Accelerating Science and Innovation
The Role of Particle Physics: fundamental research resulting in major innovations changing the society
Maxim TITOV, CEA Saclay, France Tyumen, Russia, 17 October 2019 Large-Scale Science Projects
Address: - fundamental science questions at the forefront of research and technology
Require: - large and sustained infrastructures - global collaboration on long time scales
Provide: - unique equipment - challenging requests for high technology and innovation - stimulating ideas which in turn attract good people - occasion to bring people together Sociology
Large International Collaborations
– a place where people learn to work together – collaboration and competition – diversity: good opportunity to recognize differences, accept them and learn to use them – influence the way of thinking, planning at general level – information sharing: role of computing in internationalization and communication – experience can be used by individuals and in other fields
management through ‘common goals’ management by ‘convincing partners’ Innovation in Fundamental Research
Large scientific projects stimulate innovation – Space : Apollo missions, Space Station, Pioneer/Voyager Missions – Particle Physics : accelerators in general • at CERN : LEP, LHC
Pushing the frontiers of technology. CERN Examples: – Superconductivity, magnets, cryogenics, vacuum, survey/metrology. – Transport and installation of heavy equipment. – Solid-state detectors resistant to high-intensity radiation. – Large-scale industrial control systems. – Electronic and information systems. – Project management and co-ordination. Essential Ingredients to Drive Innovation
• A concrete project with ambitious goals and a deadline
• Highly competent and motivated teams in all domains and at all levels
• Open collaboration with competent partners – universities and research institutes – industrial partners for key technologies
• Learning from others, sharing the results freely
• Investment in training and education CERN a European Intergovernmental Organization, globally used an infrastructure belonging to all its member states an example of what Europe and its partners can achieve when they are working together
1954: European Reconstruction 1980: The East Meets the West Today: Global Collaboration 1st Session of CERN Council Visit of delegation from Beijing The LHC brings together > 10000 scientists and some 100 nationalities Today: Global Science & Global Collaboration Excellence and Cooperation
- Scientific Excellence is key world-class, excellent infrastructures need excellent staff intellectual challenges for all staff in RIs important
- International scientific cooperation is vital CERN: be global (in membership) but keep European component
- National scientific cooperation is vital Establish close cooperation of RIs with national facilities and universities Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire European Organization for Nuclear Research
a Large International Infrastructure with Impact Beyond Science and Technology 1949: The origins of CERN, Lausanne • European science was depleted • Nuclear scientists wanted to do something for peace • The word nuclear held promise • Political and scientific consensus • Denis de Rougemont: European Cultural Conference, Lausanne, 1949 Louis de Broglie proposed: "the creation of a laboratory or institution where it would be possible to do scientific work, but somehow beyond the framework of the different participating states [Endowed with more resources than national facilities, such a laboratory could] undertake tasks, which, by virtue of their size and cost, were beyond the scope of individual countries". 1950: UNESCO General Conference, Florence
American Nobel laureate, Isidor Rabi tables a resolution authorizing UNESCO to: "assist and encourage the formation of regional research laboratories in order to increase international scientific collaboration…” 1951: UNESCO inter-Governmental meeting, Paris 1952: The choice of Geneva At a meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951, the 1st resolution concerning the establishment of a European Council for Nuclear Research was adopted. Two months later, 11 countries signed an agreement establishing the provisional Council – the acronym CERN was born.
At the provisional Council's third session in October 1952, Geneva was chosen as the site of the future Laboratory. This choice was finally ratified in a referendum organized by the Canton of Geneva in June 1953. 1954: The organization is born
The CERN Convention, established in July 1953, was ratified by the 12 founding Member States: Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and Yugoslavia. On 29 September 1954, the European Organization for Nuclear Research officially came into being. CERN was dissolved but the acronym remains. 1957: CERN’s first accelerator (synchrocyclotron) arrives 1959: CERN’s first big machine
The late 1950s saw the healthy competitive … who shared the technique Start up of the CERN Proton collaboration of strong focusing, invented Synchrotron, assisted by between the US and at Brookhaven, with her Hildred Blewett from European colleagues. Brookhaven…. Europe that continues to this day…
1961: ADA at Frascati… … and VEPP-1 at Novosibirsk Mission of Research Infrastructures (CERN)
Research Push Forward the Frontiers of Knowledge (E.g. the secrets of the Big Bang …what was the matter like within the first moments of the Universe’s existence?
Innovation Advances the Frontires of Technology - Information technology - the Web and the GRID - Medicine - diagnosis and therapy
Education Train Scientists and Engineers of Tomorrow Outreach Promote Science in Society
Science for Piece Unite people from different countries and cultures through science RESEARCH: Push forward the frontiers of knowledge The expansion of Universe is faster than “expected” (Big-Bang + relativity) ⇒ “Dark Energy” CERN: Push forward the frontiers of knowledge….. Seeking answers to questions about the Early Universe:
“Newton’s unfinished business”… what is mass? Science’s little embarrassment… what is 96% of the Universe made of? Nature’s favouritism… why is there no more antimatter? The secrets of the Big Bang… what was matter like within the first moments of the Universe’s life? PARTICLE PHYSICS LANDSCAPE AT CERN
High Energy Frontier LHC Low Energy Non-accelerator Hadronic Matter heavy flavours / rare decays dark matter deconfinement neutrino oscillations astroparticles non-perturbative QCD anti-matter hadron structure Multidisciplinary climate, medicine Non-LHC Particle Physics = o(1000) physicists / o(20) experiments
Scientific Diversity at unique facilities
CERN maintains and upgrades these facilities
Complemented and Supported by THEORY LEP HISTORY (1989-2000):
The largest accelerator ever built – 27 km circumference;
Operated at 100 GeV to produce 17 million Z Bosons
Experimental evidence for the existance of three families of quarks and leptons
LHC HISTORY (2010- ~ 2040):
(looooong term projects takes n generations of PhD students, n > 10...)
1983: First LHC proposal, launch of design study 1994: Approval by CERN council 2010: First collisions at 3.5 TeV beam energy 2012: Higgs Boson Discovery 2016: Collisions at design energy, 7 TeV > 2010: a New Era in Fundamental Science
LHCb
CMS ATLAS
Exploration of a new energy frontier
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ALICE
LHC ring: 27 km circumference Marvel of Technology – the world’s fastest racetrack – LHC Protons are accelerated around circular orbits by electric fields (superconducting RF cavities) 1232 superconducting magnets, each 15 m long, operating at 8.3 T (200’000 x Earth’s magnetic field) and 1.9K (-271°C) in superfluid helium.
Energy stored in LHC magnets:
1 dipole magnet Estored = 7 MJ All magnets Estored = 10.4 GJ
The kinetic energy of an A380 at 700 km/hour
Energy stored in LHC beams – Kinetic energy of 1 proton bunch: 11 • E1 = (1.15 x 10 protons) x 7 TeV = 129 kJ – Kinetic energy of beam = 2808 bunches:
• Ebeam = k x E1 = 2808 x E1 = 362 MJ
Enough to melt 5.6 tons of gold CERN Accelerator Complex today The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) recreates the conditions prevailing in the first moments of the Universe after the Big Bang
LHC ~10-10 seconds after the Big Bang
At the LHC the particles will be at an equivalent temperature of 1016 K = 10 thousand, million, million degrees = hot !! The sun is only 16 million degrees at its core ( and only a piddly 6000 degrees on its surface ) Brief History of Our Universe and Physics of LHC proton-proton collisions at the LHC correspond to conditions here (<< 1ns)
Heavy-ion collisions at the LHC correspond to conditions here (<1 us) Particles (which are very small « objects ») of high energy are instruments to go back in time 2000x: Fear and loathing… are they going to end the world?
Has the new CERN project – the LHC - the potential to create a black hole that swallows our planet earth?
https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/03/11/cou ld-the-lhc-make-an-earth-killing-black-hole/#2fe64fd02ed5 A crowning achievement of 20th Century Science All our knowledge is today «codified» in the Standard Model : Matter, Interaction, Unification Interaction, Unification
The Standard Model :
• A quantum field theory: SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) • Classify the matter particles in family (fermions) • Explain the interactions through local gauge principle symmetry (bosons) • Allow the particle to acquire masses through the Higgs mechanism • Without the Higgs, all particles are massless • Without the Higgs, quantum corrections are infinite The new (final?) “Periodic • Has been tested with high precision Table” of fundamental elements at collider experiments Source: The Economist July 4th, 2012
SM theoretically introduced
With a well-founded theoretical model, precision measurements can be turned into discoveries - and precision measurements can guide the development of new models
The clear need for
long-term planning Theory prediction: 1964 in our research field Higgs Discovery: 2012 Giving the Universe Substance – Mass Generation Newton: F = ma Einstein: E = mc2 Mass curves space-time
All of this is correct. But how do objects become massive? Simplest theory – all particles are massless !!!
A field pervades the universe Particles interacting with this field acquire mass stronger the interaction the larger the mass
The field is a quantum field – its quantum is the Higgs boson. Finding the Higgs boson would establish the existence of this field! Seminal papers published in 1964!
July 4, 2012 @ CERN: “So, We have it – It is a Discovery” (Rolf-Dieter Heuer, CERN Director General)
Both ATLAS and CMS Collaborations have reported observation of a narrow resonance ~ 125 GeV consistent with long-sought Higgs boson
What did we know on that day: it is most probably “A HIGGS BOSON” had to establish if it is “THE HIGGS BOSON” of the Standard Model About 50 Years and Billion of Dollars – The « God Particle » is no Longer a Theory The Higgs: A new kind of field
The only fundamental scalar 2013: Nobel Prize in Physics for Higgs Boson Discovery
Methodology
‘The Large Hadron Collider at CERN is the largest most complex machine in the world, possibly the universe. By smashing particles together at enormous energies, it recreates the conditions of the Big Bang. The recent discovery of what looks like the “Higgs particle” is a triumph of human endeavour and international collaboration. It will change our perception of the world and has the potential to offer insights into a complete theory of everything.’ Stephen Hawking Beyond Standard Model Solutions:
Technicolor New (strong) interactions produce EWSB
Extensions of the SM gauge group :
Salam Glashow Weinberg Little Higgs / GUTs / … Politzer Wilczek Gross Veltman ‘t Hooft Reines
For (most of) proposed solutions:
new particles should appear Friedman Perl at TeV scale RubbiaterritoryHiggs ofvan the der LHC Schwartz LedermanTing Meer Fitch Cronin Hofstadter Steinberger Schwinger Kendall
Richter Gell-Mann Feynman Alvarez Taylor Yang Lee
Supersymmetry Nambu Kobayashi Maskawa New particles at ≈ TeV scale, light Higgs Extra Dimensions Unification of forces New dimensions introduced Higgs mass stabilized mGravity ≈ melw Hierarchy problem No new interactions solved New particles at ≈ TeV scale Four Main Results from LHC Up-to-Now:
We have consolidated the Standard Model (wealth of measurements at 8 / 14 TeV, including flavor physics, rare Bs μμ decay, very sensitive to New Physics) it works BEAUTIFULLY …
2) We have completed the Standard Model: Discovery of the messenger of the BEH-field the Higgs boson discovery
3) We found interesting properties of the hot dense matter
4) We have no evidence of new physics (YET), beyond the Standard Model – it may remain valid up to very high energies No argument yet for a particular energy scale beyond the SM Is this the End … What’s Next ? Needed in Higgs Physics: High Precision Measurements
Higgs boson is the only fundamental scalar particle ever discovered.
Determine Higgs properties as precisely as possible to address fundamental questions:
… is it the (Higgs) Boson (of the Standard Model) ? or one of several ?
… its properties could give information on Dark Matter
… its properties could give first hints on Dark Energy Energy Frontier Colliders: Past, Present, Future
+ - e+e+-eLinear- Linear Colliders Colliders + - HE e+e- Storage Rings HE pp Colliders Future Electron-Positron Colliders: “ Higgs Factory” Linear colliders: ILC, CLIC (technical extendability to TeV regime)
arXiv: 1812.07987 arXiv: 1901.09829 arXiv: 1812.07986 arXiv: 1901.09825
International Linear Collider (ILC): Compact Linear Collider (CLIC): Japan (Kitakami) CERN √s = 250 - 500 GeV, 1 TeV √s = 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV, 3 TeV Length: 21 km - 31 km (50 km) Length: 11 km, 29 km, 50 km Circular colliders: CEPC, FCC-ee
arXiv: 1901.03169 http://fcc-cdr.web.cern.ch/ arXiv: 1901.03170
Circular Electron-Positron Collider (CEPC): Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee): China CERN √s = 90 - 240 GeV √s = 90 - 350 GeV Circumference: 100 km Circumference: ~100 km INNOVATION: Advances the Frontires of Technology
https://cds.cern.ch/record/1551933/files/Strategy_Report_LR.pdf Particle Physics and Innovation
Interfacing between fundamental science and key technological developments
CERN Technologies and Innovation : development and transfer to other fields of research, industry and society
Accelerating particle Detecting particles Large-scale beams computing (Grid) From Accelerators to Solar Panels A kind of molecular flypaper was developed to keep perfect vacuum inside the LEP accelerator pipe. This technology, applied to solar collectors, provides ultra-efficient thermal insulation and increases by a factor of 10 the efficiency of standard rooftop solar panels. Inside the LEP beam pipe. The same technology is at work The metal ribbon acts as molecular inside solar panels on the roof flypaper. of Geneva airport.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2012/03/13/geneva- international-airport-gets-largest-solar-energy-system/#53d99fd373af Medical Application as Example of Particle Physics Spin-off
Combining Physics, ICT, Biology and Medicine to fight cancer
Hadron Therapy
Tumour Leadership in Ion Target Beam Therapy now in Europe and Protons Japan light ions Accelerating particle beams X-ray protons ~30’000 accelerators worldwide >100’000 patients treated worldwide (45 facilities) ~17’000 used for medicine >50’000 patients treated in Europe (14 facilities)
Imaging PET Scanner Clinical trial in Portugal, France and Italy for new breast imaging system (ClearPET)
Detecting particles Steadily Growing Interest in Hadron Therapy
Low energy synchrotrons and cyclotrons are now commonly used in Interest/plans for new facilities in industry, e.g. food industry (around Bulgaria, Greece, Norway, Denmark, 20000) and in hospitals (around 10000). the Netherlands, UK, Spain Their annual commercial output is valued at up to €500 billion.
Need more research and biomedical The Proton Ion Medical Machine Study (PIMMS) studies with different ions (BioLEIR) at CERN produced an accelerator design optimized for hadron therapy, deployed in MedAustron (Austria) and CNAO (Italy) Anti-Proton Decelerator and ACE Experiment @ CERN
Unique facility to study anti-atoms at CERN
But also for the ACE (anti-proton cell experiment) experiment studying the potential use of antiprotons in cancer therapy (deliver more energy to the tumour) http://public-archive.web.cern.ch/public-archive/en/research/ACE-en.html 1968: MWPC – revolutionising the way particle physics is done
Detecting particles was a mainly a manual, tedious and labour intensive job – unsuited for rare particle decays
George Charpak developed the MultiWire Proportional Chamber, which revolutionized particle detection and High Energy Physics - which passed from the manual to the electronic era.
Electronic particle track detection is now standard in all particle detectors 1968: MWPC – revolutionising the way particle physics is done
Biospace: Company Founded 1992: In 1989 by Georges Charpak ~ 2000: LOW-DOSE 3D IMAGING
COMMERCIAL AUTORADIOGRAPHY SYSTEMS WITH GASEOUS DETECTORS
http://www.biospacelab.com From LHC Particle Detectors to Medicine Silicon pixel detectors, and crystals of lead tangstate, used for calorimetry, have already found various applications, especially in medicine: - Silicon pixels are deployed as Medipix, for medical imaging and diagnosis. - CMS electronics to read out these crystals in a magnetic field opened the way to combined PET/MRI scanners.
MEDIPIX: https://medipix.web.cern.ch/ ClearPET: https://crystalclear.web.cern.ch/crystalclear/pet.html CERN to become established as an important facilitator of medical physics in Europe
1979: CERN builds a detector for a hospital… PET instalment two: APDs From SiPM-based ILC Calorimeter to Advanced PET-Systems 2006: ILC Calorimetry (8k ch.): C. Monet, Nymphéas et Pont Japonais Today’s PET imaging platforms using SiPMs: First large experience with SiPM operation (2006): GE clinical PET/MR uses analog SiPM VEREOS Philips PET/CT uses digital SiPM
Multi-channels arrays of crystals + SIPM: A muli-modality approach (PET/CT,PET/MR) will be more and more requested in the clinical practice. • minimum dead material between crystals • SiPM packaging is crucial up to 50% sensitivity improvement • Monolithic arrays/high density of chan.
SiPMs represent today the future of Nuclear Medical Imaging the only slowing down factor at the moment being the high associated cost. 1987: CERNET gives way to INTERNET
World Wide Web was developed at CERN to help share information among scientists working at the Large Electron Positron collider, at institutes all around the globe. 1989: The Birth of World Wide Web (WWW) Tim Berners Lee proposed the web concept
The first web address: http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html 1993: Release of the Web to Public Domaine The most valuable document for humanity? The Worldwide LHC Computing Grid Initiated in 2002, an International collaboration was launched to distribute/analyse LHC data
After filtering, CERN detectors select ~200 interesting collisions per second. Several MBs of data to be stored for each collision... more than 25 Petabytes/year of data!
Integrates computer centres worldwide that provide computing and storage resource into a single infrastructure accessible by all LHC physicists
Tier-0: CERN and 8 Megabyte (8MB) Hungary): A digital photo data recording, reconstruction and 1 Gigabyte (1GB) = 1000MB distribution A DVD movie
1 Terabyte (1TB) Tier-1: permanent = 1000GB storage, re- World annual processing, book production analysis > 25 Petabytes (25PB) = 25000TB Tier-2: Simulation, Annual LHC data output end-user analysis ~170 sites, > 2 million jobs/day 40 countries 10-100 Gb links EDUCATION: Train Scientists and Engineers of Tomorrow Education and Capacity Building at CERN
Teachers Programs - international and ‘national’ programs at CERN and remotely School Students Programs - “slip into the skin of a researcher” - special competitions (e.g. in Spain) High School Students Programs - S’Cool Lab - Beamline for Schools - Masterclasses (complement school visits to CERN) Summer Students Program (address university students) CERN as an Educator Knowledge Transfer Through People
Every year, hundreds of students come to CERN to contribute to our research programs
An opportunity for young people to learn in a multicultural environment
Not only for physicists! Also engineers, computer scientists, administrative students… Age Distribution of Scientists - and where they go afterwards
1100 27 They do not all stay: 1000 where do they go? 900 Today: 800 >3000 PhD students 700 in LHC experiments 600
500
400
300 65
200 Age
100 Distribution:
0 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 « The Largest PhD Factory in the world « ~ 1000 PhD students per year, working in CERN Projects, receives degree from their home universities/Institution) OUTREACH: From Science to Society Particle Physics: Outreach
- All countries need more scientists, engineers, staff, . . .
- targeted outreach activities - encourage interest in careers in science
- Society needs to realize and appreciate science
- bring innovative science and exciting results achieved at RIs, and their application to societal challenges, to the notice of society - need more imaginative and ambitious outreach activities - science education through inquiry based novel teaching methods in primary and secondary schools - . . . Knowledge is limited. Whereas the Imagination embraces the entire world… Albert Einstein
Bridge the gap between science and society … The Largest and Most Complex Microscopes we’ve ever built
IMPACTS CAN BE UNEXPECTED:
The opera Les Troyens by Berlioz, as shown in Valencia, St. Peterburg and Warsaw (2011) used a set design based on ATLAS Detector
The “Gothic Cathedrals” of the 21st Century … through arts Art @ CMS Project: In Search of the Higgs Boson Inspire ‘non scientific world’ with science instruments & physics topics: http://cern.ch/scienceartschool Xavier Cortada (with the participation of physicist Pete Markowitz), digital art, 2013
H WW H γγ H bb H ττ H ZZ
CMS Papers in Real CMS Art Design: Event Displays: THE BIRTH of GLOBAL SCINCE
2014: “SCIENCE FOR PIECE” Breaking the Walls between Cultures and Nations since 1954 1967: Looking to the East…
In 1967, CERN signed an agreement with the USSR that led to exchanges of personnel and equipment between CERN and Serpukhov.
A culture of mutual help:
Earlier in the decade, CERN had been the scene of the first scientific contacts between East and West Germany following the erection of the Berlin wall.. CERN: Science for Piece Four Seas Conference: « Physique-sans-Frontières »
“Physique-sans-Frontières” (PSF) was born in 1992, during the war in Bosnia when many scientists felt the necessity to "do something" for their colleagues of South East of Europe
Georges CHARPAK has kindly accepted to preside "Physics-without-Borders” and supported the effort of the association to set up the “Four-Seas-Conference”
The 1st Trieste-95 conference was a real success, despite the renewed war in Bosnia : 150 physicists, half of them from the South- Eastern Europe; all the countries of the Balkanic area were represented, despite the existing state of war between some of them Four Seas Conference: Physics in Service of Mankind
Five conferences were organized (Trieste-95, Sarajevo-98, Thessaloniki-02, Istanbul-04, Iasi, Romania-07) to give opportunity for scientists, mainly the youngest ones, to hear about the most recent developments in sciences and technologies
Served as a way to express the solidarity of the scientific community with all those who, under difficult conditions, seek to keep alive the diverse intellectual and cultural links that constitute the essence of our civilization Large-Scale HEP Future Infrastructures: From Choices ? to Choice ! NEW SCIENCE: GLOBAL SCIENCE
Need to present and discuss new large scale projects in an international context before making choices
Need to present physics case(s) always taking into account latest results at existing facilities
Need to present (additional) benefits to society from the very beginning of the project
Need to have excellent communication and outreach accompanying all projects Global Collaboration (I)
• We need to define the most appropriate organizational form and• need to be open and inventive (scientists, funding agencies, politicians. . .)
Mandatory to have accelerator laboratories in all regions as partners in accelerator development / construction / commissiong / exploitation
Planning and execution of HEP projects today need global partnership for global, regional and national projects in other words: for the whole program
Use the exciting times now to establish such a partnership Global Collaboration (II)
• To advance accelerators at the energy frontier we need
• - to maintain expertise in all regions;
- ensure long term stability and support in all three regions;
- engage all countries with particle physics communities;
- to integrate particle physics from developing countries (regions);
- global view from funding agencies;
- a closer linkage of partners for development of technologies Today CERN: opening the door…
• Membership for Non-European countries
• New Associate Membership defined
• CERN participation in global HEP projects independent of location Today CERN: 23 Member States and 8 Associate Member States ~ 2500 staff ~ 1800 other paid personnel ~ 13000 scientific users Budget (2017) ~ 1200 MCHF
Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom Associate Member States: Croatia, India, Lithuania, Pakistan, Turkey, Ukraine Associate Members in the Pre-Stage to Membership: Cyprus, Slovenia Applications for Membership or Associate Membership: Brazil Observers to Council: Japan, Russia, United States of America; European Union, JINR and UNESCO 76 The Role of Big High Energy Physics Laboratories: – innovate, discover, publish, share
… and bring the world together BACK-UP SLIDES patterns and structures pattern when cold (low energy)
Symmetry when warm symmetry (high energy) FORCES 1955-2005:
• Electromagnetic COLD • Weak • Strong
• ElectroWeak WARM • Strong (QCD)
HOT GrandUnified Force Standard Model of Quarks Leptons and forces = pattern based on mass “cold” =“low” energy = below 1 TeV
superSymmetry when “warm” (= high energy > 1TeV)
Higgs Boson Supersymmetry Nature of Reality Norse Creation Story: When the cold An Egyptian Creation Story: Out Zoroastrian Creation Story: Ahura of Niflheim touched the fires of of the chaos, Nun, arose Ra. Ra Mazda creates a mountain Muspell, the giant Ymir and a begot a pantheon of gods which Alburz which grew to touch the behemothic cow, Auohumla, emerged were the earth, sky etc. Ra’s tears sky, bring rain and begin life. from the thaw. are humans.
Judeo-Christian-Islamic Creation A Chinese Creation Story: Phan Ku hatched from A Hindu Creation Story: Brahma Story: In the beginning God an egg and grew for 18,000 years, pushing his shell hatched from an egg in the water created the heaven and the earth. apart into heaven and earth. Then he died and his and the remains of the egg remains became the sun and the moon. Humans became the universe. are parasites on his body There was a “Big Bang”
The Era of Quantum Gravity (10-43 sec, 1032 K)
• All particles, quarks, leptons, force carriers and other undiscovered particles existed in thermal equilibrium.
• Gravity “froze out” in a phase transition to be a force distinct from the strong nuclear, weak nuclear and electromagnetic forces by the end of this era. In the Beginning... the Grand Unified Force degenerated
The Era of Inflation (10-35 sec, 1027 K)
• The universe inflates by a factor of 1050. • It reaches a total size of 1023 m.
Degeneration of the Grand Unified Force (10-32 sec)
•The strong nuclear force “freezes out” as distinct from the electroweak force. •A billion to one excess of matter over antimatter develops (The LHC can reproduce this era!) In the Beginning... the Electroweak Force degenerated
Electroweak Degeneration Era (10-10 sec, 1015 K)
• The weak nuclear force separates from the electromagnetic force. The W & Z bosons put on weight while the photon remains massless.
•Quarks annihilates with anti-quarks, leaving a tiny excess of quarks.
(These conditions have been reproduced and studied in previous experiments like the LEP) Protons and Neutrons formed
Protons and Neutrons form (10-4 sec, 1013 K)
• Quarks remaining from the annihilation bind with each other under the influence of the strong nuclear force to form protons and neutrons
Neutrinos decouple (10-4 sec, 1010 K)
•Neutrinos shy away from further interactions •Electrons and positrons annihilate till a slight excess is left •Neutron:Proton ratio shifts from 50:50 to 25:75 Atomic Nuclei formed
Helium Age (100 sec, 109 K)
• Helium nuclei can form now. Conditions similar to stars or hydrogen bombs. •Atoms cannot form as yet. Atoms formed and Light could travel freely
Atoms form (300,000 years, 6000 K)
• Light particles (photons) are not strong enough to break up atoms anymore. So, stable atoms of hydrogen and helium can form.
•The universe becomes transparent to radiation and finally there is light! Stars and Galaxies formed
Stars and Galaxies form (1 billion years, 18 K)
• Stars begin to glow, turning lighter elements into heavier ones (of which planets and ourselves are going to be made of)
•Galaxies of stars begin to form Life has arisen to soak in the Mystery
Today (13.7 billion years, 3 K)
• The dust of stars spewed out in supernovae explosions accumulate into planets
•Carbon atoms concatenate into complex molecules while the relentless energy from stars animate their ever-more-sophisticated dance of self-replication.
•And out of the stardust living creatures emerge to observe the universe and ponder its mystery PHYSICS OF TWO INFINITIES Big Bang
Proton Atom
Radius of Earth Earth to Sun
Radius of Galaxies Universe LHC
Super-Microscope
ALMA Hubble
Study physics laws of first moments after Big Bang increasing Symbiosis between Particle AMS Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology VLT What’s next? Road Beyond the Standard Model At the energy frontier: through synergy of: hadron - hadron colliders lepton - hadron colliders lepton - lepton colliders LHeC HL/ HE-LHC CepC: ILC
FCC - pp FCC - ee CLIC
p-p collisions e+e- collisions Proton is compound object e+/e- are point-like Initial state not known event-by-event Initial state well defined (√s / polarization) Limits achievable precision High-precision measurements High-energy Circular Colliders feasible High energies (√s > 350 GeV) require Linear Colliders (avoid synchrotron radiation) High rates of QCD backgrounds Clean experimental environment
Lepton colliders at high energies become at the highest priority We must examine a Higgs (125 GeV) to the fullest extent It may be the only clue to leave the SM oasis and cross the desert !!!