Journal of Tourism and Hospitality
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Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Kammoun K, et al. Tourism Hospit Ope Acc: THOA-103. Research Article DOI: 10.29011/THOA -103. 100003 Impacts of Sky Liberalization Options on Tourism Market Dynamics: Case Study of Tunisia Karim Kammoun1, Aymen Ghédira2,3*, Imen Ayoub3 1University of Sfax, the Higher Institute of Industrial Management of Sfax, Tunisia 2University of Tunis, School of Economics and Commerce, DEFI Laboratory, Tunisia 3University of Sousse, Higher Institute of Transport and Logistics, Tunisia *Corresponding author: Aymen Ghédira, University of Tunis, School of Economics and Commerce, DEFI Laboratory, Tunisia, University of Sousse, Higher Institute of Transport and Logistics, Tunisia. Phone: +21654220924; Email: [email protected] Citation: Kammoun K, Ghédira A, Ayoub I (2018) Impacts of Sky Liberalization Options on Tourism Market Dynamics: Case Study of Tunisia. Tourism Hospit Ope Acc: THOA-103. DOI: 10.29011/THOA -103. 100003 Received Date: 12 March, 2018; Accepted Date: 26 March, 2018; Published Date: 04 April, 2018 Abstract The positive impact of the liberalization of air transport, largely supported by the economic theory and “validated” by the empirical studies, has inspired many developing countries to liberalize some of their Air Service Agreements (ASA). After Nigeria and Morocco, Tunisia has signed in December 11th, 2017 the agreement of Open Sky with the European Union (EU), its historic economic partner. Thus, the Tunisian airlines will be exposed to key issues emanating from both the agreement and the activation of the Yamoussoukro Declaration signed more than 15 years ago. Given these potential deep conditioning mutations, in the future Tunisian air transport, this paper will attempt to predict and compare the dynamics of air demand in Tunisia from the initiation of both agreements. The aim of our work is to qualify the effects of the Tunisian-EU Open Sky and Yamoussoukro agreement based on the reproduction of passenger traffic Reference situation marked by its restrictive charac- ter, using macroeconomic factors (trade and GDP), the distance and the ASA liberalization indicator to build our econometric model. The comparison will be justified by a working simulation of various liberalization options. Keywords: Air Service Agreements; Liberalization; Open and led to a decrease of 34% of the rates in real time. Another Sky; Tourism; Yamoussoukro Accord study showed that the liberalization of the EU market has doubled the rate of growth of air traffic in the EU [4]. In addition, other Introduction studies showed a link between the increase in the flow of air and Transport services are provided in a structure of a network of the growth of employment and Gross Domestic Production. For bilateral agreements. An agreement of this type makes some airlines example, a recent study has estimated that every 10% increase in capacity and frequency of service restricted, which subsequently international air services leads to an increase of 0.07% of GDP, causes an increase in costs and prices [1]. These agreements are which can be translated into millions (or even billions) of dollars suitable for protecting the national flag. Tourism has often been of GDP. Overall, the liberalization has promoted a service of air a constraint of the binding international regulations of aviation transport and better quality at a high price. Mentioning the example [2]. On the other hand, aviation has always been defined as the of the American sky liberalization, which has led to a considerable key to international tourism, particularly on the long-distance cost decline of air travel for users and clear improvement of and guide to island destinations (Button and Taylor, 2000). There services on planes and in airports and the proliferation of airlines is considerable evidence that the liberalization of international and destinations served. It has finally opened the rest of the world markets has brought substantial benefits for passengers and to a population which could not previously afford. Policies put in the economy in general. A study of the single market of the EU place in the United States, India, Europe, and between the United aviation showed that it significantly increased competition on States and the EU showed that the liberalization of air transport many routes, [3] gave rise to many more new routes of exploitation has significant economic and social benefits: 1 Volume 2018; Issue 01 Citation: Kammoun K, Ghédira A, Ayoub I (2018) Impacts of Sky Liberalization Options on Tourism Market Dynamics: Case Study of Tunisia. Tourism Hospit Ope Acc: THOA-103. DOI: 10.29011/THOA -103. 100003 . The decline in rates allows travelers to save most of their governing air relations between two countries on a plan that income; safeguards the interests of both parties. These agreements concern scheduled air services, of which the main clauses are those relating . The creation of airline companies and the increase in traffic to the appointment of the companies, the capacity offered by at the airports create jobs. These two factors contribute to the airlines to air fares, to the transfer of revenue surplus, to the the growth of GDP, to development and to the fight against safety of Civil Aviation, and to the schedule of the air and traffic poverty. On the Tunisian front, however, the first benefit rights. The Minister of transport, and like all the experiences of expected from the Open Sky is an increase of traffic between the deregulation of air transport and the opening of the air spaces Europe and Tunisia coupled with the appearance of new actors around the world, Tunisia has opted for a progressive gradual and the opening of new lines. The second benefit is a reduction liberalization, and an orderly air transport at the national and in tariffs under the effect of increased competition [5]. The international levels: 76 air agreements preserve the interests of the more aviation standards improve, the more there is support national flag. Those exploited (currently 38 agreements) guarantee for tourism development, trade and economic integration in the national Pavilion 56.5% of the traffic in each market (on all the Euro-Mediterranean area. lines, the part of Tunis air in regular traffic amounted to 55.1% Degrees of Opening of the Market of Air in 2011). Most of these agreements have undergone one or more amendments with a view to adapt the provisions of these agreements Transport in Tunisia to the evolution of the airline industry. These amendments are A bilateral air agreement constitutes the legal framework introduced following bilateral aviation negotiations. Figure 1: The agreements concluded by Tunisia. 2 Volume 2018; Issue 01 Citation: Kammoun K, Ghédira A, Ayoub I (2018) Impacts of Sky Liberalization Options on Tourism Market Dynamics: Case Study of Tunisia. Tourism Hospit Ope Acc: THOA-103. DOI: 10.29011/THOA -103. 100003 According to ICAO 40, bilateral air service agreements 6 million in 2013 to 12 million in 2020, adding that the potential are recorded by Tunisia and main countries in Europe, Africa of the Tunisians living in Europe represents significant challenges and the Arab world. However, these agreements are traditional for the Tunisian companies. In this sense, liberalization can have and restrictive, and no agreement open sky was recorded. In fact, beneficial effects such as: these restrictive agreements do not allow free access to markets . The reduction of the cost of transport and the promotion of for foreign airlines. Over 40% of international traffic is done by international business. the charter companies. As a conclusion, Tunisia can benefit from 3 frames of statements [6] Yamoussoukro Declaration, open-air, . Job creation after the setup of new airlines. and Arab League European Neighborhood Policy (ENP). ENP . The improvement of the low technical service not to say has been so far the main driving force of the liberalization, on the non-existent in Africa, which would probably be the most one hand, to develop a plan and a roadmap for transport near the beneficial effect. European Union and on the other hand, for a single European space in transport. The ENP also proposes an extension of transport of For Tunisia, bilateral agreements cause restrictions the EU and the policy of infrastructure of its neighbors and the regarding the potential customer of several orders, such as rigidity liberalization of the markets of third world countries in the transport of the tariffs, congestion of the flights in the high season, lack of services. The Draft agreement on the opening of the Tunisian sky frequencies and limitations of cities served. initiates with the Maghreb, Europe and North America. Meanwhile, Therefore, hoteliers and Tunisian travel agents claim the the Tunisian sky is fully open to international flights. Air transport opening of the sky which, according to them, would bring many has already been fully open between Tunisia, Morocco and Libya, more tourists to Tunisia thanks to a significant decrease in the price meaning that the airline companies of these three countries have of air transport and the development of the offer. Thus, Tunisia free access to the skies of each other. Mauritania is on the track must take the step to change the restrictive policy towards a more to join. About Europe, the draft agreement was submitted to the open strategy since it embodies a destination being geographically Tunisians on the liberalization of air transport rights, passengers, close to Europe; Narjess Abdennebi said “there will be a relaunch goods, deregulation of rates, and consolidation of cooperation of a new application and the creation of opportunities for tourism on air navigation. These things are done with Canada which thanks to the catalytic effects of the Open Sky”. Moreover, Kamel signed a post-agreement as well as with the United States. It is Ben Miled stated that “everyone must find his interests within the essential to note that decryption of some statements of Ministers framework of a smart win-win agreement”.