SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 266 January, 2017 The End of Fiction, the Start of Politics: Lu Xun in 1926–1927 by Eva Shan Chou Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. 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You should also check our Web site at www.sino-platonic.org, as back issues are regularly rereleased for free as PDF editions. Sino-Platonic Papers is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. The End of Fiction, the Start of Politics: Lu Xun in 1926–1927 Eva Shan Chou Baruch College, City University of New York SUMMARY Two events relating to Lu Xun occurred in 1926–1927 that bear on his literary biography and on political readings of Republican-era literary history. First, his fiction, which formed the core of his exceptional influence, came to an end; second, he made his first overt steps towards an explicit political commitment to the left. The end of Lu Xun’s fiction has been largely passed over for lack of explicit evidence, whereas his choice in political orientation is much studied as a critical factor in leftist literary history. This paper aims to bring the two actions into equal visibility, and by doing so, to enable the cessation of his fiction to revise our view of his turn to politics. It proposes that he did in fact make a kind of farewell to fiction, identifies the pertinent works, pinpoints and analyzes the oblique language employed, and proposes a relatively short period for this change. This conjecture uses puzzling passages from his fictional works and essays, as well as letters, diaries, and insider gossip. Their analysis re-contextualizes our view of Lu Xun’s acknowledged prominent role in the development of leftist literature. SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS, 266 Lu Xun 魯迅 was a towering figure in modern Chinese letters from his first contribution to New Literature in 1918 to his death in 1936. One consequence was that, already in his own lifetime, both his writings and his actions were integral to the narratives of literary-political events as they unfolded. Their subsequent deeper entrenchment in the literary history that was shaped under the Communist Party, compulsion aside (admittedly a big aside), was essentially a matter of degree. Scholarship today, however, is highly conscious of the extent to which contemporaneous narratives control legacies and especially of how the claims of New Literature to have created the modern era of literature had been too easily credited. In this light, literary historians such as Chen Pingyuan are revising the history of vernacular writing in the 1920s and 1930s, beginning with demythologizing the May Fourth Incident, and, by implication, revising the primary status long accorded Lu Xun in May Fourth literature. Other new scholarship has greatly expanded the study of topics and figures beyond the scope of Lu Xun’s spheres and his life span, into cultural and urban studies, for example, and into the war years (1936– 1945). In addition, studies of major figures such as Mao Dun, Shen Congwen, Hu Shi, Lao She, and more have provided Lu Xun with a cohort of equals in his own era.1 Yet his role remains embedded in many literary historical topics because it is so multiply present. One such topic is the pivotal one of the early years of leftist writers, which culminated in the founding of the League of Left-Wing Writers in 1930. It is his still-central role in the leftist debates of these years that is placed under the microscope by the thesis here. Two events relating to Lu Xun that are not usually connected occurred in close proximity: first, the fiction that formed the core of his exceptional influence came to an end, and second, he made his first overt steps towards an explicit political commitment to the left. The end of the fiction is largely passed over as an event for lack of explicit evidence, whereas his choice in political orientation is much studied as a critical factor in leftist literary history. This paper aims to bring these events into equal visibility, and by doing so, to enable the first to revise the second. What can be uncovered about the end of his fiction shows how the nature of its end facilitated his turn towards politics, and this in 1 The website of Modern Chinese Literature and Culture (MCLC.osu.edu) has a comprehensive bibliography on (chiefly English language) scholarship on these points, especially useful because many studies of these figures, including Lu Xun, began in Western languages before they became feasible in China in the late 1980s. 2 CHOU, “LU XUN IN 1926–1927” turn should bring about a rethinking of the debates over revolutionary literature that were then firing up the literary scene. That Lu Xun’s evolution to the left can be traced to 1927 in Guangzhou is well known. For many other writers also, this year and this city constituted a political and literary turning point. In April, the Guomindang (GMD) carried out a purge of the Communist Party (CCP), which was followed at the end of the year by a short, bloody uprising of the CCP. As David Der-wei Wang notes, the first full-length modern novels came out of this sequence of political violence, as Ye Shaojun, Ba Jin, Mao Dun, and others, who were then or later identifiably leftist writers, tried to work out in fiction form how revolution intersected with the lives of individuals.2 The mix of factors in Lu Xun’s case differed, but the commitment he ultimately made to the left meant that this new wave of writing that began in Guangzhou became the literary context for his future, in which he wrote no further fiction. This article’s thought experiment is to propose that there is an antecedent (mental) event that made it possible for Lu Xun to put the words “literature,” “revolution,” and later, “proletariat” together. This antecedent event, I propose, is his silent relinquishment of fiction, and can be gently extricated from among the distractors of satire and wit that were his forte. Much of this article must be devoted to tracking down Lu Xun’s relinquishment of fiction because he never directly addressed this issue. Then and later, fiction, together with a similarly small number of essays, was the basis for the exceptional reach of his influence. His body of fiction was small: two collections of short stories, within which individual works were often separated by long intervals. But each story was devotedly read upon publication in the avant-garde periodicals. The first batch was collected and published to great acclaim in Nahan 吶喊 (Call to Arms) in 1923, followed by a second collection, Panghuang 徬徨 (Hesitation), in 1926. Both were reprinted multiple times by Lu Xun himself into the 1930s. After Hesitation, however, there was no more fiction. In retrospect we can see that it is remarkable that he wrote xiaoshuo fiction for only the first eight years of a literary life that in all other respects was productive to the week of his death.3 2 Wang, The Monster That Is History: History, Violence, and Fictional Writing in Twentieth-Century China (2004), 79–83.