DOCSLIB.ORG

Exporter Guide Jordan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exporter Guide Jordan THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: 12/22/2016 GAIN Report Number: JO160013 Jordan Exporter Guide Approved By: Orestes Vasquez Prepared By: Mohamed Khraishy Report Highlights: This report provides updated information for U.S. exporters of food and agricultural products to Jordan. The report highlights best prospects for consumer-oriented food products. Jordan’s food imports in the first 9 months of 2016 were valued at $3.1 billion, of which U.S. food and agricultural products were valued at $233 million, an 18 percent increase from 2015. The increase is due to a surge in corn exports and a 95,000 MT wheat grant under FAS’ Food for Progress program. US market share is expected to grow in food ingredients used in food processing as Jordan’s agribusiness sector continues to enjoy solid growth. Post: Amman Disclaimer: This report was prepared by the Foreign Agricultural Service office at U.S. Embassy, Amman, Jordan for exporters of U.S. food and agricultural products, as well as U.S. regulatory agencies. While care was taken in the preparation of this report, information provided may not be completely accurate either because policies have changed since its preparation, or because clear and consistent information about these policies is unavailable. It is highly recommended that U.S. exporters verify the full set of certificate requirements with their foreign customers prior to the shipment of goods. Final import approval of any product is subject to the importing country’s rules and regulations. SECTION I: MARKET OVERVIEW 1. Economic, Political and Demographic Situation Politics Jordan is located in the heart of the Middle East. It is bounded on the north by Syria, on the east by Saudi Arabia and Iraq, on the south by Saudi Arabia and the Gulf of Aqaba, and on the west by Israel and the Palestinian Authority’s West Bank. It covers an area of approximately 35,000 square miles. Predominately Arab and Muslim, the population of Jordan today is nearly 9.6 million, with an influx of at least two million refugees from Syria in the last four years. Christians form the largest non-Muslim group, representing three percent of Jordan's population. Jordan is also host to large populations of registered Palestinian and Iraqi refugees. Its population is growing steadily at a rate of approximately 2.5 percent a year, becoming increasingly urbanized with more than 50 percent of the population living in the three main cities of Amman, Zarqa, and Irbid. Since assuming the throne in February of 1999, King Abdullah II has consolidated power and undertaken an aggressive economic reform program. Widespread political reforms progressed slowly, until the Arab Spring’s waves reached the shores of Jordan. As a consequence, King Abdullah tasked his cabinet with a key undertaking: to proceed with political reforms while infusing a social dimension of economic reforms to improve the living conditions of Jordan’s population. The King also launched the National Integrity Charter in December 2013, outlining a series of legislative, legal, and procedural reforms that strengthen public oversight, improve government services, enhance transparency and the rule of law, and created a constitutional court. As part of the reforms, the Government of Jordan (GOJ) amended 42 articles (one-third) of the Constitution, established an Independent Electoral Commission that administered parliamentary elections in 2013. Subsequent parliamentary elections were held in September, 2016, on a list casting basis, in an attempt to improve political representation and minimize tribal polarization. International observers described the elections as free and transparent. The United States enjoys a long history of cooperation with Jordan, since it first established diplomatic relations in 1949. The United States appreciates the special leadership role that Jordan plays in advancing peace and moderation in the region, as both countries share the mutual goals of a comprehensive and lasting peace in the Middle East, and the end of violent extremism that threatens global security. U.S. policy seeks to reinforce Jordan's commitment to peace, stability, and moderation by providing economic and military assistance and close political cooperation. Besides Egypt, Jordan is the only other Arab country to have signed a peace agreement with Israel, and in 2001, became the first Arab country to sign a free trade agreement with the United States. Economy and Demographics With a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of about $3,976 and a population of nearly 9.5 million, 70 percent of which is under the age of 30, Jordan has one of the smallest economies in the region. In recent years, Jordan's economic performance has suffered due to regional instability associated with the Arab Spring and the Iraqi and Syrian conflicts. Most economists believe that Jordan’s economic growth will be modest in the short-term given its dependence on energy imports and the country’s limited ability to generate enough revenue to offset these costs. Jordan economy is currently under the pressure of GoJ debt to GDP at 93.40 percent. The U.S.-Jordan Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which came into full effect in 2010, provides a number of advantages for U.S. exporters, who are able to sell high-quality products at attractive prices, as most tariff barriers have been eliminated. Because of the FTA, bilateral trade has surged exponentially over the past 13 years from $ 15 million in 2001 to a record $3.4 billion mark in 2014. However, due to a strong dollar and a slowing global economy, bilateral trade slowed down in 2016, registering a total value of $2.47 billion from January to October a seven percent decrease from the same period in 2015. Table 1 –U.S. Trade in Goods with Jordan 2016 Month Exports Imports Balance January 2016 127.7 106.4 21.3 February 2016 161.5 110.5 51.0 March 2016 105.6 127.7 -22.1 April 2016 112.7 108.4 4.3 May 2016 93.3 107.7 -14.4 June 2016 99.9 110.7 -10.8 July 2016 102.9 161.9 -59.0 August 2016 98.5 198.6 -100.1 September 2016 95.8 163.2 -67.4 October 2016 127.0 136.5 -9.5 TOTAL 2016 as of October 1,124.9 1,331.6 -206.7 TOTAL 2015 1,359.0 1,491.6 -132.6 2014 2,050.4 1,400.5 649.9 2013 2,084.0 1,197.3 886.8 2012 1,766.4 1,155.5 610.8 2011 1,449.7 1,060.5 389.2 US Census Bureau- https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/index.html NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars on a nominal basis, not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified. Details may not equal totals due to rounding. Main imports into Jordan include: mineral fuels and crude oil, industrial machinery, transportation equipment, food and agricultural products, textiles, manufactured goods such as rubber products, paper and cardboard, yarns, chemicals, clothing and footwear. The largest exporters to Jordan are: the European Union (20 percent), Saudi Arabia (20percent), China (11percent), United States (6percent), followed by Egypt, South Korea, Japan, and Turkey. The value of total exports reached $5.6 billion during the first 9 months 2016[i.e., a decrease by 4.0 percent compared with the same period of 2015]. While imports reached $14 billion during the first 9 months 2016, thus decreasing by 8.1percent compared with the same period of 2015. Table 2: Main Economic Indicators, Jordan, Expenditure of GDP (Percent) 2013 2014 2015 2016* Actual Actual Estimate Nominal GDP ($ billions) 33.7 36.7 37.2 27 Real GDP Growth 2.8 3.5 2.4 1.9 Consumer Price Inflation 5.6 -0.5 Imports of Goods ($ billions FOB) 19.4 15.232 14 Exports of Goods ($ billions FOB) 7.9 - 6.5 5.6 Consumer Price Index (percent change) 5.9 3.2 3.6 2.2 Unemployment Rate 6.8 6.7 13.4 15.8 Exchange Rate (LCU/US$) 0.708 0.708 0.708 0.708 Source: The World Bank, *1st 9 months Figure 1: Jordan’s GDP Growth 2006-2016 Figure 2: Jordan’s Population Growth 2011-2015 Figure 3: Jordan’s Inflation Rate Figure 4:Jordan’s Unemployment Rate Tourism With a moderate climate and historical sites such as the Dead Sea, Petra, and Wadi Rum, Jordan remains a prominent tourist destination in the Middle East; however, tourist numbers are down due to the regional unrest associated with the Syrian and Iraqi crises. Official tourism figures registered a decline in tourism receipts from $4.4 billion in 2014 to $4 billion last year, a 7.1 percent decline, with a drop in the number of overnight tourists by over 226,000, from 3.98 million to 3.76 million. The figures also revealed that same day visitors to the Jordan went down from 1.3 million to 1 million. The overall number of visitors in 2015 — overnight and same day — was 4.8 million, while in 2014 it was 5.3 million. (http://www.mota.gov.jo) The development of Jordan’s sole port of Aqaba holds significant promise for tourist-related infrastructure projects including hotels, a convention center, a cruise ship terminal, and food and beverage outlets. 2. U.S. Assistance to Jordan The United States has provided economic and military assistance, respectively, to Jordan since 1951 and 1957. Total U.S. aid to Jordan through FY2015 amounted to approximately $1.583 billion and will amount for the same amount in 2016.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land : the Case of Azraq Basin
    Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The case of Azraq Basin, Jordan of Azraq in Arid Land: The case Agriculture Groundwater-Based Majd Al Naber Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The case of Azraq Basin, Jordan Majd Al Naber Propositions: 1. Indirect regulatory measures are more efficient than direct measures in controlling the use of groundwater resources. (this thesis) 2. Decreasing the accessibility to production factors constrains, but does not fully control, groundwater-based agriculture expansion. (this thesis) 3. Remote sensing technology should be used in daily practice to monitor environmental changes. 4. Irreversible changes are more common than reversible ones in cases of over exploitation of natural resources. 5. A doctorate title is not the achievement of one's life, but a stepping-stone to one's future. 6. Positivity is required to deal with the long Ph.D. journey. Propositions belonging to the thesis, entitled Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The Case of Azraq Basin, Jordan Majd Al Naber Wageningen, 10 April 2018 Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The Case of Azraq Basin, Jordan Majd Al Naber Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr J. Wallinga Professor of Soil and Landscape Wageningen University & Research Co-promotor Dr F. Molle Senior Researcher, G-Eau Research Unit Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France Dr Ir J. J. Stoorvogel Associate Professor, Soil Geography and Landscape Wageningen University & Research Other members Prof. Dr Ir P.J.G.J. Hellegers, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr Olivier Petit, Université d'Artois, France Prof. Dr Ir P. van der Zaag, IHE Delft University Dr Ir J.
    [Show full text]
  • Water and Agriculture in Jordan: Understanding Current Water and Agricultural Priorities and Futures
    Water and Agriculture in Jordan: Understanding Current Water and Agricultural Priorities and Futures West Asia-North Africa Institute, August 2019 This project was led by the WANA Institute, funded by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO). This publication was developed in close collaboration with the University of Oxford, and reflects the views of the authors only, and not necessarily that of the Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO). PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE The information in this publication may not be reproduced, in part or in whole and by any means, without charge or further permission from the WANA Institute. For permission to reproduce the information in this publication, please contact the WANA Institute Communications Department at [email protected] Published by The WANA Institute, 70 Ahmad Al-Tarawneh St, Jubeiha, 11941, Amman, Jordan. Author: Dr. Majd Al Naber, Eng Reem Al Haddadin, and Dr. Michael Gilmont Cover image: The WANA Institute Printed in Amman, Jordan © 2019 WANA Institute. All rights reserved. Manufactured in Jordan 1. Table of Contents 1 Objective ................................................................................................................... 2 2 Background ............................................................................................................... 2 3 Findings ..................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Literature Review ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Livelihoods and Food Security Impact
    Agricultural Livelihoods and Food Security Impact Assessment and Response Plan for the Syria Crisis in the Neighbouring Countries of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey March 2013 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Acknowledgments This report on “Agricultural Livelihoods and Food Security Impact Assessment and Response Plan for the Syria Crisis in the Neighbouring Countries of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey” was prepared by a multidisciplinary team of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The team of technical experts included Lori Curtis, Nasredin Elamin and Markos Tibbo from the FAO Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa (FAO-RNE), Cyril Ferrand from the FAO Emergency and Rehabilitation Coordination Unit for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and Christopher Baker, FAO consultant, who led the field team, coordinated technical contributions and produced the first complete draft. The field mission operation was coordinated by Tanja Popovic and Irene Omondi in collaboration with the FAO Representations of each country. In Lebanon, the mission was also assisted by Hadi Fathallah, FAO consultant, in macro-economic situation analysis. FAO-RNE technical officers are acknowledged for their invaluable contributions in preparatory work and in finalizing this report. The FAO multidisciplinary mission to Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey, conducted from 4– 22 February 2013, is indebted to the FAO Representations and programmes in the countries visited; Ministries of Agriculture
    [Show full text]
  • Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus in Jordan, Lebanon and Tunisia Assessment of Current Policies and Regulatory and Legal Framework
    Water, energy and food security Nexus in Jordan, Lebanon and Tunisia Assessment of current policies and regulatory and legal framework Water, energy and food security Nexus in Jordan, Lebanon and Tunisia Assessment of current policies and regulatory and legal framework The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other partnering organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily refect those of IUCN or other partnering organisations. This publication has been made possible in part by funding from Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Published by: IUCN Regional Office for West Asia, Amman, Jordan Copyright: © 2019 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN ROWA (2019). Water, energy and food security Nexus in Jordan, Lebanon and Tunisia. Assessment of current policies and regulatory and legal framework. Amman, Jordan: IUCN. Author: Dr. Soud AlQuran - Expert of Risks & Crises Management- Resilient Cities Eng. Ali Hayajneh - Programme Manager (Water & Climate Change Programme) Dr. Hany ElShaer - IUCN-ROWA Regional Director Project team: Mrs. Anwar Abu Sakieneh - Regional Ofcer of Communication & Documentation Eng.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan Annual Country Report 2019 Country Strategic Plan 2018 - 2019 Table of Contents
    SAVING LIVES CHANGING LIVES Jordan Annual Country Report 2019 Country Strategic Plan 2018 - 2019 Table of contents Summary 3 Context and Operations 6 CSP financial overview 8 Programme Performance 9 Strategic outcome 01 9 Strategic outcome 02 10 Strategic outcome 03 12 Cross-cutting Results 14 Progress towards gender equality 14 Protection 14 Accountability to affected populations 15 Environment 15 Overcoming Disability 17 Data Notes 17 Figures and Indicators 20 WFP contribution to SDGs 20 Beneficiaries by Age Group 21 Beneficiaries by Residence Status 21 Annual Food Transfer 21 Annual Cash Based Transfer and Commodity Voucher 22 Strategic Outcome and Output Results 23 Cross-cutting Indicators 33 Jordan | Annual Country Report 2019 2 Summary In 2019, 1 out of 10 people in Jordan received some form of WFP assistance through a network of national and international partners. WFP's assistance to 1,142,728 Jordanians and refugees improved their food security, supported the education of school children, created jobs, improved employability of youth, and injected USD 207 million [1] into the Jordanian economy through cash-based interventions and local procurement. WFP prioritised building partnerships with national institutions and organizations to maximise the impact of assistance. These partnerships enhanced the localisation of WFP's response, strengthened the capacity of national entities and ensured that WFP’s interventions have a long-lasting impact. Among the national institutions, which WFP supported, was the National Aid Fund (NAF) in the area of social protection. WFP provided technical and financial support aimed at enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the NAF assistance programme. WFP also continued to work closely with the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • Request for Project/Programme Funding from Adaptation Fund
    Appendix A REQUEST FOR PROJECT/PROGRAMME FUNDING FROM ADAPTATION FUND The annexed form should be completed and transmitted to the Adaptation Fund Board Secretariat by email or fax. Please type in the responses using the template provided. The instructions attached to the form provide guidance to filling out the template. Please note that a project/programme must be fully prepared (i.e., fully appraised for feasibility) when the request is submitted. The final project/programme document resulting from the appraisal process should be attached to this request for funding. Complete documentation should be sent to The Adaptation Fund Board Secretariat Email: [email protected] 1 DATE OF RECEIPT: ADAPTATION FUND PROJECT/PROGRAMME ID: (For Adaptation Fund Board Secretariat Use Only) PROJECT/PROGRAMME PROPOSAL PART I: PROJECT/PROGRAMME INFORMATION PROJECT/PROGRAMME CATEGORY: REGULAR PROJECT/PROGRAMME COUNTRY/IES: Jordan SECTOR/S: Agriculture &Water TITLE OF PROJECT/PROGRAMME: ―Increasing the resilience of poor and vulnerable communities to climate change impacts in Jordan through Implementing Innovative projects in water and agriculture in support of adaptation to climate change”. TYPE OF IMPLEMENTING ENTITY: Government Entity (Ministry) IMPLEMENTING ENTITY: Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MOPIC)/ Enhanced Social & Economic Productivity Program (EPP) EXECUTING ENTITY/IES: Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) /Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) The Petra Development Tourism Region Authority
    [Show full text]
  • Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas
    International Conference on FOOD SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN DRY AREAS 1-4 February 2010. Amman, Jordan organized by The National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE), the Ministry of Agriculture of Jordan and The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) In partnership with AARINENA, APAARI, Bioversity International, CACAARI, GFAR, FAO, IDRC, Jordan Scientific Research Support Fund (SRSF), Middle East Science Foundation (MESF) The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria Table of contents INTRODUCTION 1 1. KEYNOTE PLENARY PRESENTATIONS 3 1.1. Impact of climate change on agriculture in dry areas 5 Mahendra Shah 1.2. Ensuring food security in a changing climate: how can science and technology help? 5 Mahmoud Solh 1.3. India’s preparedness for food security in view of climate change 6 Mangala Rai 1.4. Impact of climate change on drought in dry areas 7 Donald A. Wilhite 1.5. Changes in extreme climate events and their management in India 8 J.S. Samra 1.6. Achieving ‘more crop per drop’ in a changing environment 8 Theib Oweis 1.7. Impacts of climate change on food security and livelihoods 9 Mark W. Rosegrant 1.8. Applying a broadened genetic base in crop breeding 9 Calvin O. Qualset 1.9. Genetic resources, climate change and the future of food production 10 Luigi Guarino 1.10. Adaptation to climate change in Africa – the experience of Ethiopia 11 Abera Deresa & Mandefro Nigussie 1.11. Policy and institutional approaches for coping with the impact of climate change on food security in the dry areas of CWANA 11 Peter Hazell 1.12.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Using Re-Used Water In
    Micro-Level Assessment of potential direct and indirect impacts of climate change on socio-economic factors In the Zarqa River Basin Submitted to: UNDP-Jordan Submitted by: Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Center for Environmental Sciences & Technology (QRACEST) Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) & Water and Environment Research and Study Center (WERSC) University of Jordan (JU) May 2011 Table of Contents Page 1 General Description ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 The study area: Zarqa River Basin ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1 Modeling Approach ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Scenarios of the study: ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.3 Design of survey and collection of information ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Plastics in Agriculture in the Jordan Valley: Utility, Impact, and Alternative Approaches
    August 2019 Effects of Plastics in Agriculture in the Jordan Valley: Utility, Impact, and Alternative Approaches Effects of Plastics in Agriculture in the Jordan Valley: Utility, Impact, and Alternative Approaches 19 August 2019 Effects of Agricultural Plastic in the Jordan Valley US EPA Disclaimer: This publication was developed under Assistance Agreement No. 83617201 awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to its grantee, Battelle, and Battelle’s sub-grant to EcoPeace. It has not been formally reviewed by US EPA. The views expressed in this document are solely those of Battelle and US EPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication. Battelle Disclaimer: This report is a work prepared for the United States Government by Battelle and its cooperative agreement partners. In no event shall either the United States Government or Battelle have any responsibility or liability for any consequences of any use, misuse, inability to use, or reliance on any product, information, designs, or other data contained herein, nor does either warrant or otherwise represent in any way the utility, safety, accuracy, adequacy, efficacy, or applicability of the contents hereof. i Effects of Agricultural Plastic in the Jordan Valley Table of Contents 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Definition of Plastic Mulch Film .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • In Jordan): Changes in Water Use and Projections (1950-2025)
    Research Report 9 Figure to be inserted Historical Transformations of the Lower Jordan River Basin (in Jordan): Changes in Water Use and Projections (1950-2025) Rémy Courcier, Jean-Philippe Venot and François Molle Postal Address: IWMI, P O Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka Location: 127 Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka International Telephone: +94-11 2787404, 2784080 Fax: +94-11 2786854 Water Management Email: [email protected] Website: www.iwmi.org/assessment Institute ISSN 1391-9407 ISBN 92-9090-609 The Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture takes stock of the costs, benefits and impacts of the past 50 years of water development for agriculture, the water management challenges communities are facing today, and solutions people have developed. The results of the Assessment will enable farming communities, governments and donors to make better-quality investment and management decisions to meet food and environmental security objectives in the near future and over the next 25 years. The Research Report Series captures results of collaborative research conducted under the Assessment. It also includes reports contributed by individual scientists and organizations that significantly advance knowledge on key Assessment questions. Each report undergoes a rigorous peer-review process. The research presented in the series feeds into the Assessment’s primary output—a “State of the World” report and set of options backed by hundreds of leading water and development professionals and water users. Reports in this series may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgement. Electronic copies of reports can be downloaded from the Assessment website (www.iwmi.org/assessment). If you are interested in submitting a report for inclusion in the series, please see the submission guidelines available on the Assessment website or send a written request to: Sepali Goonaratne, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Design of Farming Systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan PROMOTOREN
    Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan PROMOTOREN Prof. Dr. Ir. E.A. Goewie Hoogleraar Maatschappelijke Aspecten van de Biologische Landbouw Prof. dr. M. Shatanawi Dean of Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University CO-PROMOTOR Dr. ir. F. P. Huibers Wetenschappelijk Hoofddocent, leerstoelgroep Irrigatie en waterbouwkunde SAMENSTELLING PROMOTIECOMMISSIE Prof. dr. ir. N. G. Röling Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. ir. L. Vincent Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. ir. G. Lettinga Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. M. Fayyad Director of Water and Environment Research and Study Centre, Jordan University 2 Mohammad M. Duqqah Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van de Wageningen Universiteit, prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag, 3 december 2002 des namiddag’s om 16:00 uur in de Aula CIP-DATA KONINLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture: Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan Duqqah, M.M. Thesis Universiteit Wageningen, Wageningen, the Netherlands – With ref. – With summary in Dutch, English and Arabic – 262 pages. ISBN: 90-5808 No copyright. All parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission of the author, as long as the correct quotation is provided. The author would appreciate being notified ([email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan Jordan Arab Watch Report - Right to Food - Food to Report - Right Watch Arab
    Jordan Jordan Arab Watch Report - Right To Food - Food To Report - Right Watch Arab Jordan’s Food Security: Heavy reliance on food imports while civil society promotes food sovereignty Hussam Hussein Researcher and Academic on Agricultural Policy and Food Sovereignty 242 243 1. Introduction is subject to a blockade (including food blockade) to the economic crisis in the 1980s, when the like the Samra wastewater plant. As suggested by by its neighboring countries and main former Jordanian government increased the amounts it the IMF, the Jordanian government has reduced the exporters of food: Saudi Arabia and the United Arab was borrowing from foreign lenders, entering into subsidies to electricity and increased their tariffs Food sovereignty is about empowering local Emirates (UAE). In addition, while the Jordanian a debt crisis (Yorke 2013). In 1989, late King Hussein gradually between 2014 till 2017 (interview with communities and allowing them to decide what food budget relies on international aid, food for the agreed to a loan from the IMF, with a conditionality Western donor). to produce and to consume, in line with their cultural population is also subsidized, as the government for “structural adjustment and the imposition of Economic neoliberal reforms impacted farmers and traditional preferences. Therefore, the concept needs to ensure economic accessibility to food to neo-liberal economic reforms” (Marie Baylouny – especially small farmers - and the agricultural of food sovereignty has a political dimension, as “it its citizens. As noted by Martinez (2017), Jordan 277 :2008). Further loans were received from the sector in Jordan. In fact, these reforms opened up emphasizes ecologically appropriate production, has one of the highest per capita subsidy schemes IMF, with the imposition of similar neo-liberal the Jordanian market and facilitated the import distribution and consumption, social-economic in the world.
    [Show full text]