UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR JAVIER Baccalaureate in Science

MONOGRAPH

“History and evolution of Italian automobiles and its possible influence on the Ecuadorian automobile Industry”

STUDENT: Omar Adrián Zambrano Segarra

TUTOR: LCDA. Laura Ortuño de Baquerizo

III BACH. - B

2017 – 2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude and love from the bottom of my heart to all those that have always supported me ever since I was a child. To my family, for all that which you have done for me. It is important for me that I know that all that was given to me was always the best and for the best, I had all that I ever needed or ever could have ever wanted. I am thankful for being raised to be a strong, healthy, conscientious person, yet most importantly, for becoming the kind of man you could be proud. I would like to express that I am grateful for all the experiences I have had throughout my lifetime, both good and bad. These experiences have allowed me to become the man I am today. They have formed and molded my character, allowing me to see the big picture, envisioning a wider scope, and opening my eyes to the goals I have set for myself in the future In addition, I am thankful for my friends who has always been there for me throughout all the crazy things we have done together, as well as for all the hour we spent laughing. In addition, yet not less important, I want to express my thanks to Ms. Laura Ortuño for being my teacher all these years, not only has she taught me English, but she has also taught me so much more about things and life in general through her example and just the way she is. Also, I would like to include MSc. Monica for supporting me through this long process of the monography, with her advice and observations I am proud to present my paper. Thanks

INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………..... 2

INDEX…………………………………………………………………………………..... 3

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………… 5

CHAPTER I……………………………………………………………………………...... 7

Italian History and traditions…………………………………………………..... 7

CHAPTER II………………………………………………………………….... 11

Development and advances of the Italian Automobile………………………… 11

CHAPTER III………………………………………………………………….. 14

Creation of National Name Brand……………………………………………………… 14

CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………… 26

RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………………………... 26

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES……………………………………………………. 27

CHAPTER I

Italian History and traditions

1.1 Italian history and Traditions

1.2 Origins of the Italian automobile-

1.3 Funders and Italian brands

CHAPTER II

Development and advances of the Italian Automobile

2.1 First Designs

2.3 Existing names of the Present

CHAPTER III

Creation of National Name Brand

3.1 Survey

3.2 Survey’s results

3.3 Survey’s analysis and conclusion

SUMMARY

This has been an investigative task which has attempted to follow along the length of the history paved by the automobile industry of . From its birth, following it throughout its greatest exponents as well as observing its greatest and first creations. All this has been done so as to understand its concepts as well as how the Italian came forth from the Italy of the XX century.

In addition, all this investigation is carried out so as to identify the certain situations throughout the passing of the years so as to give reason or example of how to develop a brand name, and so to state that Ecuador, not having one, by building one, would benefit greatly, not only for its people but as a country.

INTRODUCTION The subject matter researched in this monographic work is a collection of information which the author has collected in order to present a clear picture of the creation of the first automobiles both designed and built in Italy while at the same time, explores the marks made by such during the beginning portion of the 20th century as well as its development in said time. In addition, the author condensed a follow up on the technical advances of these . The author hopes to prove the importance of the subject and shed some light on the various factors which contributed to their turning a profit and to carry onto present the entire scope of the maximum potential regarding the Italian automotive industry. Finalizing in the crux of the present study, evidencing how a country such as Ecuador could benefit by

modeling itself after this example so as to create, develop and promote its own automobile industry. In order to justify the study presented in this research study. The author took into consideration aspects such as techniques, processes, characteristics or structure which he believes Ecuador should take into consideration so as to base themselves in order to create its own national brand from zero, remaining realistic within the project limits. It also taking into account an efficient and productive modal so that, after the reader has become aware of all the facts, the best decision must be made. As can be found within the "Analysis of the Italian automobile industry" thesis from the University of Seville, one of many studies show evidence by targeting the Italian automobile industry annually. There is evidence of the origins of the automobile in Italy as well as its social and economic impact before and after the World War. It also offers more insight on everything around the automotive industry and what it brought to Italy because of it. http://bibing.us.es/proyectos/abreproy/5465/fichero/PFC+Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio+Gal%C3 %A1n+Calle.pdf+ What would the problem of having a national brand be? The angle best approached should be our asking ourselves ‘How would having our own stable and efficient national brand benefit Ecuador?’ First, it suggests there would be a decrease in imports, because taxes are very expensive for a large part of the population of Ecuador. With the distribution of a national brand aimed to cater to the social classes would be dynamic towards the country’s economy, bringing with it a nice source of income and more importantly, providing steady work to may.. It should be noted that a new industry as the automaker would draw many more benefits, an example would be find itself obligated in acquiring new technologies necessary for the construction of cars. In short Ecuador would benefit from a wide range of improvements in areas such as social, economic and technological.

In the first chapter, the author will speak of the origins of automobile created in Italy followed by information about the most important and representative brands as well as the founders of these brands. In the second chapter will focus on some of the first designs for such marks as well as the development and technological advances of the Italian truck. Finally, in the last chapter the author will present an overview of the present Ecuadorian automotive industry then offer a hypothetical national trade mark combined with the aspects of the Italian automotive world which he believes should be incorporated as a model in this hypothetical project.

CHAPTER I

Italian History and traditions It is a fact that Italy is one of the most important countries around the world for its history and contributions to humanity, and the automotive area is no exception. The Italian automobile in relation to other European countries, has its beginning which are much more ancient. To the , the car has been a symbol of identity, a reflection of its personality and of the passion which flows throw their blood with its obsession for perfection, elegance and design. This sum combined brought about the formation of first companies as the basis of the Italian automobile industry. These began as small family projects, hand built and based on their own patents. These projects took flight at the end of the 19th century, then consolidated and began to grow.

“No one remembers who took second place and that will never be me.” (, sf.)

Origins of the Italian automobile-car

If we talk about the origin of the automobile in Italy, should go back to the year 1899 of July 11 when the joint-stock company "Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili - Torino", called and founded by , Ludovico Scarfiotti, Emanuele Cacherano di Bricherasio, Michele Ceriana, Alfonso Ferrero di Ventimiglia, Cesare Goria Gatti, Roberto Biscaretti di Ruffia, Carlo Racca, Luigi Damevino and up to 30 more shareholders had their first vehicle construction. The first car of the Fiat brand was named 4 HP, and produced a total of 24 vehicles in that year. The small car was the first car officially made by an Italian brand and of course, this little car’s beginnings has a tale that goes with it and is retold to this day. It must be duly noted that besides its contribution to the automotive industry in general, the production of such has always turned a profit which has aided Italy, especially in the economic and social areas. Thousands of jobs have been created and it has provided and made available a new service to all Italians. These changes were a tremendous step forward for the entire country in those times. Although history might have been a little different, even if it is true that Fiat was the first to officially build an Italian car (4 HP), it was not the first to design it. That’s why is impossible to talk about the origins of Italians cars and don’t talk about the Ceirano brothers “This car was a real source of history, as well as being unique because it was built by the inventors of Italian cars, way before Fiat. “ (Alessandro, 2013 )

The Ceirano brothers The Ceirano brothers were four smart brothers with an incredibly history of Italian cars. There was four brothers Giovanni Batttista ceirano, , and Ernesto Ceirano. The first brother Giovanni Battista Ceirano who was born in 1860 was the founder of the company named The Ceirano GB & C.

The Ceirano GB & C was an automobile company, founded in October 1898 by Giovanni Battista Ceirano, Emanuele di Bricherasio, Attilio Calligaris, Pietro Fenoglio and Cesare Goria Gatti and the headquarters was set at , in 1899 they began to build a small car with two seats, two horizontal cylinders and a transmission, suddenly in July of the 1899 Ceirano sold up to 30,000 lire his factory, materials and his designs to Giovanni Agnelli (Fiat). Also Giovanni and his workers such as Faccioli and Vincenzo were incorporated into the new company.

But the story doesn’t end there because Giovanni Ceirano and his brother Matteo Ceirano became employees of Fiat and they were angry and unsatisfied because the first Fiat ever was built with their blueprints. The brothers left fiat and founded together in 1901 the “ & C”.

Funders and Italian brands

Ferrari

Enzo Anselmo Ferrari Del Piero nicknamed "Il Commendatore" was born on February 8, 1898 in , Italy and died on August 14, 1988. At the age of 10 years old, his father took him along with his brother to see a race of and since that moment Enzo was marked by a true passion and love for automobiles. After his service in the army at the age of 20 he applies for a job at Fiat but this was denied, she joined in the first instance as testing pilot and in 1924 he was named an official driver.

In 1929 founded the Scudery Ferrari in Modena, whose initial purpose was to organize races for their official team members. In 1933, the team became a division of Alfa Romeo racing, until 1939 that was established as an independent company under the name of Auto Avio Costruzioni Ferrari, dedicated to the design and construction of sports and racing cars. During the World War the company had moved to but it was bombed in 1944. The company's history officially begins in 1947, when the first Ferrari came of the iconic factory

Scudery Ferrari is the only team who has participated in all World Formula 1 Championships, and the most award-winning in the history of this competition.

¨We have taken giant strides¨ (Marchionne, 2017) these are the words of the current Ferrari president that has a great vision for the company in the present

Lamborghini Ferruccio Elio Arturo was born on April 28 of 1916 in a small town of , in the province of , Italy and died of natural causes on February 20, of 1993 in , Italy , a man born under the sign of Taurus, raised by a family of wine growers, saw an opportunity in the post-war period of the Second World War and so, founded his own company of , which development underway with effort and determination. It doesn’t took so long for the company to become an emporium of agricultural machinery, creating a true point of reference in the sector. Around the end of the Ferruccio, a successful and wealthy man, became an enthusiastcars.His collection boasted luxury cars such as , Alfa Romeos, Mercedes-Benz 1958 he bought his first Ferrari, a 250GT. Ferruccio who also was a great mechanic inmediadtely noticed that his Ferrari had the same clutch used in their tractors. He also realized, this, apart from the hassle of having to load his Farrari over to Maranello occasionally to have it fixed was the reason why Lamborghini spoke with Ferrari. When his remarks were made known to Enzo, they were not to his liking, as he was an arrogant and skeptical man. He told Ferriocio" A manufacturer of tractors cannot understand the complexity of a Ferrari." After the discussion, without knowing it, that same day Enzo set off the idea in Ferruccio’s head of creating his own car. A passion for automobiles, design, plus the motivation. All this took place and so an iconic brand was born into Italian history and perhaps the biggest rival to Ferrari.

Lamborghini began to work on the project in the end of 1962 in mid-1963 founded ‘The Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini Society’ buying huge land that met his expectations in Sant'Agata Bolognese, about 25 kilometers from , a ultramodern factory the time. Ferruccio had the ingenuity, determination and resources, the only thing he needed was a team of workers to develop his ideas. He became associates with none other than Giotto , curiously a former Ferrari engineer, he explicitly conveyed his wishes to design an engine that was not adapted from the competition for the highway, indeed he thought it should be designeded to be . Ferruccio didin’t waste a minute and started working. He wanted to present the first made Lamborghini model in the prestigious event of the Turin Auto Salon at the beginning of November 1963. In, which he impressed the world with the 350 GTV.

Lancia Vincenzo Lancia was born in a small village of Valsesia on August 24, 1881, near Turin. Vincenzo the youngest of 4 brothers came from a family who worked as a manufacturer of soups. Vincenzo had an irrefutable dexterity for numbers but didn’t take so long to discover his true passion were automobiles. He knew Giovanni Battista Ceirano. Eventually he became an apprentice of Ceirano , originally an importer of bicycles in Turin, in 1898 founded his own cars company, in where Vincenzo developed his skills in engineering, design and construction, also had great virtues such as patience, determination, and perseverance that helped him to deal with any problem, which would be presented. however in 1899 when the company of Giovanni Ceirano was absorbed by FIAT Vincenzo also formed part of it and despite of having only 19 years old becomes pilot of fiat and in 1900 wins his first race. In no time Lancia was recognize as one of the most talented pilots of all the old continent. Furthermore At the age of 25 years old Vincenzo associated with his fellow and also pilot Claudio Fogolin and after investing 100, 00 lira, both founded on November 27, 1906 Lancia & C. Fabbrica Automobili. Vincenzo in 1907 located their first workshop in a former workshop of and his first model launched in the same year, the alpha and at the same time instructs his very close friend the Count Carlo Biscaretti di Ruffia so design the logo of the company that later changed in 1911 by a spear and a shield with the pole superimposed to a steering wheel. His maxim was "constant innovation and quality without truce. The price is not a problem".

CHAPTER II

Development and advances of the Italian Automobile

First designs

Ferarri The first car built was the 815, after leaving Alfa Romeo in 1938 Enzo had forbidden by agreement use or manufacture automobiles for his beloved Ferrari scuderia for 4 years. So he founded “Auto Avio Costruzione” (AAC) that at the end of the 1939 was contacted by Lothario Marquis di Modena to constructed 2 automobiles with the purpose of competing with Alberto Ascari in the 1490 Brescia Grand Pix. It took only 6 months to build two "815", named that way for it 8 cylinder engine and 1500 cm3 cylinder capacity. The 815 was designed by the former engineer of alfa Romeo engineers Alberto Massimino, Vittorio Bellentani and by Enrico . The car still was not called a Ferrari, either way the prancing horse emblem was present

Technical specifications Engine: located in front of the truck, in concept speak 2 508 C Balilla of 4 cylinders and 1.1 liters United. Fuel: gasoline Cubic capacity: 1500 cm3 Compression ratio: 7: 1 Power: 3 Weber Carburetors 4 speed manual box Rear-wheel drive Power: 75 hp @ 5,500 rpm Maximum speed: 160 km/h Chassis: beams with transverse links Bodywork: Touring Superleggera in aluminium Suspension: independent front / rear rigid bridge Brakes: drum Weight: 650 KG 0 to 100 km/h: estimated 8 seconds Maximum speed: 160 km/h Although the 815 was the first automobile made ever by Enzo, it wasn’t the first Ferrari, due to the agreement between Alfa Romeo and Enzo, wasn’t until 1947 that the first ever made Ferrari was built and its name is 125 s.

The was designed by , its debut was in the “Circuito di Piacenza” , but its first victory was in the “Grand Prix of Rome” on the Terme di Caracalla Circuit and on both occasions was led by the pilot Frank Cortese.

Specifications of the Ferrari 125 S Engine: 12 V to 60 o, with light alloy block Fuel: gasoline Power: 3 Weber 30 DCF Carburetors Displacement: 1497 cm3 Valves: 24 valves Supercharging: N/A Compression ratio: 9.50 Power: 118 Hp @ 6,800 rpm Changes box: 5 speed Manual

Ferrari 125 S consumption, emissions and autonomy Consumption - medium:-L / 100km Tank capacity: 72 L Maximum speed: 210 km/h

Ferrari 125 S size and aerodynamics

Body: NUM. doors: 1 Battle: 242 cm Front axle: 124 cm Rear axle: 124 cm Front brakes: drum Rear brakes: drum Front tires: 5.00 /-R15 Rear tires: 6.00 /-R15 Weight: 750 kg Weight/power ratio: 5.5 kg/Hp Chassis: steel tube-frame chassis Front suspension: independent, unequal-length wishbones, transverse leaf spring, hydraulic shock absorbers Rear suspension: live axle, semi-elliptic springs, hydraulic shock absorbers, anti- roll bar.

Lamborghini

The 350 GT introduced a design that was a more balanced evolution of the prototype 350 GTV (conceived by Franco Scaglione), and was the first Lamborghini car to be officially mass-produced. The 350 GT was an instant success, and Carrozzeria Touring produced 120 units, the majority of which featured the 3.5 liter 12-cylinder engine and 320 CV. On top of that, Carrozzeria Touring also spawned two Spyder versions (350 GTS).

The bodywork was enriched with aluminum inserts, independent suspension, and four disc brakes and - on select units - limited-slip differential. (S.p.A, 2017)

Specifications of the Lamborghini 350 GT

Motor: V12

Displacement: 3.464 cm3

Largo: 4640 mm Ancho: 1730 mm Alto: 1220 mm Peso: 1050 kg Valves: 24 valves Power: 6 Weber 40 DCOE 2 carburetors Change box: ZF 5 speed manual synchronize Suspension: back Tank: 80 liters in 2 tanks Top speed: 250 km/h (156 mph) 0-100 km/h: 6, 8 seconds Max power: 280 CV to 6.500 rpm, maxim pair: 325 Nm to 4.500 rpm

Existing names of the Present

This is the list of the Italian brands that still exist in the present and have activity:

FERRARI LAMBORGHINI ALFA ROMEO FIAT

CAPÍTULO III

Creation of National Name Brand

Survey’s taken in Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo Los Andes

This survey was taken in 2017, to 152 students of the Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo

Los Andes. It aims to determine their preferences in the field of automobiles.

The universe is described below:

Table 1. The universe

No. Individual Quantities

1 Students of six grade of UE Javier 110

2 Students of six grade of Liceo los Andes 90

TOTAL 200

Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra Source: Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes

The calculation was based on the following data: n: Sample

PQ: Constant of population variance: 0.25

N: Population (200)

E: Maximum permissible error (0.05)

K: Error Correction Coefficient (2)

The following table is based in the sample of the following study:

Tables 2. The simple

No. Individual Quantities

1 Students of six grade of UE Javier 88

2 Students of six grade of Liceo los Andes 64

TOTAL 152

Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra Source: Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes

RESULTS OF SURVEY

Question 1. Do you know anything about cars?

Figure 1. Knowledge of cars

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Table 3. Knowledge of cars KNOWLEDGE QUANTITIES PERCENTAGE NONE 28 18.5% BASIC 105 69.5% ADVANCE 18 11.9% TOTAL 152 100%

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Question 2. Do you believe to know anything about Italian Cars?

CONCLUSIONES

Al finalizar el presente trabajo monográfico se concluye que:

Figure 2. Knowledge of Italian cars

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Table 4. Knowledge of Italian cars QUANTITIES PERCENTAGE YES 56 63.2% NO 96 36.8% TOTAL 152 100%

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Question 3. Which is the make of car which you know most about?

Figure 3. Most knowledge of a make of car

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Table 5. Most knowledge of a make of car QUANTITIES PERCENTAGE FERRARI 83 55.3% MASERATI 15 10% LAMBORGHINI 40 26.7% 0.7% ALFA ROMEO 1 0.7% OTROS 10 7,3% TOTAL 150 100%

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo Los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Question 4. Which make of car do you like the most?

Figure 4. Favorite make of car

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Table 6. Favorite make of car

QUANTITIES PERCENTAGE FERRARI 52 34.2% MASERATI 18 11.8% LAMBORGHINI 74 48.7% FIAT 0 0% ALFA ROMEO 4 2.6% OTROS 4 2,6% TOTAL 152 100%

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Question 5. Do you prefer American or European make?

Figure 4. Preference between an American or European car

Figure 5. Preference between an American or European car Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo Los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Table 7. Preference between an American or European car

QUANTITIES PERCENTAGE EUROPEAN CAR 122 80.3% AMERICAN CAR 30 19.7% TOTAL 152 100%

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Question 6. Which type of motor do you prefer?

Figure 6. Motor preference

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Table 8. Motor preference

QUANTITIES PERCENTAGE V12 57 39.6% V8 51 35.4% V6 24 16.7% V4 5 3.5% INLINE 4 7 4.9% TOTAL 152 100%

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Question 7. What type of transmission do you prefer?

Figure 7. Preference in the transmission.

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Table 9. Preference in the transmission.

QUANTITIES PERCENTAGE MANUAL 49 32.5% AUTOMATIC 102 67.6% TOTAL 152 100%

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo Los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Question 8. Would you like if Ecuador created its own national car make and modal?

Figure 8. Making a national brand

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo Los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Table 10. Making a national brand QUANTITIES PERCENTAGE YES 98 64.5% NO 54 35..5% TOTAL 152 100%

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Question 9. Would you drive this Ecuadorian make and modal?

Figure 9. Persons who would drive an Ecuadorian car

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo Los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Table 11. Persons who would drive an Ecuadorian car

QUANTITIES PERCENTAGE YES 100 65.8% NO 52 34.2% TOTAL 152 100%

Source: Students of Unidad Educativa Javier and Liceo Los Andes Author: Omar Zambrano Segarra

Survey’s analysis and conclusion

By the results produced within the tables of the survey taken by the students of the seniors of the Unidad Educativa Javier and those of the Liceo los Andes and that observed we can conclude that they prefer a European car to that of American make, we can also observe that the persons have major interest towards the larger and more powerful motors, and the inclination towards automatic over stick shift was exposed, more than 60% of the people would like Ecuador to have a make of its own and all of those surveyed have no inconvenience in driving one.

CONCLUSIONS

By finalizing this monographic task, the conclusion drawn is that Italy, if not because of it is a country with the longest history and passion is amongst the first countries of the world for all that it has done and has continued doing throughout the course of time. The competition amounts each other made the founders and the makes grow exponentially until becoming what they are today.

RECOMENDATIONS

By finalizyng the present task it is recommended that:

The task be reviewed more frequently and have strict turn in dates. To begin the selection of the topic in ii baccalaureate so that in that way have the option to get a considerable head start in the investigation during the vacation period before entering III baccalaureate.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Alessandro. (sf de sf de 2013 ). www.autoclassmagazine.com. Obtenido de www.autoclassmagazine.com: http://www.autoclassmagazine.com/web/ceirano-the-last- of-its-kind/

Ferrari S.p.A. (2018). https://www.ferrari.com/es-EC. Recuperado el 3 de enero de 2018, de http://formula1.ferrari.com/en/: http://auto.ferrari.com/es_ES/automoviles/modelos-del- pasado/125-s/

Ferrari, E. (sf de sf. de sf.). Obtenido de azquotes.com: https://www.evernote.com/Home.action?_sourcePage=rB5T4gOord3iMUD9T65RG_YvRLZ -1eYO3fqfqRu0fynRL_1nukNa4gH1t86pc1SP&__fp=VGo7d5dbmO43yWPvuidLz- TPR6I9Jhx8&hpts=1504134667111&showSwitchService=true&usernameImmutable=false &login=&login=Acceder&login=true&usern

Marchionne, S. (5 de april de 2017). ferrari.com. Obtenido de ferrari.com: http://formula1.ferrari.com/en/

S.p.A, A. L. (2017). lamborghini web site. (lamborghini) Recuperado el 28 de december de 2017, de lamborghini web site: https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/brand/masterpieces/350-GT