrO4 2- MLCS with –ic, Add 0.000 000 000 001 pico p Tellurite TeO3 Barium yes Perchlorate ClO - B O 2- ion (more than two elements)? written first? the word acid. 0.000 000 000 000 001 femto f 4 Tetraborate 4 7 MOL Calcium - S O 2- 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 atto a Periodate IO4 Thiosulfate 2 3 Sodium no - WO 2- Down=Right Permanganate MnO4 Tungstate 4 MOL Magnesium Name the first element, then the polyatomic - Perrhenate ReO4 Aluminum no ion. If two elements are present, name both, - Name the SCN L Manganese then the polyatomic ion. yes Vanadate VO - polyatomic ion, 3 Zinc replacing –ite with Chromium -ous, Add the word SOLUBILITY RULES COMMON EQUATIONS IN CHEMISTRY Iron Are both elements Name the polyatomic first, then name the acid. Cadmium nonmetals? element second. If there are two polyatomics, A substance is considered to be soluble if more than 3 grams of a + Cobalt substance dissolve in 100mL of water. The more common rules are m name the first, then the second pH=-log([H ]) Nickel yes listed below. D= no V Tin Name the second element 1. All common salts of Group 1 elements and ammonium ion Lead are soluble. Actual − Measured  Name the first element, Are both elements Drop the last syllable. Hydrogen 2. All common and are soluble. W=%I 1 ×m 1 +%I 2 ×m 2 %Error = • 100 then the second element the same? Add the suffix -ic Antimony 3. All binary compounds of Group 17 elements (other than F) Actual with –ide ending. yes Add the prefix hydro- Bismuth no C ×V =C ×V Add the word acid. with metals are soluble except those of silver, mercury(I), 1 1 2 2 and lead. Moles of solute Arsenic d Copper 4. All are soluble except those of barium, strontium, c Molarity = Name the first element using the proper prefix (di, tri, It is a diatomic element. [C] • [D] Mercury lead, calcium, silver, and mercury(I). Liters of etc.), but never mono. Name the second element with the The compound has the same K eq = Silver a b 5. proper prefix (including mono) and the –ide ending. name as the element Except for those in Rule 1, , , , , and are insoluble. [A]  [B] Platinum Gold