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Particle Detectors Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes Heidelberg, Summer Term 2011 The Physics of Particle Detectors Hans-Christian Schultz-Coulon Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik Introduction Historical Developments Historical Development γ-rays First 1896 Detection of α-, β- and γ-rays 1896 β-rays Image of Becquerel's photographic plate which has been An x-ray picture taken by Wilhelm Röntgen of Albert von fogged by exposure to radiation from a uranium salt. Kölliker's hand at a public lecture on 23 January 1896. Historical Development Rutherford's scattering experiment Microscope + Scintillating ZnS screen Schematic view of Rutherford experiment 1911 Rutherford's original experimental setup Historical Development Detection of cosmic rays [Hess 1912; Nobel prize 1936] ! "# Electrometer Cylinder from Wulf [2 cm diameter] Mirror Strings Microscope Natrium ! !""#$%&'()*+,-)./0)1&$23456/)78096$/'9::9098)1912 $%&!'()*+,-.%!/0&1.)%21331&10!,0%))0!%42%!56784210462!1(,!9624,10462,:177%&!(2;! '()*+,-.%2!<=%4*1;%2%)%:0&67%0%&!;1&>!Victor F. Hess before his 1912 balloon flight in Austria during which he discovered cosmic rays. ?40! @4)*%! ;%&! /0%)),-.&1(8%! A! )1,,%2! ,4-.!;4%!BC;%2!;%,!D)%:0&67%0%&,!(7!;4%! EC2F,1-.,%!;%,!/0&1.)%21331&10,!;&%.%2G!(7!%42%!*H&!;4%!A8)%,(2F!FH2,04F%!I6,40462! %42,0%))%2! J(! :K22%2>! L10&4(7! =4&;! M%&=%2;%0G! (7! ;4%! E(*0! 47! 922%&%2! ;%,! 9624,10462,M6)(7%2!M62!B%(-.04F:%40!*&%4!J(!.1)0%2>! $%&!422%&%G!:)%42%&%!<N)42;%&!;4%20!;%&!O8%&3&H*(2F!;%&!9,6)10462!;%,!P%&C0%,>!'4&;!%&! H8%&! ;4%! BC;%2! F%,%2:0G! ,6! M%&&42F%&0! ,4-.!;1,!1:04M%!9624,10462,M6)(7%2!1(*!;%2! -
Nobel Lectures™ 2001-2005
World Scientific Connecting Great Minds 逾10 0 种 诺贝尔奖得主著作 及 诺贝尔奖相关图书 我们非常荣幸得以出版超过100种诺贝尔奖得主著作 以及诺贝尔奖相关图书。 我们自1980年代开始与诺贝尔奖得主合作出版高品质 畅销书。一些得主担任我们的编辑顾问、丛书编辑, 并于我们期刊发表综述文章与学术论文。 世界科技与帝国理工学院出版社还邀得其中多位作了公 开演讲。 Philip W Anderson Sir Derek H R Barton Aage Niels Bohr Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Murray Gell-Mann Georges Charpak Nicolaas Bloembergen Baruch S Blumberg Hans A Bethe Aaron J Ciechanover Claude Steven Chu Cohen-Tannoudji Leon N Cooper Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Niels K Jerne Richard Feynman Kenichi Fukui Lawrence R Klein Herbert Kroemer Vitaly L Ginzburg David Gross H Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini Harry M Markowitz Karl Alex Müller Sir Nevill F Mott Ben Roy Mottelson 诺贝尔奖相关图书 THE PERIODIC TABLE AND A MISSED NOBEL PRIZES THAT CHANGED MEDICINE NOBEL PRIZE edited by Gilbert Thompson (Imperial College London) by Ulf Lagerkvist & edited by Erling Norrby (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) This book brings together in one volume fifteen Nobel Prize- winning discoveries that have had the greatest impact upon medical science and the practice of medicine during the 20th “This is a fascinating account of how century and up to the present time. Its overall aim is to groundbreaking scientists think and enlighten, entertain and stimulate. work. This is the insider’s view of the process and demands made on the Contents: The Discovery of Insulin (Robert Tattersall) • The experts of the Nobel Foundation who Discovery of the Cure for Pernicious Anaemia, Vitamin B12 assess the originality and significance (A Victor Hoffbrand) • The Discovery of -
One Year with the Académie Des Sciences 2012
One Year with the Académie des Sciences 2012 Encouraging the Science Community Promoting Scientific Teaching Transmitting Knowledge Fostering International Collaboration Playing an Expert and Advisory Role The Académie des Sciences: a modernised institution The Académie des Sciences holds an original position among French scientific institutions: placed under the protection of the President of the French Republic, it is self-governed and only supervised by the French National Audit Office (Cour des comptes). Such independence also stems from the process through which members are appointed: they are peer-elected. Gathering the scientific elite of our country, the Académie des Sciences has adapted to the increasing pace of scientific progress by expanding its membership – now at 245 members aside from Foreign Associate and Corresponding Members – and rejuvenating the profile of the Academy – half of its seats are kept for applicants under 55 years old, which means they are still working – thus making sure the Academy is in direct connection with civil society and economic activities. The Académie des Sciences performs its five missions through finely-tuned coordination between its statutory governance bodies, all members of which have been elected, and Committees providing analysis and advice. Plenary Assembly (Closed-Door Committee - Comité Secret) Permanent Members of the Academy, Corresponding and Foreign Associate Members, spread across Divisions and Division 1 Sections Division 2 Sections Sections Mathematics Select Committee Chemistry -
Parkin CV and Publication List 11-20-2020
Curriculum Vitae - Stuart Stephen Papworth PARKIN Nationality Joint United Kingdom and United States Birthdate December 9, 1955 Current address Trothaer Strasse 17c, 06118 Halle (Saale), Germany Education and Employment The Edinburgh Academy (1971-1973) 1973 A levels- Physics, Chemistry and Maths (Grade A); S levels- Chemistry and Maths (Grade 1) 1973 Gold Medal and Academical Club Prize for Dux of School Trinity College, Cambridge (1974- ) 1974 Entrance Scholarship; 1975 Senior Scholarship; 1976 Science Essay Prize; 1977 Research Scholarship 1977 B.A. in Physics and Theoretical Physics (Theoretical Physics Option), class I, comprising class I in parts Ia (1975), Ib (1976) and II (1977) 1979 Research Fellow 2014 Honorary Fellow The Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge (1977-1980) 1977 Research Student in the Physics and Chemistry of Solids Group, headed by Dr. A.D. Yoffe 1980 Ph.D. awarded (April) Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay, Paris (1980-1981) 1980 Royal Society European Exchange Fellowship, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California (formerly IBM San Jose Research Laboratory) 1982 IBM World Trade Fellowship 1983 Adjunct Research Staff Member (January); 1984 Research Staff Member (October) 1999 IBM Fellow (June) 2004-2014 Director, IBM-Stanford Spintronic Science and Applications Center (SpinAps); co-directed by Shoucheng Zhang (Physics) and James Harris (Electrical Engineering), Stanford University Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics and Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (2014- ) 2014 Alexander von Humboldt Professor, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany 2015 Director, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany, April 1, 2015. 2016-2019 Managing Director, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany Degrees B.A. -
Georges Charpak (1924-2010) Physicist Who Transformed the Measurement of High-Energy Particles
COMMENT OBITUARY Georges Charpak (1924-2010) Physicist who transformed the measurement of high-energy particles. S hysicist and campaigner, past few decades have used detec- I B OR Georges Charpak has tors developed or greatly improved C / left an enduring mark on by Charpak and his team. A Pscience, technology and education. From the moment Charpak His invention of a type of particle began working on detectors, he detector — the multiwire propor- was interested in the their medi- tional chamber — revolutionized the cal applications. Although a long- BRUCELLE/SYGM A. collection of data from high-energy time proponent of nuclear energy, physics experiments. The device he was horrified by the radiation allowed physicists to detect new doses that children were exposed to particles and so test fundamental during routine medical X-rays. He theories about the nature of matter. helped co-found several companies Modern variants of the detector are that applied his multiwire detectors still used in high-energy particle to medical imaging, to reduce the accelerators. exposure of patients to radioactive Charpak, who died on 29 Sep- tracers. He also worked closely with tember, was born in eastern Poland surgeons and radiologists to bring to a poor Jewish family. When he was seven, gas-filled box containing a large number these techniques to clinical settings. the family moved to Paris, lured by France’s of parallel detector wires, each connected Influenced by his experiences in wartime healthier economy. After France surren- to individual amplifiers. It recorded the Europe, Charpak’s deep concern for social dered to Germany in 1940, Charpak refused electronic pulses resulting from charged issues led him to apply his knowledge to to wear the yellow Star of David, required particles passing through the gas. -
The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus
ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 IARJSET ISSN (Print) 2394-1588 International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 5, Issue 10, October 2018 The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus Dr.(Prof.) V.C.A NAIR* Educational Physicist, Research Guide for Physics at Shri J.J.T. University, Rajasthan-333001, India. *[email protected] Abstract: The Research Paper consists mainly of the birth dates of scientists and philosophers Before Christ (BC) and After Death (AD) starting from Thales of Miletus with a brief description of their work and contribution to the development of Physics. The author has taken up some 400 odd scientists and put them in a chronological order. Nobel laureates are considered separately in the same paper. Along with the names of researchers are included few of the scientific events of importance. The entire chain forms a cascade and a ready reference for the reader. The graph at the end shows the recession in the earlier centuries and its transition to renaissance after the 12th century to the present. Keywords: As the contents of the paper mainly consists of names of scientists, the key words are many and hence the same is not given I. INTRODUCTION As the material for the topic is not readily available, it is taken from various sources and the collection and compiling is a Herculean task running into some 20 pages. It is given in 3 parts, Part I, Part II and Part III. In Part I the years are given in Chronological order as per the year of birth of the scientist and accordingly the serial number. -
Madiba, a Inforum Model for Cameroon
Madiba, a Inforum Model for Cameroon The story of the project Paul Salmon Faculté des Sciences économiques Université de Rennes 1 Inforum World Conference 2012 Firenze Introduction • The idea which conducts this presentation, comes from an interview of two French « Nobel Prize » in Physics. • They are Gilles de Gennes and Charpak, respectively Nobel Prize in 1991 and in 1992 The « Nobel Prize » Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Georges Charpak Anecdote • The reporter asked them which Professor has fascinated them ? Is a very famous mathematics professor, a physics one ? • They unanimously answered Frédéric Jolio- Curie (also Nobel Prize in Physics) • The reporter asked them why him? • They answered for his course on missed experiments. Anecdote • The main idea of the course was to explain to the students what to do or not to do to obtain results in an experiment. • You can remark they have not chosen the person for his capacities to find a solution to a theorical problem. The presentation’s target • This presentation will deliver through the Madiba project some good advices and bad examples in the way to manage a project in which an Inforum model is implied. The presentation’s target • I am not so young but not so old. • What I have learned till 1985. Contents • Things to know about Cameroon • Problems and solutions • Important persons for the project • The context • Our conditions • To build the model • Usual work • The target Madiba’s project THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT CAMEROON Things to know about Cameroon (1) • From developping country to an emerging country • All Africa, in one country. -
Highlights of Modern Physics and Astrophysics
Highlights of Modern Physics and Astrophysics How to find the “Top Ten” in Physics & Astrophysics? - List of Nobel Laureates in Physics - Other prizes? Templeton prize, … - Top Citation Rankings of Publication Search Engines - Science News … - ... Nobel Laureates in Physics Year Names Achievement 2020 Sir Roger Penrose "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" Reinhard Genzel, Andrea Ghez "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" 2019 James Peebles "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" Michel Mayor, Didier Queloz "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" 2018 Arthur Ashkin "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to Gerard Mourou, Donna Strickland biological systems" "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" Nobel Laureates in Physics Year Names Achievement 2017 Rainer Weiss "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the Kip Thorne, Barry Barish observation of gravitational waves" 2016 David J. Thouless, "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions F. Duncan M. Haldane, and topological phases of matter" John M. Kosterlitz 2015 Takaaki Kajita, "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that Arthur B. MsDonald neutrinos have mass" 2014 Isamu Akasaki, "for the invention of -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Charge and Spin
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Charge and Spin Transport in Topologically Non-trivial Solid States A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering by Gen Yin December 2015 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Roger K. Lake, Chairperson Dr. Jing Shi Dr. Alexander Khitun Copyright by Gen Yin 2015 The Dissertation of Gen Yin is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor Prof. Roger K. Lake for the guidance, the assistance and the encourangement through my journey to the degree. I would also like to thank my lab-mates, especially Dr. K. M. Masum Habib, Dr. Darshana Wickramaratne, Dr. Yafis Barlas and Dr. Mahesh Neupane for their help in my research projects. Sincere appreciation goes to my collaborators including Prof. Jiadong Zang, Prof. Jing Shi, Dr. Xiao-ding Cai and Dr. Kwaku Eason for their important contributions to my research projects and kind guidance for my career. Special thanks to my friends for their company and support. The text of this dissertation, in part or in full, is a reprint of the material as it appears in the following journals and/or proceedings: • Journal of Applied Physics [1]. Reprinted with permission from [1]. © [2013] American Institute of Physics. • Applied Physics Review [2]. Reprinted with permission from [2]. © [2014] American Institute of Physics. • Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on [3]. Reprinted with permission from [3]. © [2015] IEEE • Physical Review B [4]. Reprinted with permission from [4]. © [2015] American Phys- ical Society (APS). The co-author Roger K. -
CNRS LABORATORIES - CNRS Research Units Are Spread Throughout France (1,256 Research and Service Units)
1 PUBLIC RESEARCH PLAYERS Ministry of Research (attached to the Ministry of National and Higher Education and Research) Research Organizations Universities Action funds, translated to a Funding Agency in 2005 (ANR) S & T Organisations CNRS (~ 26.500) CIRAD (~1.850) INRA (~ 8.500) INSERM (~ 5.200) IRD (~ 1.600) IFREMER (~1.400) INRIA (~ 1.000) CEMAGREF (~ 600) CEA (~12.000) etc. Foundations Pasteur Institute, Curie Institute, etc. 2 What is CNRS ? • CNRS has Laboratories  136 in-house laboratories  790 laboratories associated mainly with universities, other French Institutions (INSERM, INRA, INRIA, CEA) and Companies • CNRS funds scientific programs • CNRS covers all the scientific fields from maths to social sciences 3 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART 4 CNRS LABORATORIES - CNRS Research units are spread throughout France (1,256 research and service units) - large body of permanent staff (researchers, engineers, technicians and administrative staff - laboratories are on 4-year contracts, renewable, with bi- annual evaluation - there are 2 types of laboratories : CNRS-only labs (15 %) : fully funded and managed by CNRS CNRS Joint labs (85 %) : partnered with universities, industry or other research organizations 5 CNRS ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS 6 CNRS STAFF 26.457 permanent staff • Researchers 11.652 • Engineers, Technicians, Administrative staff 14.607 + Non permanent staff payed on governmental subsidies ~ 2.200 (~ 800 associated or foreign scientists ~1.400 granted PhD and Post doc scientists) + Non permanent staff payed on contracts ~ 1.800 7 8 -
Georges Charpak: Hardwired for Science
INTERVIEW Georges Charpak: hardwired for science On 8 March Georges Charpak turns 85. Here he talks to Paola Catapano about his achievements in physics, his current work in education and his expectations for the LHC. Physicist Georges Charpak joined CERN 50 years ago on 1 May 1959. He retired from the organization in 1991 and now lives in Paris, where he studied and worked for the CNRS before coming to CERN. In August 2008 I visited him (with a cameraman and photographer) at his apartment in rue Pierre et Marie Curie. There is perhaps no better address for a physicist who developed detection techniques that have not only allowed a deeper study of the structure of matter but also found important applications in medicine and other fields. This work led to his Nobel Prize in 1992. The photo session was to complete CERN’s Accelerating Nobels exhibition with photographs by Volker Steger, which was one of the features of the LHC inauguration (CERN Courier December 2008 p26). As we entered Charpak’s chaotic but charming office, he made jokes about his Nobel Prize: “Ca devait être une année creuse” (“It must have been a slack year”) for the Nobel Committee. Then he patiently accepted Steger’s request to make a drawing of his dis- covery with coloured pens on a big sheet of white paper, and finally to sit for the photo session. The caption that he added to his drawing of a wire chamber is a good summary of the value that his contribution made to particle physics: “D’un fil isolé à des centaines de milliers de fils independ- ents” (“From an isolated wire to hundreds of thousands of inde- pendent wires”). -
GEORGES CHARPAK ET L'espci Par Jacques Lewiner
GEORGES C'est à la fin des années 70 que Pierre-Gilles de Gennes me suggère de rencontrer quelqu'un avec qui, me dit-il, je devrais CHARPAK bien m'entendre. ET L'ESPCI Il est physicien au CERN et a fait d’importantes découvertes dans le domaine des détecteurs. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pense que l’ESPCI serait un endroit par particulièrement favorable pour permettre à Georges Charpak d’explorer des voies nouvelles hors des grands instruments et Jacques que mon laboratoire pourrait largement bénéficier de sa pré- Lewiner sence. Une première réunion est organisée au cours de laquelle Pierre-Gilles de Gennes vante les caractéristiques particulières de l’ESPCI susceptibles d’attirer Georges Charpak : une grande pluridisciplinarité de sujets, des élèves très bien formés et connaissant non seulement la théorie mais aussi sachant tra- vailler de leurs mains, enfin une politique de brevets particu- lièrement originale et attractive pour des esprits créateurs et entreprenants. Tous ces points séduisent Georges Charpak, en particulier le troisième qui lui ouvre des perspectives nouvelles. Avant même de rejoindre notre École, il commence à déposer des brevets, ce qui, compte tenu de son inventivité sans limite, aurait pu facilement le ruiner. 1 En 1980, Georges arrive dans mon laboratoire. Sur la figure de droite, on voit la préparation de son examen préliminaire d’embauche. Il est déclaré apte… Et très vite, son enthousiasme et ses idées à répétition produisent un fort effet attractif sur les chercheurs et étudiants. Sur le plan scientifique, Georges Charpak est curieux de voir s’il serait possible de réaliser des détecteurs permettant de faire l’imagerie bidimensionnelle de distributions de rayonnements ionisants, beaucoup plus économiques que ceux réalisés au CERN.