DOCSLIB.ORG

Lu Xun in 1926–1927

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lu Xun in 1926–1927 SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 266 January, 2017 The End of Fiction, the Start of Politics: Lu Xun in 1926–1927 by Eva Shan Chou Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc. Manuscripts should be submitted as electronic files, preferably in Microsoft Word format. You may wish to use our sample document template, available here: www.sino-platonic.org/spp.dot. Beginning with issue no. 171, Sino-Platonic Papers has been published electronically on the Web at www.sino-platonic.org. Issues 1–170, however, will continue to be sold as paper copies until our stock runs out, after which they too will be made available on the Web. Please note: When the editor goes on an expedition or research trip, all operations (including filling orders) may temporarily cease for up to three months at a time. In such circumstances, those who wish to purchase various issues of SPP are requested to wait patiently until he returns. If issues are urgently needed while the editor is away, they may be requested through Interlibrary Loan. You should also check our Web site at www.sino-platonic.org, as back issues are regularly rereleased for free as PDF editions. Sino-Platonic Papers is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. The End of Fiction, the Start of Politics: Lu Xun in 1926–1927 Eva Shan Chou Baruch College, City University of New York SUMMARY Two events relating to Lu Xun occurred in 1926–1927 that bear on his literary biography and on political readings of Republican-era literary history. First, his fiction, which formed the core of his exceptional influence, came to an end; second, he made his first overt steps towards an explicit political commitment to the left. The end of Lu Xun’s fiction has been largely passed over for lack of explicit evidence, whereas his choice in political orientation is much studied as a critical factor in leftist literary history. This paper aims to bring the two actions into equal visibility, and by doing so, to enable the cessation of his fiction to revise our view of his turn to politics. It proposes that he did in fact make a kind of farewell to fiction, identifies the pertinent works, pinpoints and analyzes the oblique language employed, and proposes a relatively short period for this change. This conjecture uses puzzling passages from his fictional works and essays, as well as letters, diaries, and insider gossip. Their analysis re-contextualizes our view of Lu Xun’s acknowledged prominent role in the development of leftist literature. SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS, 266 Lu Xun 魯迅 was a towering figure in modern Chinese letters from his first contribution to New Literature in 1918 to his death in 1936. One consequence was that, already in his own lifetime, both his writings and his actions were integral to the narratives of literary-political events as they unfolded. Their subsequent deeper entrenchment in the literary history that was shaped under the Communist Party, compulsion aside (admittedly a big aside), was essentially a matter of degree. Scholarship today, however, is highly conscious of the extent to which contemporaneous narratives control legacies and especially of how the claims of New Literature to have created the modern era of literature had been too easily credited. In this light, literary historians such as Chen Pingyuan are revising the history of vernacular writing in the 1920s and 1930s, beginning with demythologizing the May Fourth Incident, and, by implication, revising the primary status long accorded Lu Xun in May Fourth literature. Other new scholarship has greatly expanded the study of topics and figures beyond the scope of Lu Xun’s spheres and his life span, into cultural and urban studies, for example, and into the war years (1936– 1945). In addition, studies of major figures such as Mao Dun, Shen Congwen, Hu Shi, Lao She, and more have provided Lu Xun with a cohort of equals in his own era.1 Yet his role remains embedded in many literary historical topics because it is so multiply present. One such topic is the pivotal one of the early years of leftist writers, which culminated in the founding of the League of Left-Wing Writers in 1930. It is his still-central role in the leftist debates of these years that is placed under the microscope by the thesis here. Two events relating to Lu Xun that are not usually connected occurred in close proximity: first, the fiction that formed the core of his exceptional influence came to an end, and second, he made his first overt steps towards an explicit political commitment to the left. The end of the fiction is largely passed over as an event for lack of explicit evidence, whereas his choice in political orientation is much studied as a critical factor in leftist literary history. This paper aims to bring these events into equal visibility, and by doing so, to enable the first to revise the second. What can be uncovered about the end of his fiction shows how the nature of its end facilitated his turn towards politics, and this in 1 The website of Modern Chinese Literature and Culture (MCLC.osu.edu) has a comprehensive bibliography on (chiefly English language) scholarship on these points, especially useful because many studies of these figures, including Lu Xun, began in Western languages before they became feasible in China in the late 1980s. 2 CHOU, “LU XUN IN 1926–1927” turn should bring about a rethinking of the debates over revolutionary literature that were then firing up the literary scene. That Lu Xun’s evolution to the left can be traced to 1927 in Guangzhou is well known. For many other writers also, this year and this city constituted a political and literary turning point. In April, the Guomindang (GMD) carried out a purge of the Communist Party (CCP), which was followed at the end of the year by a short, bloody uprising of the CCP. As David Der-wei Wang notes, the first full-length modern novels came out of this sequence of political violence, as Ye Shaojun, Ba Jin, Mao Dun, and others, who were then or later identifiably leftist writers, tried to work out in fiction form how revolution intersected with the lives of individuals.2 The mix of factors in Lu Xun’s case differed, but the commitment he ultimately made to the left meant that this new wave of writing that began in Guangzhou became the literary context for his future, in which he wrote no further fiction. This article’s thought experiment is to propose that there is an antecedent (mental) event that made it possible for Lu Xun to put the words “literature,” “revolution,” and later, “proletariat” together. This antecedent event, I propose, is his silent relinquishment of fiction, and can be gently extricated from among the distractors of satire and wit that were his forte. Much of this article must be devoted to tracking down Lu Xun’s relinquishment of fiction because he never directly addressed this issue. Then and later, fiction, together with a similarly small number of essays, was the basis for the exceptional reach of his influence. His body of fiction was small: two collections of short stories, within which individual works were often separated by long intervals. But each story was devotedly read upon publication in the avant-garde periodicals. The first batch was collected and published to great acclaim in Nahan 吶喊 (Call to Arms) in 1923, followed by a second collection, Panghuang 徬徨 (Hesitation), in 1926. Both were reprinted multiple times by Lu Xun himself into the 1930s. After Hesitation, however, there was no more fiction. In retrospect we can see that it is remarkable that he wrote xiaoshuo fiction for only the first eight years of a literary life that in all other respects was productive to the week of his death.3 2 Wang, The Monster That Is History: History, Violence, and Fictional Writing in Twentieth-Century China (2004), 79–83.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Full Spectrum of Selves in Modern Chinese Literature: from Lu Xun to Xiao Hong
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Full Spectrum of Selves in Modern Chinese Literature: From Lu Xun to Xiao Hong Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5022k8qv Author Ho, Felicia Jiawen Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Full Spectrum of Selves in Modern Chinese Literature: From Lu Xun to Xiao Hong A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in East Asian Languages and Cultures by Felicia Jiawen Ho 2012 © Copyright by Felicia Jiawen Ho 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Full Spectrum of Selves in Modern Chinese Literature: From Lu Xun to Xiao Hong by Felicia Jiawen Ho Doctor of Philosophy in East Asian Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Shu-mei Shih, Chair Despite postcolonial theory’s rejection of legacies of Western imperial dominance and cultural hierarchy, the superiority of Euro-American notions of subjectivity remains a persistent theme in third world cross-cultural literary analysis. Interpretations of the Chinese May Fourth era often reduce the period to one of wholesale westernization and cultural self- repudiation. Euro-American notions of the self often reify ideologies of individuality, individualism, rationalism, evolution, and a “self-versus-society” dichotomy, viewing such positions as universal and applicable for judging decolonizing others. To interrogate this assumption, I examine the writing of Lu Xun and Xiao Hong, two May Fourth writers whose fictional characters present innovative, integrated, heterogeneous selves that transcend Western ii critical models. This “full spectrum of selves” sustains contradicting pulls of identity—the mental (the rational, the individual), the bodily (the survivalist, the affective), the cerebral (the moral), the social (the relational, the organismic), as well as the spiritual and the cosmic.
    [Show full text]
  • Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910S-1950S
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 8-23-2011 12:00 AM From Marriage Revolution to Revolutionary Marriage: Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910s-1950s Wei Xu The University of Western Ontario Supervisor James Flath The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Wei Xu 2011 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, Cultural History Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, History of Gender Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, Social History Commons, Women's History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Xu, Wei, "From Marriage Revolution to Revolutionary Marriage: Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910s-1950s" (2011). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 232. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/232 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM MARRIAGE REVOLUTION TO REVOLUTIONARY MARRIAGE: MARRIAGE PRACTICE OF THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY IN MODERN ERA 1910s-1950s (Spine
    [Show full text]
  • Hebei Women's Normal Education Pioneers
    Hebei Women’s Normal Education Pioneers Hebei Women’s Normal Education Pioneers: One Century’s Fragrant Trace of Wisdom By Jianbing Dai and Yongyan Wang Translated by Sumin Zhang Hebei Women’s Normal Education Pioneers: One Century’s Fragrant Trace of Wisdom By Jianbing Dai and Yongyan Wang Translated by Sumin Zhang This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Jianbing Dai and Yongyan Wang All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-2209-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-2209-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ....................................................................................................... vii Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Chinese Traditional Women 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Assisting One’s Husband 1.3 Educating One’s Children 1.4 Bearing Filial Piety to One’s Parents-in-Law Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 31 Modern Chinese Women’s Education 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Development of Modern Women’s Education 2.3 Hebei Women’s Normal Education
    [Show full text]
  • “Preface to a Call to Arms ” and “A Madman's Diary”
    “Preface to A Call to Arms” and “A Madman’s Diary” By Lu Xun Krissa Goncher Elida High School July 2014 12th grade World Literature or English 12 One 50-minute class period Goncher 2 Summary: In the auto-biographical “Preface to A Call to Arms” Lu Xun describes why he began writing. He recalls a scene when his father was ill and Lu Xun was required to obtain the medicine for his recovery. Upon receiving the list of medicines, Lu Xun became angered and began to blame traditional medicinal methods for his father’s illness and eventually, death. He was inspired to enter the medical field. The turning point of his career as a medical student occurred when he witnessed a film about the Russo-Japanese war. He watched many classmates blindly cheering on death. He was appalled by this blind show of loyalty and decided to switch the focus of his studies to literature. His goal was to “change their spirit.” Lu Xun’s attempts to promote literacy and literary ideals were met with failure. At this discouragement, he began to copy writings for the sake of copying them, with no real intended purpose. A friend of his began to question his methods and enlightened Lu Xun into the reality of the power of writing. He was able to see writing and literature as a means of bringing about hope for the future of his nation. “A Madman’s Diary” begins as an unknown narrator returns home. He hears that one of his childhood friends has been ill and decides to visit.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thematic Study of Lh Xun's Prose P O E T R Y Collection
    A THEMATIC STUDY OF LH XUN'S PROSE POETRY COLLECTION WILD GRASS by TIANM1NG LI M.A., The University of Ilcnan, 1086 M.A., The University of British Columbia, 1994 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Asian Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the rexiuired standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September 1998 © Tianming Li, 1998 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) tt Abstract This thesis is a comprehensive thematic study of the unique prose poetry collection Wild Grass by the famous modern Chinese writer Lu Xun. It provides a general survey of previous Wild Grass studies both in China and abroad in the past 70 years in Chapter 1. The survey clarifies the achievements and defects of those studies, and finds that they are still insufficient and can and should be further expanded. By employing a comprehensive methodology, including close reading, rhetorical analysis, intertextual interpretation, and some standard psychoanalytic insights, the thesis explores the themes of Wild Grass on three different levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Xiao Hong's Migrant Geographies
    Homeless in the Fatherland: Xiao Hong’s Migrant Geographies Clara Iwasaki, University of Alberta Iwasaki, Clara. 2019. “Homeless in the Fatherland: Xiao Hong’s Migrant Geographies.” Cross- Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review (e-journal) 31: 162–182. https://cross- currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-31/iwasaki. Abstract This article examines the multiple ways Chinese writers depicted the incorporation of female national subjects into the struggle to liberate Manchuria after it was annexed by Japan in 1932. Whereas male writers such as Xiao Jun (1907–1988) and Luo Binji (1917–1994) have integrated the multiethnic population of Manchuria, particularly foreign women, into the cause of liberation through marital and sexual relations, the female writer Xiao Hong (1911–1941) depicts the relationships of Russian Jewish, Korean, and Chinese refugee women as lateral friendships. Xiao Hong notes the presence of these three ethnic subjects outside the nation but does not seek to coopt them into China’s national cause, instead calling attention to a separate relationality, which literary scholars Françoise Lionnet and Shu-mei Shih term “minor transnationalism” (Lionnet and Shih 2005). They suggest that minor literatures and cultures are not always juxtaposed with major ones; instead, literary relationships can occur between minor cultures. Focusing on three friendships between minor subjects, this article analyzes and compares three short works by Xiao Hong—about a Russian Jew, a Korean, and Xiao Hong herself—and explores her problematization of diasporic nostalgia and the gendered incorporation of ethnic subjects into the cause of national liberation. Keywords: Chinese literature, Xiao Hong, Manchuria, minor literature, diaspora, gender The writer Xiao Hong died in Hong Kong in 1941, as far away as she could have reasonably been from her birthplace of Hulan in Manchuria (figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • © 2007 Anne Lijing Xu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
    © 2007 Anne Lijing Xu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE SUBLIME WRITER AND THE LURE OF ACTION: MALRAUX, BRECHT, AND LU XUN ON CHINA AND BEYOND by ANNE LIJING XU A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Comparative Literature written under the direction of Stephen Eric Bronner and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May, 2007 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Sublime Writer and the Lure of Action: Malraux, Brecht, and Lu Xun on China and Beyond by ANNE LIJING XU Dissertation Director: Stephen Eric Bronner In this project I analyze the life and works of three writers, André Malraux, Bertolt Brecht, and Lu Xun. These writers lived and wrote during the period of the two World Wars, when their personal and national identities were in crisis. Their search for new identities brought them to the realm of the other: while the two Western writers used China in their writing, the Chinese writer Lu Xun advocated that his nation learn from the West. However, for all three writers, the divide between the self and the other had to be and was overcome. What distinguished them from a long list of writers, who dealt with the China/West encounter in their writing, is the fact that they sought, instead of pitting China against the West, to combine the two creatively and look for redemptive values beyond the binary-driven world. The conclusions in the works analyzed here suggest to us that, to varying degrees, they succeed in their transcendence.
    [Show full text]
  • Intersecting Nations, Diverging Discourses: the Fraught Encounter of Chinese and Tibetan Literatures in the Modern Era Christoph
    Intersecting Nations, Diverging Discourses: The Fraught Encounter of Chinese and Tibetan Literatures in the Modern Era Christopher Peacock Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2020 © 2020 Christopher Peacock All Rights Reserved Abstract Intersecting Nations, Diverging Discourses: The Fraught Encounter of Chinese and Tibetan Literatures in the Modern Era Christopher Peacock This is a two-pronged study of how the Chinese and Tibetan literary traditions have become intertwined in the modern era. Setting out from the contention that the study of minority literatures in China must be fundamentally multilingual in its approach, this dissertation investigates how Tibetans were written into Chinese literature, and how Tibetans themselves adopted and adapted Chinese literary discourses to their own ends. It begins with Lu Xun and the formative literary conceptions of nation in the late Qing and Republican periods – a time when the Tibetan subject was fundamentally absent from modern Chinese literature – and then moves to the 1980s, when Tibet and Tibetans belatedly, and contentiously, became valid subject matter for Han Chinese writers. The second aspect of the project situates modern Tibetan-language literature, which arose from the 1980s onwards, within the literary and intellectual context of modern China. I read Döndrup Gyel, modern Tibetan literature’s “father figure,” as working within unmistakably Lu Xun-ian paradigms, I consider the contradictions that arose when Tsering Döndrup’s short story “Ralo” was interpreted as a Tibetan equivalent of “The True Story of Ah Q,” and I analyze the rise of a “Tibetan May Fourth Movement” in the 2000s, which I argue presented a selective reading of modern China’s intellectual history.
    [Show full text]
  • 153 Party Conference Level Leads to Successful Implementation. a Comparable Study of the Nationalist Period Would Show That
    BOOK REVIEWS 153 party conference level leads to successful implementation. A comparable study of the Nationalist period would show that the Nationalists also had a penchant for elaborate planning, only to see the plans unfulfilled because of wrong application or lack of appropriate personnel. And while the author has successfully integrated the factor of personalities into her presentation (her appendix is especially useful), actual political dynamics in China generally involved a great deal more personal interactions than this book suggests. These are, however, minor criticisms. Given the fact that Southwest China has remained closed to outsiders even in this time of frequent visitors to China, this book is the most penetrating analysis of the subject we have. It is a definite con- tribution to our understanding of the political workings of China. Ohio State University SAMUELC. CHU Columbus, U.S.A. Merle Goldman (ed.), Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1977, viii, 464 pp., $ 15.00. This volume, a compilation of seventeen scholarly articles plus an introduction by the editor, Merle Goldman, is the much anticipated result of a conference held at Endicott House in Dedham, Massachusetts in August of 1974 and of a workshop which had preceded it at the Harvard East Asian Research Center. The distillations of painstakingly thorough research into this much talked about but little understood era in Chinese literary history, performed by "scholars of Chinese literature as well as historians
    [Show full text]
  • Surviving in Between Neoliberalism and “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”
    Surviving in between Neoliberalism and “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”: Chinese Women in Negotiation with the Nation and Public Culture A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Xiaomeng Li August 2020 © 2020 Xiaomeng Li. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled Surviving in between Neoliberalism and “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”: Chinese Women in Negotiation with the Nation and Public Culture by XIAOMENG LI has been approved for the School of Media Arts and Studies and the Scripps College of Communication by Eve Ng Associate Professor of Media Arts and Studies Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii Abstract LI, XIAOMENG, Ph.D., August 2020, Media Arts and Studies Surviving in between Neoliberalism and “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”: Chinese Women in Negotiation with the Nation and Public Culture Director of Dissertation: Eve Ng People’s Republic of China under President Xi Jinping’s administration has demonstrated an intense agenda of nation-building, observable through the country’s ardent participation in the global economy on the one hand, and domestic propagation of national and cultural pride on the other. While new ideologies such as “Core Socialist Values” and “Chinese Dream” are prevailing in almost every aspect of Chinese people’s daily lives, women are largely overlooked as part of the “citizens” in the official discourses even though they
    [Show full text]
  • 11The Enigma of Su Xuelin Lu Xun. ???V??
    㜖厖⚁ 䲻ⓐ⋼㢮 2010 〃 06 㢗 榐 493~528 ⢚䱚ᾼ⸀⪶ⴇᾼ⢚㜖ⴇ亊 The Enigma of Su Xuelin and Lu Xun ! Jon Eugene von Kowallis ȘAbstractș Xuelin “the greatest writer of literary prose among all women authors.” A returned student from France, Su had also achieved academic rank and position. But her sudden and vitriolic attack on Lu Xun shortly after his death turned into what she herself came to describe as “an enterprise which has taken up nearly half my life,” and which in turn may well have had negative repercussions on her own reputation and career. For this reason, the question of what motivated these attacks has become a puzzle both to scholars of Lu Xun studies and within the field of modern Chinese literary history in general. Various scholars on mainland China have offered theories, but none have brought forth decisive evidence. The American-Australian author of this paper, who studied Chinese literature and philosophy in Taiwan during the martial law era, attempts to offer a way forward by re-situating the “puzzle” within its original historical contexts, both on the mainland and in Taiwan. Keywords: modern Chinese literature, Chinese intellectual history, Kuomintang, Taiwan history炷martial law炸, Su Xuelin, Lu Xun, Hu Shi, Cai Yuanpei ! Professor,Chinese Studies, University of New South Wales, Sydney. ԏዺВයǺ2010ԃ03Д19ВǴቩࢗ೯ၸВයǺ2010ԃ06Д10В 494 㜖厖⚁݉䲻ⓐ⋼㢮 I. “I use his own tactics on him.” At the outset of her book of collected essays and papers titled Wo Lun Lu Xun ㆹ 婾欗彭 ˳I Have My Say on Lu Xun˴ in a preface written in Tainan ⎘⋿ Taiwan and dated November 1966, Professor Su Xuelin 喯暒㜿 炷1897-1999炸, then approaching seventy, whom Ah Ying 旧劙 炷Qian Xingcun 拊㛷㛹 1900-1977炸 had once hailed in the early 1930s as “the greatest writer of sanwen 㔋㔯 炷literary prose炸 among all women authors ˳in China˴” 炷⤛⿏ἄ⭞ᷕ㚨⃒䥨䘬㔋㔯ἄ侭炸1 stated unequivocally that “opposition to Lu Xun has become an undertaking that has taken up nearly half of my life” 炷⍵欗炻⸦᷶ㆸḮㆹ⋲䓇ḳ㤕炸.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Hope in the Fiction of Lu Xun
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1994 The Emergence of Hope in the Fiction of Lu Xun Amalia Valderrama-Nunez Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Modern Literature Commons Recommended Citation Valderrama-Nunez, Amalia, "The Emergence of Hope in the Fiction of Lu Xun" (1994). Master's Theses. 4069. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/4069 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1994 Amalia Valderrama-Nunez LOYOLA UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE EMERGENCE OF HOPE IN THE FICTION OF LU XUN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF LOYOLA UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL STUDIES BY AMALIA VALDERRAMA-NUNEZ CHICAGO, IL MAY 1994 Copyright by Amalia Valderrama-Nunez, 1994 All Rights Reserved ii PREFACE My thesis examines modem Chinese literature, specifically the writings of Lu Xun, a prominent 20th century writer. Lu Xun wrote about the weariness of a people caught up in the everyday struggle of life, a life full of hardships, steeped in poverty, ignorance, and injustice. In his short stories, Lu Xun does not provide solutions to these struggles; he does, however, offer small rays of hope.
    [Show full text]