World Bank Document

Report No. 274a-TUN FILE The Economic Development RETU2N TO of Tunisia REPORTS DESK Volume IIl: Annex-Tourism and Infrastructure WITHIN December 27, 1974 ONE WEEK Public Disclosure Authorized EMENA Region Country Programs Department II Not ior Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Development Association Public Disclosure Authorized This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Sank Group authornzation. The Bank Croup does noE accept responsibility tor the accuracy or completeness oi the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = Dinar = 1000 aillimes Wlith effect frorm 1955 US $1.00 - 0.h2 Dinar Diriar 1.00 = US $2.381 With effect from September 28, 196ht UJS $1.00 - 0.52 Dinar Dinar 1.00 - US $1.90 With effect from December 20 1)71 US $1.00 - o.48 Dinar Dinar 1.00 - US $2.08 With effect from February 1973 US $1.00 - 0.44 Dinar Dinar 1.00 - US $2.27 . UNITS. AND WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: MERfIC British/U.S. Equivalents 1 m = 3.28 ft. 1 inton = 0.981 g. ton = 1.1 US sh. tona 1 m 2 10.76 sq. ft. 1.kg = 2.2 lb. 1 km 0.62 mi. 1 litre = 0.22 gal. 1 km2 0.386 sq. mLi. = 0.26 US liq.gallon 1 hectare 2.5 acres 1 m3 = 1.31 cubic yards THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TUNISIA TABLE OF CONTENTS ANNEX III TOURISM AND INFRASTRUCTURE Page No. 16. THE TRANSPORT SECTOR: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS A. The Transport Infrastructure ..... ....................... 1 (i) Ports ................................... 1 (ii) Highways .................................. 1 (iii) Railways .................................. 1 (iv) Airports ................................... 1 B. Performance ............................................. 2 (i) Investments ....... ................ 2 (ii) Supply and Demand . ...... .................. .............. 3 (iii) Costs and Tariffs ...... ............... 4 (iv) Employment ....... ................ .5 C. Transport Policy ......................................... 5 D. Development Prospects: The Four-Year Plan 1973-76 .... ... 7 17. INLAND TRANSPORT A. General ............. ........................... 11 B. Past Transport Demand and Supply ............ ............. 12 (i) Vehicle Fleet ....................................... 12 (ii) Traffic Increase .................................... 13 (iii) Freight Traffic ..................................... 14 (iv) Passenger Traffic ................................... 15 (v) Urban Transport ..................................... 16 C. Evolution of Inland Transport, 1962-1972 .17 D. Road Transport ........................................... 18 (i) Road Transport Infrastructure ....................... 18 (ii) Road Transport Operation ............................ 19 (iii) Conclusions and Prospe'cts 'Infr'ast'ruc'ture ............ 23 (iv) Conclusions and Prospects: Road Transport Industry . 25 E. Rail Transport ..................... ...................... 28 (i) Railway Investment ................ .................. 28 (ii) Finantial Aspects ................. .................. 28 (iii) Railway Operation ................. .................. 29 (iv) Prospects of Rail Transport .......... .. ............. 30 18. AVIATION AND MARITIME TRANSPORT A. Aviation Transport ....................................... 31 (i) General ............................................. 31 (ii) Organization . ....................................... 31 (iii) Performance ......................................... 31 (iv) Development Prospects ............................... 34 B. Maritime Transport . ............. 38 (i) General .......... ................................... 38 (ii) Organization ........................................ 38 (iii) Traffic ......... .................................... 39 (iv) Investments ......................................... 40 (v) Cost and Tariffs .................................... 41 (vi) Development Prospects ............................... 42 19. TOURISM A. The Sector ............................................... 43 (i) The Growth of Tourism and its Contribution to the Tunisian Economy ............................... 43 (ii) The Nature of Tourism Demand in Tunisia .... ......... 46 (iii) Tourism Accomodation ............................... 50 (iv) Incentive and Institutional Framework .... ........... 55 B. Development Prospects ...... .............................. 57 (i) Objectives of the Fourth Plan ....................... 57 (ii) Absorptive Capacity ................................. 59 (iii) Hotel Development and Financing ..................... 61 (iv) Demand Prospects - Leisure Activities - Promotion and Marketing .................................. 62 (v) Non-Quantifiable Costs of Tourism ................... 65 C. Spa Facilities in Tunisia ................................ 66 (i) Development of Spa Facilities during the Past Decade. 66 (ii) Forecasts for the Fourth Plan 1973-1976 .... ......... 67 20. EDUCATION A. Introduction ............................................. 68 B. The School System............ .......... 68 C. The 1959 Targets ............. 73.........., D. An Appraisal of the System ............................... 74 (i) Primary Education ....... I......... .................. 74 (ii) Secondary Education ............... .. ................ 75 (iii) Vocational Tralning ....................... 78 (iv) Higher Education ............. I ...................... 85 (v) Adult Education and Literacy ...... .................. 86 (vi) Private Education .................... 87 (vil) Pre-school Education ...n.n.. .......................... 87 -3- E. Cost and Efficiency of Education ......................... 88 F. The Fourth Plan 1973-1976 ................................ 92 G. Elements of a New Orientation ..... ....................... 94 21. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON HEALTH, NUTRITION AND FAMILY PLANNING A. Introduction ................... 98 B. Health .............. 98 C. Nutrition ................................................ 102 D. Family Planning .......................................... 103 ANNEX III LIST OF MAPS Map No. 10001 TransportationNetwork....... 10697 Tourism Areas... 3151 Proportional Distribution of the Population by Province 3153R1 Maternity Facilities and M.C.H. Network .................. LIST OF GRAPHS Graph No. 20.1 Growth in Enrollments, 1956-1976 .. .. 69 20.2 Educational Pyramid, 1958 and 1972 . 70 20.3 Organization of the Office of Vocational Training and Employment..... 80 20.4 Agricultural Formation System . .83 I 16. THE TRANSPORT SECTOR: STRUCTURE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS A. The Transport Infrastructure 16.1 On becoming independent in 1956, Tunisia inherited a relatively well developed transport system. Few additions were made until 1968-1969, when major improvements to ports, railways, highways and airports were undertaken in the light of the recommendations of a transport survey carried out in 1968 with the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (i) Ports 16.2 With about 1200 km of coast, the country has four major commercial ports (Tunis-La Goulette, Bizerte, Sousse, and Sfax). A fifth port is under construction at Gabes for exports of phosphates and chemicals. Owing to recent improvements, which IBRD helped to finance, the present capacity of the Tunisian ports is adequate for the next five to ten years, except for the port of Sfax, which is approaching capacity. However, some redistribution of traffic between Sfax and Gabes might provide medium-term relief. (ii) Highways 16.3 There are about 16,000 km of roads, two thirds of which are sur- faced. The road network is most developed in the north, where the bulk of economic activity is concentrated. Although the road network is generally adequate, the most heavily travelled highways need major improvements, and there is a need for more feeder roads to stimulate agricultural production. Under the first highway project, partly financed by IBRD in 1971, the maintenance shortcomings were remedied on a number of road sections. However, recent traffic surveys show that traffic is growing faster than expected and there is a need for further major improvements, particularly in access roads to large cities. In the long run, new traffic patterns are likely to arise as the result of a more balanced regional development policy. (iii) Railways 16.4 The railway network consists of 479 route-km of standard gauge in the north and about 1520 route-km of narrow gauge linking Tunis and Gabes and serving the phosphate and iron mines of the interior. The two systems meet in Tunis. Because emphasis has been chiefly on the renewal of old equipment and the acquisition of new roLling stock, the condition of the track is poor, and major improvements are required. In 1969 the Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fer Tunisiens (SNCFT), the l,overnment agency which owns and operates the railways, began to carry out a rehabilitation program which is still under way, and which IBRD is helping to finance. (iv) Airports 16.5 There are three international airports (Tunis-Carthage, Sousse- Monastir and Djerba-Mellita), to serve the tourism demand. The domestic airports, with the exception of those at Sfax and Gabes, are not equipped for -2- use by commercial aircraft. The three international airports have recently been expanded to accommodate jet services (Boeing 707 type). However, the aircraft parking and ground facilities of Tunis-Carthage Airport will have to be expanded further to meet the 1975-76 demand. There is

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