DOCSLIB.ORG

Rhabdophis Tigrinus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rhabdophis Tigrinus WHO WE ARE CURRENT PROJECTS For the past 20 years our lab has been MORE QUESTIONS studying the role that dietary toxins play in • How widespread is toxin the chemical defenses of a lineage of Asian resistance? Is it limited to natricine snakes. toad-eaters? (No!) Al Savitzky Helen Plylar, Hannah Wilson, • So what is different about (with Rhabdophis The project began by asking whether the tigrinus) & Megen Kepas, Ph.D. Students chronic toad-eaters? (with Thamnophis elegans) bufadienolide toxins in the nuchal (neck) • Perhaps it’s a difference in glands of the Japanese Yamakagashi kidney or adrenal function RESEARCH FOCUS (Rhabdophis tigrinus) are derived from toads Ancestral state analysis • How do the toxins get to of genetic resistance to (Bufo japonicus) consumed as prey, as toad toxins the nuchal glands and Our lab studies the evolution of proposed by Dr. Mori. anatomical, physiological, and why do they concentrate there? chemical adaptations of They are! amphibians and reptiles (primarily snakes) for prey detection, feeding, ? DO OTHER AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES and predator deterrence. SEQUESTER TOXINS? Only • Probably. We’d like to know. We combine field studies with snakes fed toads • Target taxa include: laboratory methods, including: possess toxins • Slug-eaters • histology (NMR • light microscopy spectra) • Ant-eaters • vascular casting We have also demonstrated that: • Termite-eaters • electrocardiography • snakes from toad-free areas lack toxins • Predators on toxic frogs • DNA sequencing • females can provision their offspring with • chemical analysis toxins before they hatch • HPLC, MS, NMR spectroscopy • snakes can modify the toxins in several all within an explicit phylogenetic ways (with unknown consequences) context. OTHER PROJECTS • the nuchal glands are richly vascularized • Evolution and morphology of PRINCIPAL COLLABORATORS and lack secretory organelles “Dwarf Boas” (Tropidophiidae) in Cuba • Diversification of infrared- imaging pit organs in Pythonidae Tropidophis hendersoni Tropidophis melanurus NEW QUESTIONS Python • What variations exist in the regius morphology of the glands? Akira Mori Shab Mohammadi Kyoto Univ. Univ. of Nebraska • How did the nuchal glands RECENT PUBLICATIONS Savitzky, A.H., A. Mori, D.A. Hutchinson, R.A. Saporito, G.M. Burghardt, H.B. Lillywhite, & J. Meinwald. 2012. arise, evolutionarily and Sequestered defensive toxins in tetrapod vertebrates: Principles, patterns, and prospects for future studies. Chemoecology, 22(3):141-158. developmentally? Mori, A., G.M. Burghardt, A.H. Savitzky, K.A. Roberts, D.A. Hutchinson, & R.C. Goris. 2012. Nuchal glands: A novel defensive system in snakes. Chemoecology, 22(3):187-198. Mohammadi, S., Z. Gompert, J. Gonzalez, H. Takeuchi, A. Mori, & A.H. Savitzky. 2016. Toxin-resistant isoforms • Similar toxins occur in a of Na+/K+-ATPase in snakes do not closely track dietary specialization in toads. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 283(1842):1-9. Takeuchi, Hirohiko, Alan H. Savitzky, … and Akira Mori. 2018. Evolution of nuchal glands, unusual defensive lineage that does not eat organs of Asian natricine snakes (Serpentes: Colubridae), inferred from a molecular phylogeny. Ecology and Evolution, 8:10219-10232. Yoshida, Tatsuya, Rinako Ujiie, Alan H. Savitzky, … Naoki Mori, and Akira Mori. 2020. Dramatic dietary shift toads. What is the source? maintains sequestered toxins in chemically defended snakes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(11):5964-5969. GuangXiang Zhu • It’s firefly larvae! Zhu, Guang-Xiang, Shijun Yang, Alan H. Savitzky, Liang Zhang, Yuqi Cheng, and Jiajun Wang. 2020. The nucho- Members of the dorsal glands of Rhabdophis guangdongensis (Squamata: Colubridae: Natricinae), with notes on Sichuan Agr. Univ. International Nuchal Gland Project morphological variation and phylogeny based on additional specimens. Current Herpetology, 39(2):108-119..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Epidemiology of Snakebites from a General Hospital in Singapore: a 5-Year Retrospective Review (2004-2008) 1 Hock Heng Tan, MBBS, FRCS A&E (Edin), FAMS
    640 Epidemiology of Snakebites—Hock Heng Tan Original Article Epidemiology of Snakebites from A General Hospital in Singapore: A 5-year Retrospective Review (2004-2008) 1 Hock Heng Tan, MBBS, FRCS A&E (Edin), FAMS Abstract Introduction: This is a retrospective study on the epidemiology of snakebites that were presented to an emergency department (ED) between 2004 and 2008. Materials and Methods: Snakebite cases were identified from International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code E905 and E906, as well as cases referred for eye injury from snake spit and records of antivenom use. Results: Fifty-two cases were identified: 13 patients witnessed the snake biting or spitting at them, 22 patients had fang marks and/or clinical features of envenomations and a snake was seen and the remaining 17 patients did not see any snake but had fang marks suggestive of snakebite. Most of the patients were young (mean age 33) and male (83%). The three most commonly identified snakes were cobras (7), pythons (4) and vipers (3). One third of cases occurred during work. Half of the bites were on the upper limbs and about half were on the lower limbs. One patient was spat in the eye by a cobra. Most of the patients (83%) arrived at the ED within 4 hours of the bite. Pain and swelling were the most common presentations. There were no significant systemic effects reported. Two patients had infection and 5 patients had elevated creatine kinase (>600U/L). Two thirds of the patients were admitted. One patient received antivenom therapy and 5 patients had some form of surgical intervention, of which 2 had residual disability.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Guidance on Management of Snakebites
    GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITES 2nd Edition GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITES 2nd Edition 1. 2. 3. 4. ISBN 978-92-9022- © World Health Organization 2016 2nd Edition All rights reserved. Requests for publications, or for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications, whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution, can be obtained from Publishing and Sales, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110 002, India (fax: +91-11-23370197; e-mail: publications@ searo.who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
    [Show full text]
  • Expanded Description of a Chinese Endemic Snake Opisthotropis Cheni (Serpentes: Colubridae: Natricinae)
    Asian Herpetological Research 2010, 1(1): 57-60 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1245.2010.00057 Expanded Description of a Chinese Endemic Snake Opisthotropis cheni (Serpentes: Colubridae: Natricinae) LI Cao1, LIU Qin1 and GUO Peng 1, 2* 1 Department of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, Sichuan, China 2 Chendgu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China Abstract Based on seven newly-collected specimens, we provide an expanded description for the rare Chinese snake Opisthotropis cheni. The new specimens are consistent with the type series in scale counts and body dimensions. How- ever, two individuals lack yellow cross-bands that are apparent in the type specimens. A key to the ten Chinese species of Opisthotropis is provided. Keywords snake, Opisthotropis cheni, morphology, China 1. Introduction 070140, 071041, 071046-071050) (Table 1), collected from the Nanling National Nature Reserve in Ruyuan The genus Opisthotropis Gǘnther (1872) is comprised of County, Guangdong Province, China (Figure 1), were 17 currently recognized species, and is widely distributed morphologically examined in this work. The specimens in eastern, southern, and southeastern Asia (Uetz, 2010). were preserved in 8% formalin for initial fixation, and Members of this genus are all small aquatic snakes, later transferred to 75% ethanol. All specimens were de- mainly inhabiting rapidly flowing streams or small rivers. posited at Yibin University (YBU), Sichuan Province, Ten species of Opisthotropis occur in China (Zhao, China. 2006). Snout-vent length (SVL) and tail length (TL) were Zhao (1999) described Opisthotropis cheni based on measured using a meter ruler to the nearest millimeter, four specimens collected from Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Cfreptiles & Amphibians
    HTTPS://JOURNALS.KU.EDU/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES • VOL15, & N AMPHIBIANSO 4 • DEC 2008 •189 28(1):34–36 • APR 2021 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS NotesFEATURE ARTICLES on Behavior in Green Keelbacks, . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: RhabdophisOn the Road to Understanding the Ecologyplumbicolor and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant(Cantor Serpent ...................... Joshua 1839) M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A (Reptilia:Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................ Squamata: Natricidae)Robert W. Henderson 198 RESEARCH ARTICLES Rahul. The V.Texas Deshmukh Horned Lizard1, inSagar Central A. and Deshmukh Western Texas2 ......................., Swapnil A. Emily Badhekar Henry, Jason3, Brewer,Shubham Krista Mougey,Katgube and 4,Gad Atul Perry Bhelkar 204 5 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida 1 H. N. 26, ............................................. Teacher Colony, Kalmeshwar,Brian J. Camposano,Nagpur, Maharashtra-441501, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin India M. Enge, ([email protected] Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael [corresponding Granatosky 212 author]) 2Behind Potdar Nursing Home, Kalmeshwar, Nagpur, Maharashtra-441501, India ([email protected]) CONSERVATION3Tiwaskarwadi, ALERT Raipur, Hingana, Nagpur, Maharashtra-441110, India ([email protected])
    [Show full text]
  • ID468 Evolution of a Special Organ, Nuchal Gland, Based on a Molecular
    ID468 Evolution of a special organ, nuchal gland, based on a molecular phylogeny of the Eurasian natricine snakes (Serpentes: Colubridae) Hirohiko Takeuchi1*, Akira Mori1, Li Ding2, Anslem de Silva3, Indraneil Das4, Tao Thien Nguyen5, Tein-Shun Tsai6, Teppei Jono7, Guang-xiang Zhu8, Dalshani Mahaulpatha9, Ye-zhong Tang2, Alan H. Savitzky10 1. Kyoto University, Japan 2. Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 3. Gampola 4. University of Malaysia, Sarawak, Malaysia 5. Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam 6. National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, China 7. University of Ryukyus, Japan 8. Sichuan Agricultural University, China 9. University of Sri Jayawardenepura, Sri Lanka 10. Utah State University, USA ’Presenting author’s e-mail: [email protected] An Asian natricine snake, Rhabdophis tigrinus, has a unique series of organs, called nuchal glands, which contain cardiac steroidal toxins known as Bufadienolides. Rhabdophis tigrinus sequesters Bufadienolides from its toad prey and stores them in the nuchal glands as a defensive suBstance. Among more than 3400 species of snakes, only 18 Asian natricine species are known to have the nuchal glands. These 18 species Belong to three genera, Balanophis, Macropisthodon, and Rhabdophis. In Macropisthodon and Rhabdophis, however, species without the nuchal glands also exist. This evidence suggests multiple independent origin and/or secondarily loss of the nuchal glands. To infer the evolutionary history of the nuchal glands, we investigated the molecular phylogenetic relationships among Eurasian natricine species with and without the nuchal glands, Based on variations in partial sequences of the oocyte maturation factor Mos (c-mos) gene, the recomBination-activating gene 1 (Rag 1), and the mitochondrial cytochrome B (cyt.B) gene (total 2.6 kBp).
    [Show full text]
  • Fauna of Australia 2A
    FAUNA of AUSTRALIA 26. BIOGEOGRAPHY AND PHYLOGENY OF THE SQUAMATA Mark N. Hutchinson & Stephen C. Donnellan 26. BIOGEOGRAPHY AND PHYLOGENY OF THE SQUAMATA This review summarises the current hypotheses of the origin, antiquity and history of the order Squamata, the dominant living reptile group which comprises the lizards, snakes and worm-lizards. The primary concern here is with the broad relationships and origins of the major taxa rather than with local distributional or phylogenetic patterns within Australia. In our review of the phylogenetic hypotheses, where possible we refer principally to data sets that have been analysed by cladistic methods. Analyses based on anatomical morphological data sets are integrated with the results of karyotypic and biochemical data sets. A persistent theme of this chapter is that for most families there are few cladistically analysed morphological data, and karyotypic or biochemical data sets are limited or unavailable. Biogeographic study, especially historical biogeography, cannot proceed unless both phylogenetic data are available for the taxa and geological data are available for the physical environment. Again, the reader will find that geological data are very uncertain regarding the degree and timing of the isolation of the Australian continent from Asia and Antarctica. In most cases, therefore, conclusions should be regarded very cautiously. The number of squamate families in Australia is low. Five of approximately fifteen lizard families and five or six of eleven snake families occur in the region; amphisbaenians are absent. Opinions vary concerning the actual number of families recognised in the Australian fauna, depending on whether the Pygopodidae are regarded as distinct from the Gekkonidae, and whether sea snakes, Hydrophiidae and Laticaudidae, are recognised as separate from the Elapidae.
    [Show full text]
  • (Leptophis Ahaetulla Marginatus): Characterization of Its Venom and Venom-Delivery System
    (This is a sample cover image for this issue. The actual cover is not yet available at this time.) This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the author's institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights Author's Personal Copy Toxicon 148 (2018) 202e212 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Assessment of the potential toxicological hazard of the Green Parrot Snake (Leptophis ahaetulla marginatus): Characterization of its venom and venom-delivery system Matías N. Sanchez a, b, Gladys P. Teibler c, Carlos A. Lopez b, Stephen P. Mackessy d, * María E. Peichoto a, b, a Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovacion Productiva, Argentina b Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud de la Nacion, Neuquen y Jujuy s/n, 3370, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina c Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV),
    [Show full text]
  • Aves 207 Introducción 209 Hojas De Datos
    LIBRO ROJO DE LOS VERTEBRADOS DE CUBA EDITORES Hiram González Alonso Lourdes Rodríguez Schettino Ariel Rodríguez Carlos A. Mancina Ignacio Ramos García INSTITUTO DE ECOLOGÍA Y SISTEMÁTICA 2012 Editores Hiram González Alonso Lourdes Rodríguez Schettino Ariel Rodríguez Carlos A. Mancina Ignacio Ramos García Cartografía y análisis del Sistema de Información Geográfica Arturo Hernández Marrero Ángel Daniel Álvarez Ariel Rodríguez Gómez Diseño Pepe Nieto Selección de imágenes y © 2012, Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, CITMA procesamiento digital © 2012, Hiram González Alonso Hiram González Alonso © 2012, Lourdes Rodríguez Schettino Ariel Rodríguez Gómez © 2012, Ariel Rodríguez Julio A. Larramendi Joa © 2012, Carlos A. Mancina © 2012, Ignacio Ramos García Ilustraciones Nils Navarro Pacheco Reservados todos los derechos. Raimundo López Silvero Prohibida® la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra, así como su transmisión por cualquier medio o mediante cualquier soporte, Dirección Editorial sin la autorización escrita del Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática Hiram González Alonso (CITMA, República de Cuba) y de sus editores. ISBN 978-959-270-234-9 Forma de cita recomendada: González Alonso, H., L. Rodríguez Schettino, A. Rodríguez, Impreso por C. A. Mancina e I. Ramos García. 2012. Libro Rojo de los ARG Impresores, S. L. Vertebrados de Cuba. Editorial Academia, La Habana, 304 pp. Madrid, España Forma de cita recomendada para Hoja de Datos del taxón: Autor(es) de la hoja de datos del taxón. 2012. “Nombre científico de la especie”. En González Alonso, H., L. Rodríguez Schettino, A. Rodríguez, C. A. Mancina e I. Ramos García (eds.). Libro Rojo de los Vertebrados de Cuba. Editorial Academia, La Habana, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Nerodia Taxispilota)
    ECOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF THE BROWN WATER SNAKE (NERODIA TAXISPILOTA) by MARK S. MILLS (Under the direction of Dr. J. Whitfield Gibbons) ABSTRACT Population parameters, habitat, diet, reproductive traits, and other natural history characteristics of the brown water snake, Nerodia taxispilota, from the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA, were determined or estimated using mark-recapture data collected over an 8-yr period (1991-1998). Population size estimates for a 10-km section of the Savannah River ranged from 2782 - 3956 (approximately 0.14 - 0.20 snakes/m of shoreline). Growth was similar in juveniles of both sexes, but adult females grew significantly faster than adult males. Life history traits for this population include: 1) relatively high adult survivorship, 2) estimated ages at maturity of approximately 5-6 years for females and 3 years for males, 3) relatively long-lived (6+yr) individuals, 4) high fecundity (mean litter size =18.2), and 5) annual reproduction by females larger than 115 cm SVL. Litter size was positively correlated with female length and mass. No apparent trade-off exists between litter size and offspring size. Brown water snakes were not randomly distributed and were significantly associated with the steep-banked outer bends of the river and availability of potential perch sites. River sections with the highest number of captures were clustered within 200 m of backwater areas. Most (70%) of 164 recaptured N. taxispilota were <250 m from their previous capture site; however, three moved >1 km. Only large (>80 cm snout-vent length) individuals (n = 8) crossed the river (approximately 100 m).
    [Show full text]
  • Garter Snake Population Dynamics from a 16-Year Study: Considerations for Ecological Monitoring
    Ecological Applications, 15(1), 2005, pp. 294±303 q 2005 by the Ecological Society of America GARTER SNAKE POPULATION DYNAMICS FROM A 16-YEAR STUDY: CONSIDERATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL MONITORING AMY J. LIND,1 HARTWELL H. WELSH,JR., AND DAVID A. TALLMON2 USDA Forest Service, Paci®c Southwest Research Station, Redwood Sciences Laboratory, 1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata, California 95521 USA Abstract. Snakes have recently been proposed as model organisms for addressing both evolutionary and ecological questions. Because of their middle position in many food webs they may be useful indicators of trophic complexity and dynamics. However, reliable data on snake populations are rare due to the challenges of sampling these patchily distributed, cryptic, and often nocturnal species and also due to their underrepresentation in the eco- logical literature. Studying a diurnally active stream-associated population of garter snakes has allowed us to avoid some of these problems so that we could focus on issues of sampling design and its in¯uence on resulting demographic models and estimates. From 1986 to 2001, we gathered data on a population of the Paci®c coast aquatic garter snake (Thamnophis atratus) in northwestern California by conducting 3±5 surveys of the population annually. We derived estimates for sex-speci®c survival rates and time-dependent capture probabilities using population analysis software and examined the relationship between our calculated capture probabilities and variability in sampling effort. We also developed population size and density estimates and compared these estimates to simple count data (often used for wildlife population monitoring). Over the 16-yr period of our study, we marked 1730 snakes and had annual recapture rates ranging from 13% to 32%.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhabdophis Tigrinus Is Not a Pit Viper but Its Bites Result in Venom-Induced
    Silva et al. Journal of Intensive Care 2014, 2:43 http://www.jintensivecare.com/content/2/1/43 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Open Access Rhabdophis tigrinus is not a pit viper but its bites result in venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy similar to many viper bites Anjana Silva1*, Toru Hifumi2*, Atsushi Sakai3, Akihiko Yamamoto4, Masahiro Murakawa5, Manabu Ato6, Keigo Shibayama4, Akihiko Ginnaga7, Hiroshi Kato8, Yuichi Koido8, Junichi Inoue9, Yuko Abe2, Kenya Kawakita2, Masanobu Hagiike2 and Yasuhiro Kuroda2 Abstract As a response to the recent article by Hifumi et al. published in the Journal of Intensive Care, the present correspondence clarifies the family-level taxonomy of the yamakagashi (Rhabdophis tigrinus). Further, the relevance of the term ‘venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy,’ instead of disseminated intravascular coagulation, in describing the procoagulant coagulopathy of R. tigrinus is highlighted. Keywords: Viperidae, Colubridae, Natricinae, Rhabdophis, Coagulopathy Correspondence under the subfamily Natricinae and genus Rhabdophis Anjana Silva [3,4], and therefore is not a pit viper but is a colubrid. Al- Dear Editor, though some authors have suggested treating natricines as I read with interest, the research article titled ‘Clinical a separate family called Natricidae [5], recent molecular characteristics of yamakagashi (Rhabdophis tigrinus) bites: work confirmed the placement of natricines within the a national survey in Japan, 2000–2013’ by Hifumi et al. [1] Colubridae as a subfamily [6]. All vipers (family: Viperidae) published recently in the Journal of Intensive Care.Under- are venomous and possess front fangs. Pit vipers are an reporting of snakebites has been a challenge in confront- evolutionarily distinct group within the family Viperidae.
    [Show full text]
  • 161-168, 1992 an Identification Key to the Reptiles of The
    RIc. zool. SU1V. Indio, 91 (2) : 161-168, 1992 AN IDENTIFICATION KEY TO THE REPTILES OF THE KALAKAD WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, TAMI~ NADU, INDIA T. S. N. MURTHY Zoological Survey of India Madras 600 028 INTRODUCTION Reptiles, despite the fact that they are predominant, are neglected in the past by the resource managers and the administrators in-charge of the conservation areas such as the sanctuaries and the biosphere reserves in India. One reason is that the information on the herpetology of the protected areas is scanty and no keys covering the reptiles are published. Another is that the definitive volumes on Indian reptiles by Malcolm Smith (1931, 1935, 1943) were written with the specialist in mind. The present key, based on recent material taken from stations located in the heart of the KWLS by the scientists of the Southern Regional Station (SRS) of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and the findings of other workers, is expected to fulfill an urgent need. The majority of reptiles inhabiting the sanctuary are included in the key, but further study is needed to determine the entire herpetofauna of KWLS. It is felt, therefore, that this work will enable the biologists/naturalists interested in the herpetology of the K WLS to identify the reptiles of the area and thereby facilitate future recognition of species not previously recorded from the sanctuary. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE KALAKAD SANCTUARY The Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Nanguneri Taluq, Tirunelveli District of Tamil Nadu (See Maps 1-2) and lies between latitudes 8°2S'N and g03S'N and longitudes between 77°2S'E and 77°3S'E.
    [Show full text]