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Digital Revitalization of the Agri-Food Sector in Mashreq Focus on Iraq

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Digital Revitalization of the Agri-Food Sector in Mashreq Focus on Iraq Public Disclosure Authorized Digital Revitalization of the Agri-food Sector in Mashreq Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized With the technical collaboration of: Shared Prosperity Dignied Life Digital Revitalization of the Agri-food Sector in Mashreq Focus on Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank Group, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent; the UN-ESCWA; the FAO of the UN; the CMI; and/or the American University of Beirut (AUB) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the World Bank Group, UN-ESCWA, FAO, CMI, and/or AUB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the World Bank Group, UN-ESCWA, FAO, CMI, and/or AUB. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of the World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Bahn, Rachel A.; Juergenliemk, Armine; Zurayk, Rami; Debroux, Laurent; Broka, Sandra; Mohtar, Rabi. 2021. Digital Revitalization of the Agri-food Sector in Mashreq. Focus on Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. Washington, DC: World Bank. Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. 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Photos in document: ©FAO Î Table of Contents Acronyms v Acknowledgements vii Methodology vii Executive Summary viii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 THE STATE OF AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS - OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 3 Economic Dimensions 3 Social Dimensions 6 Environmental Dimensions 8 Common Challenges to the Agri-food Sector in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon 11 Agricultural Policy Frameworks in Mashreq 11 Current Crises and Agriculture in Mashreq: Political Instability and COVID-19 15 CHAPTER 2 OPPORTUNITIES FROM DIGITAL AGRICULTURE - WHICH DIGITAL AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES CAN HELP IMPROVE THE AGRI-FOOD SYSTEM OUTCOMES IN MASHREQ? 19 Digital Technologies to Improve On-Farm Efficiency, Equity, and Environmental Sustainability 20 Digital Technologies to Facilitate Trade and Financial Inclusion 25 Digital Technologies to Deliver e-Government for Improved Public Services 30 CHAPTER 3 STATE-OF-THE-ART DIGITAL ECOSYSTEM IN MASHREQ - WHAT IS THE STATUS OF DIGITAL AGRICULTURE AND ITS ENABLING SYSTEM IN MASHREQ? 35 Digital Readiness 35 Status of Digital Solutions in the Agri-food Sector in Mashreq 41 CHAPTER 4 WHICH PUBLIC ACTIONS CAN FACILITATE BROADER ADOPTION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND HARNESS THEIR IMPACTS ON FOOD SYSTEM OUTCOMES? 55 Vision and Strategy 55 Foundation 55 Catalytic Investments and Policies 56 Conclusion and Next Steps 59 Bibliography 60 Appendix 1. Key Sector Indicators and Trends in Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq. 67 Appendix 2. Digital Economy Performance in Mashreq 68 iii Î Acronyms ACSAD Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands AES Agricultural Extension System AI Artificial Intelligence APSS Agricultural Prices Statistics System AUB American University of Beirut BdL Banque du Liban BES Bees Management System CAP Common Agricultural Policy CBJ Central Bank of Jordan CCIAZ Chamber of Commerce for Industry and Agriculture in Zahle CEO Chief Executive Officer CMI Center for Mediterranean Integration CNRS-L National Council for Scientific Research of Lebanon (Conseil National pour la Recherche Scientifique) CPSS Cost of Production Statistics System CREAL Centre de Recherches & d’etudes Agricoles Libanais CSA Climate-smart Agriculture DLT Distributed Ledger Technology EO4SD Earth Observation for Sustainable Development EPI E-Participation Index EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCS Forestry Centers System FDI Foreign Direct Investment FFV Fresh Fruits and Vegetables FLS Fishing License System FPO Farmer Producer Organization G2B Government-to-Business G2C Government-to-Citizen G2G Government-to-Government GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information System GNI Gross National Income GPS Global Positioning System HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points IACS Integrated Administration and Control System ICT Information and Communication Technology ID4D Identification for Development IDP Internally Displaced Person IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IHSES Iraq Household Socio-economic Survey ILO International Labour Organization IoT Internet of Things IPR Intellectual Property Rights ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant v ISO International Organization for Standardization ISSF Innovative Startups & SMEs Fund ITU International Telecommunication Union IVR Interactive Voice Response IWMI International Water Management Institute JEDCO Jordan Enterprise Development Corporation JEGP Jordan’s Economic Growth Plan JEPA Jordanian Exporters and Producers Association for Vegetables and Fruits JoPACC Jordan Payments & Clearing Company KEI Knowledge Economy Index KYC Know Your Customer LARI Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute LoRaWAN Long Range Wide Area Network LPIS Land Parcel Identification System M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MENA Middle East and North Africa MFI Microfinance Institution MoU Memorandum of Understanding NCARE National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension NDP Net Domestic Product NERCITA National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture NGO Nongovernmental Organization NPTP National Poverty Targeting Program NSAD National Strategy for Agricultural Development OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PDS Public Distribution System PPSS Programs and Projects Service System PRS2 Second Poverty Reduction Strategy POC Proof of Concept R&D Research and Development REGEP Rural Economic Growth and Employment Project RFID Radio Frequency Identification SAT-IRR Satellite for Irrigation Scheduling SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SMS Short Message Service SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary SuNaR Sustainable Natural Resource Management Platform and Early Warning System UN United Nations UN-ESCWA United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UPU Universal Postal Union USAID United States Agency for International Development VAT Value Added Tax WaPOR Water Productivity Open-Access Portal WFP World Food Programme vi Farmers of the Future: Digital Revitalization of the Agrifood Sector in Mashreq - Focus on Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon This report was produced under the overall guidance of Î Acknowledgements Marianne Grosclaude (Practice Manager, World Bank) and Chakib Jenane (Practice Manager, World Bank). Strategic This background paper has been prepared by a team guidance was provided by Saroj Jha (Country Director, comprising lead authors and contributing authors who Mashreq Countries, World Bank). are members of the Mashreq Agricultural
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