DOCSLIB.ORG

Theoretical Design of Farming Systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan PROMOTOREN

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Theoretical Design of Farming Systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan PROMOTOREN Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan PROMOTOREN Prof. Dr. Ir. E.A. Goewie Hoogleraar Maatschappelijke Aspecten van de Biologische Landbouw Prof. dr. M. Shatanawi Dean of Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University CO-PROMOTOR Dr. ir. F. P. Huibers Wetenschappelijk Hoofddocent, leerstoelgroep Irrigatie en waterbouwkunde SAMENSTELLING PROMOTIECOMMISSIE Prof. dr. ir. N. G. Röling Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. ir. L. Vincent Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. ir. G. Lettinga Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. M. Fayyad Director of Water and Environment Research and Study Centre, Jordan University 2 Mohammad M. Duqqah Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van de Wageningen Universiteit, prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag, 3 december 2002 des namiddag’s om 16:00 uur in de Aula CIP-DATA KONINLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture: Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan Duqqah, M.M. Thesis Universiteit Wageningen, Wageningen, the Netherlands – With ref. – With summary in Dutch, English and Arabic – 262 pages. ISBN: 90-5808 No copyright. All parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission of the author, as long as the correct quotation is provided. The author would appreciate being notified ([email protected]). 4 This book is dedicated to my mother Though you are no longer here, your love and soul continue to surround and support me. 6 Acknowledgements The Qur’an says: ‘Proclaim! (or Read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created – Created man, out of a leech-like clot: Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful, He Who taught (the use of) the pen; taught man that which he knew not.’ (96:1-5). I am thankful to God for giving me the strength and ability to read and write which is the basis for the acquisition of knowledge and critical thinking for the benefit of mankind. This Ph.D. started as a part of the collaboration between the Department of Environmental Technology and the Department of Ecological Agriculture, Wageningen University, and the Water and Environment Research and Study Centre, Jordan University. I would like to thank the Dutch Government, which funded this study through the WASTEVAL project, for providing me with the opportunity to come and work here in order to finalise and submit the thesis. I am also thankful to the Water and Environment Research and Study Centre, Jordan University, which provided me with all the facilities necessary for carrying out the research in Jordan for three years. I would like to thank all those people who have contributed to, and supported me, in writing this book. Prof. Eric Goewie has been of great inspiration to me. His guidance and his huge network led to the study and acquisition of exciting perspectives that I then used to reflect upon my experiences. He has supported me in the challenge of writing a thesis based on four years’ experience. His questions and visits to my project site have been crucial to the shaping and structuring of my perspectives on the use of unconventional approaches in my study. I also thank the people of the former group of the Chair of Ecological Agriculture. They were of great help, stimulated me enormously, let me see how meaningful regular coffee breaks are and surrounded me with an atmosphere of ‘be at home’. It is a great pity that this group does not exist anymore. I could see the difference once I had to write my book: isolated and without the stimulating coffee discussions or colloquia. I would like to thank Prof. Mohammad Shatanawi for his support and for the pleasant academic atmosphere in Jordan. Through interesting discussions with Dr. Frans Huibers, I was able to sharpen my ideas and get feedback from a person with extensive knowledge and expertise in irrigation management and conservation. I would like to thank Dr. Jules van Lier, director of the WASTEVAL project, for arranging the funds for the study and for his kindness. Jules I owe you a lot. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Hans Schiere, who made the suggestion to ask Prof. Eric Goewie to act as supervisor of my Ph.D. studies, and furthermore for the constructive discussions and the memorable trips on which you took me. I am thankful to Mr. Arthur Eveleens, who took the responsibility of editing this thesis, also thank Mrs. H.E. Michel-Knaap and R.F. Michel for helping me in preparing the lay out of this book. Without her skills it never would have been possible to compensate the lack of time after het theft of my computer. I thank Heba Maqatef, for translating the summary into Arabic and Mr. Eddie de Bruin for making all drawings. I am indebted to the farmers in Siel Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley. Allowing me to participate in your struggle for life, sharing with me your experience and knowledge, and accepting me as a facilitator gave me a great opportunity to discover the different types of farming and styles of management. The knowledge and experience I obtained in the field was due to the collective effort of many people. I am very grateful to Wael Al Taweal, Basel and Gassan Al Weer, Abu Raád Al Mashakbeh, Abu Khalid and Abu Ali, farmers whose support throughout the journey of the research I shall never forget. My thanks also to Dr. Thefalah Badarneh, Dr. Mahfoth Abu Zant, Saqar Al Salem, Abed Al Wahab Matar, Bashar Al Shraedeh, Ilham Abu Aeshah, Yaser Nazal, Basel Sha’mon, Waled Joumah, and Andreas Kuck and Arthur Vallentin from the GTZ office at Jordan. I thank my wife, Ameera, for sharing the journey of developing this book with me. As partners forever, you have been a tremendous source of insight and inspiration. I thank you for expanding my understanding and career through your unflinching supprot. Even when I was away for a long periods, you showed great patience waiting my return. I thank my family, father, Mohab and Huda Duqqah, Ahmad and Afnan Jaber, Maher and Ilham Rsasi as well as the family of my wife, which has always supported me and extended its best wishes. Maram Saffarini, even though you are but eleven years old, your lovely calls encouraged me a lot. During my stay in Wageningen several friends helped me feel at home. Eric and Yvonne Goewie, Hans and Rinske Schiere, Jaap and Anemarie Vogelaar, Judith Kaspersma, Susanne Boom, Gijsbertje Berkhout and Francien de Jonge. When in need I could always count on your help. I am greatful to all of you for your support. I am also thankful to my colleagues Maha Halalsheh, Nedal Mahmoud, Ahmad Tawfik, Manal, Abed Al Malah, and Saeed Hussein. 8 Back home, I would like to thank the staff of the Water and Environment Research and Study Centre, Prof. Manar Fayyiad, director of the centre, Ghada Kasab, Mohammad Al Khateb and Thair Al Moumani. Samer Rukebat, thank you for helping me in laboratory analysis. Mahmoud Musleh, Shaker Arabieat and Nather Abu Hzeem thank you for driving me around any time I needed to be in the field. Effective fieldwork would have been impossible without the help of the whole staff. My thanks are extended to everyone who prayed for my success and my apologies to those whom I have failed to mention. These omissions are unintentional. Mohammad Duqqah December, 2002. 10 CONTENTS Preface 15 Chapter 1 - Introduction 17 1.1 The WASTEVAL programme as problem statement 19 1.2 Societal problem addressed 20 1.3 Structure of this book 21 1.4 Definitions 22 Chapter 2 - Water in Jordan 25 2.1 Jordan’s water resources 25 2.1.1 Surface water 25 2.1.2 Ground water 26 2.1.3 Sewagewater 26 2.2 Present use of water resources 27 2.2.1 Agricultural use 28 2.2.2 Urban areas and industry 33 2.3 Future use of water resources 34 2.3.1 Present balance 34 2.3.2 Scope for improving the water balance 36 2.3.3 Limiting factors for improving the water balance 38 2.4 Conclusion 39 Chapter 3 – Theoretical framework 41 3.1. Conclusion 44 Chapter 4 – Research questions 45 4.1 Identification of the research site and its pilot farms 46 4.2 Relation between farmers and researchers 46 4.3 Suitability of treated sewagewater as nutrient source for crops 46 4.4 Theoretical model of treated sewagewater using farms 46 4.5 Strengths and weaknesses of prototypes 47 4.6 Support by government policy 47 4.7 Conclusion 47 Chapter 5 – Suitable research sites 49 5.1 Objective 49 5.2 Methods 50 5.3 Results 50 11 5.3.1 Three research zones 51 5.3.2 Water quality in the zones 52 5.3.3 Farms and farmers in the zones 56 5.4 Conclusion 57 Chapter 6 – Farmers as designers of their own farms 59 6.1 Methods 60 6.2 Results 60 6.2.1 Learning from desk research 60 6.2.2 Collective decision-making 64 6.3 Conclusion 66 Chapter 7 – Suitability of treated sewagewater as nutrient source for crops 67 7.1 Suitability of treated sewagewater for irrigation 67 7.1.2 Water Electrical Conductivity (ECw ) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) 75 7.1.3 Specific ion toxicity 76 7.1.4 Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus (T-N and T-P) 78 7.1.5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), and pH 80 7.1.6 Microbiological quality 81 7.2 Water quality 83 7.3 Treated sewagewater as a resource 87 7.4 Salinisation 88 7.5 Conclusion 89 Chapter 8 – Designing of prototypes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land : the Case of Azraq Basin
    Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The case of Azraq Basin, Jordan of Azraq in Arid Land: The case Agriculture Groundwater-Based Majd Al Naber Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The case of Azraq Basin, Jordan Majd Al Naber Propositions: 1. Indirect regulatory measures are more efficient than direct measures in controlling the use of groundwater resources. (this thesis) 2. Decreasing the accessibility to production factors constrains, but does not fully control, groundwater-based agriculture expansion. (this thesis) 3. Remote sensing technology should be used in daily practice to monitor environmental changes. 4. Irreversible changes are more common than reversible ones in cases of over exploitation of natural resources. 5. A doctorate title is not the achievement of one's life, but a stepping-stone to one's future. 6. Positivity is required to deal with the long Ph.D. journey. Propositions belonging to the thesis, entitled Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The Case of Azraq Basin, Jordan Majd Al Naber Wageningen, 10 April 2018 Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The Case of Azraq Basin, Jordan Majd Al Naber Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr J. Wallinga Professor of Soil and Landscape Wageningen University & Research Co-promotor Dr F. Molle Senior Researcher, G-Eau Research Unit Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France Dr Ir J. J. Stoorvogel Associate Professor, Soil Geography and Landscape Wageningen University & Research Other members Prof. Dr Ir P.J.G.J. Hellegers, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr Olivier Petit, Université d'Artois, France Prof. Dr Ir P. van der Zaag, IHE Delft University Dr Ir J.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Determination of KAC Water Losses and Recommended Solutions for Improvements; Situational Assessment
    WATER MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE (WMI) Report on the Determination of KAC Water Losses and Recommended Solutions for Improvements; Situational Assessment June 2018 This publicationDetermination was produced of KAC Water for Losses review and byRecommended the United Solutions States for Agency Improvements for International – Upper KAC Development. 1 It was prepared by Tetra Tech. CONCEPT PARTY DATE First draft completed: WMI March 25, 2018 Presentation to JVA: JVA March 28, 2018 Concurrence received: JVA May 13,2018 May 28, 2018 Final version submitted: WMI (per the modified J4 deliverable table in contract modification no. 4) Final version approved: COR June 26, 2018 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Tetra Tech under the USAID Water Management Initiative (WMI) Contract No. AID-278-C-16-00001. This report was prepared by: Tetra Tech 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 USA Telephone: (802) 658-3890 Fax: (802) 495-0282 E-Mail: [email protected] Tetra Tech Contacts: José Valdez, Chief of Party, [email protected] David Favazza, Project Manager, [email protected] All photos are by Tetra Tech unless otherwise noted. WATER MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE (WMI) Report on the Determination of KAC Water Losses and Recommended Solutions for Improvements; Situational Assessment Intervention No. 3.3.7: Support Improving the Conveyance System Efficiency in Jordan Valley May 2018 DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptation to Climate Change in the Zarqa River Basin
    Adaptation to Climate Change In The Zarqa River basin Development of policy options for adaptation to Climate Change and Integrated water resources management(IWRM) December, 2012 Tel: +962 6 5683669 Mobile: +962 79 6011777 Fax: +962 6 5683668 P .O. Box: 415 Amman 11941 Jordan, E- Mail: [email protected] Page 1 of 95 ملخص يهدف هذا التقرير الى مراجعة اﻷطر القانونية والمؤسسية السائدة في قطاع المياه في اﻷردن فيما يتعلق بالتكيف مع تغير المناخ في حوض نهر الزرقاء )ZRB(. ولتحقيق هذا الغرض فقد تم عمل ما يلي )1( مراجعة الوثائق ذات الصلة في التشريع واﻹدارة واﻷنظمة والسياسات المائية وقوانين المياه ، )2( تحليل وبيان الثغرات في سياسات المياه في اﻷردن والتعرف على نقاط الضعفالموجودة في هذه السياسات فيما يتعلق بتغير المناخ ، وزيادة الوعي بأهمية وضع تدابير التخفيف من تغير المناخ ، و )3( العمل على وضع سياسة أو استراتيجية عامة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ من خﻻل تطبيق اﻷدارة المتكاملة لموارد المياه كأداة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ. والهدف من المراجعة هو تقييم مدى مﻻءمة وفعالية اﻹطار المؤسسي القائم بشأن تدابير التكيف مع تغير المناخ في حوض نهر الزرقاء )ZRB( ومكافحة ندرة المياه الذي ﻻ يزال يشكل تحديا استراتيجياً يواجه اﻷردن لزيادة موارده المائية. ومن وجهة النظر القانونية هناك ثﻻثة قوانين تشكل اﻹطار القانوني الرئيسي لقطاع المياه في اﻷردن ، وهي سلطة المياه اﻻردنية )WAJ( القانون 18 لسنة 1988 ، وسلطة وادي اﻷردن )JVA( القانون 30 لعام 2001 وزارة المياه والري )MWI( القانون 54 لعام 1992. ووضعت هذه القوانين أساسا لتأسيس المؤسسات المعنية وتنظيم أنشطتها. ومع ذلك ، وهذه المؤسسات متداخلة المسؤوليات وأحبانا تعاني من عدم وجود تنسيق وتؤدي إلى حالة من الغموض. لذلك ﻻ بد من وجود قانون المياه يكون أكثر حصافة لحيوية هذا القطاع .
    [Show full text]
  • B'tselem Report: Dispossession & Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley & Northern Dead Sea, May
    Dispossession & Exploitation Israel's policy in the Jordan Valley & northern Dead Sea May 2011 Researched and written by Eyal Hareuveni Edited by Yael Stein Data coordination by Atef Abu a-Rub, Wassim Ghantous, Tamar Gonen, Iyad Hadad, Kareem Jubran, Noam Raz Geographic data processing by Shai Efrati B'Tselem thanks Salwa Alinat, Kav LaOved’s former coordinator of Palestinian fieldworkers in the settlements, Daphna Banai, of Machsom Watch, Hagit Ofran, Peace Now’s Settlements Watch coordinator, Dror Etkes, and Alon Cohen-Lifshitz and Nir Shalev, of Bimkom. 2 Table of contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter One: Statistics........................................................................................................ 8 Land area and borders of the Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea area....................... 8 Palestinian population in the Jordan Valley .................................................................... 9 Settlements and the settler population........................................................................... 10 Land area of the settlements .......................................................................................... 13 Chapter Two: Taking control of land................................................................................ 15 Theft of private Palestinian land and transfer to settlements......................................... 15 Seizure of land for “military needs”.............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Proposal for Interpreting the Plan of Khirbat Al-Mafjar
    [Vicino Oriente XX (2016), pp. 59-84] JAMAAN AT THE PASS OF BI’REIN AN IRON AGE IIB-C AMMONITE STRONGHOLD IN CENTRAL JORDAN Lorenzo Nigro 1 - Sapienza University of Rome Romeel Gharib 2 - Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan In years 2015-2016 the Zarqa Directorate of the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan carried out a rescue excavation at the site of Jamaan, an Iron Age IIB-C Ammonite stronghold 16 Km north of ‘Amman. The site survey and limited soundings allow to plot a plan of the structure, comprising an outer enclosure with a casemate wall, two cisterns, and a square podium tower, and to collect ceramic material dating from Iron Age IIB-C (c. 840-580 BC), as well as the head of a soft limestone statue, possibly depicting a local chief or an official. The latter adds to the relatively conspicuous number of statues from the Kingdom of Ammon, possibly illustrating the production of a non-royal commission.3 Keywords: Ammon; fortress; Iron Age IIB-C; statuary; Neo-Assyrian 1. INTRODUCTION The site of Jamaan4 is located in the Governorate of Zarqa - sub-district of Bi’rein, in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, about 16 Km north of ‘Amman. The site lays 0.72 Km south of the ancient ruins of Khirbet Zuby’a and 0.5 Km east of the village and small tell of Bi’rein (modern dialect corruption of Bî’rayn, “the two cisterns”, which are actually a distinguishing feature of Jamaan), just south of the main road running from Wadi Shomar, a left (western) tributary of the Zarqa River, over the pass introducing into Wadi Fatayer and in the underlying Sahl al-Buqey’a (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Curve Number Applications for Restoration the Zarqa River Basin
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 January 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0061.v1 1 Article 2 Curve Number Applications for Restoration the 3 Zarqa River Basin 4 Maisa’a W. Shammout 1,*, Muhammad Shatanawi 2 and Jim Nelson 3 5 1 Water, Energy and Environment Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942 Jordan; 6 [email protected] 7 2 Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942 Jordan; [email protected] 8 3 Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Brigham Young University, USA, [email protected] 9 * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; Tel.: +9-626-535-5000 10 Abstract: The heavy demand of water resources from the Zarqa River Basin (ZRB) has resulted in a 11 base-flow reduction of the River from 5m3/s to less than 1m3/s. This paper aims at predicting Curve 12 Numbers (CN) as a baseline scenario and proposing restoration scenarios for ZRB. The method 13 includes classifying the soil type and land use, predicting CNs, and proposing CN restoration 14 scenarios. Prediction of existing CNs will be in parallel with the runoff prediction using the US 15 Army Corps of Engineers HEC-1 Model, and Rainfall-Runoff Model (RRM). The models have been 16 set up at the land use distribution of 0.3% water body, 9.3% forest and orchard, 71% mixture of 17 grass, weeds, and desert shrubs, 7.0% crops, 4.0% urban areas, and 8.4% bare soil. The results show 18 that CN under dry condition are 59, 78 under a normal condition and 89 under a wet condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Water and Agriculture in Jordan: Understanding Current Water and Agricultural Priorities and Futures
    Water and Agriculture in Jordan: Understanding Current Water and Agricultural Priorities and Futures West Asia-North Africa Institute, August 2019 This project was led by the WANA Institute, funded by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO). This publication was developed in close collaboration with the University of Oxford, and reflects the views of the authors only, and not necessarily that of the Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO). PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE The information in this publication may not be reproduced, in part or in whole and by any means, without charge or further permission from the WANA Institute. For permission to reproduce the information in this publication, please contact the WANA Institute Communications Department at [email protected] Published by The WANA Institute, 70 Ahmad Al-Tarawneh St, Jubeiha, 11941, Amman, Jordan. Author: Dr. Majd Al Naber, Eng Reem Al Haddadin, and Dr. Michael Gilmont Cover image: The WANA Institute Printed in Amman, Jordan © 2019 WANA Institute. All rights reserved. Manufactured in Jordan 1. Table of Contents 1 Objective ................................................................................................................... 2 2 Background ............................................................................................................... 2 3 Findings ..................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Literature Review ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hussein. 2009. Adaptation to CC in the Jordan River Valley
    COLLEGE OF EUROPE NATOLIN (WARSAW) CAMPUS EUROPEAN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES Adaptation to Climate Change in the Jordan River Valley: the Case of the Sharhabil Bin Hassneh Eco-Park Supervisor: Thierry Béchet Thesis presented by Hussam Hussein for the Degree of Master in Arts in European Interdisciplinary Studies Academic year 2009/2010 1 Statutory Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis has been written by myself without any external un -authoriz ed help, that it has been neither submitted to any institution for evaluation nor previously published in its entirety or in parts. Any parts, words or ideas, of the thesis, however limited, and including tables, graphs, maps etc., which are quoted from or based on other sources, have been acknowledged as such without exception. Moreover, I have also taken note and accepted the College rules with regard to plagiarism (Section 4.2 of the College study regulations). 2 Key words Jordan Adaptation Climate Change Middle East Water 3 Abstract The topic of this thesis, titled Adaptation to Climate Change in the Jordan River Valley: the Case of the Sharhabil Bin Hassneh Eco-Park , is to examine possible solutions of development projects to help the Jordan River Valley to adapt to the impacts that climate change will have in particular to the natural resources in the valley. This analysis is based on research made on the field, collaborating with the environmental NGO Friends of the Earth Middle East . Therefore, many interviews with local people of the communities of the valley, with staff members of the NGO, as well as with important experts such as the former Jordanian Minister of Water and Irrigation Munther Haddadin, were precious in giving some important insight remarks and showing the situation from different point of views.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovative Solutions for Water Wars in Israel, Jordan, and The
    INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR WATER WARS IN ISRAEL, JORDAN AND THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY J. David Rogers K.F. Hasselmann Chair, Department of Geological Engineering 129 McNutt Hall, 1870 Miner Circle University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409-0230 [email protected] (573) 341-6198 [voice] (573) 341-6935 [fax] ABSTRACT In the late 1950s Jordan and Israel embarked on a race to collect, convey and disperse the free-flowing waters of the Jordan River below the Sea of Galilee. In 1955 the Johnston Unified Water Plan was adopted by both countries as a treaty of allocation rights. By 1961 the Jordanians completed their 110-km long East Ghor Canal, followed by Israel’s 85-km long National Water Carrier, initially completed in 1964 and extended in 1969. The Johnston allocation plan was successfully implemented for 12 years, until the June 1967 war between Israel and her neighbor Arab states. The Israelis have spearheaded the effort to exploit the region’s limited water resources, using wells, pipelines, canals, recharge basins, drip irrigation, fertigation, wastewater recharge, saline irrigation and, most recently, turning to desalination. In 1977 they began looking at various options to bring sea water to the depleted Dead Sea Basin, followed by similar studies undertaken by the Jordanians a few years later. A new water allocation plan was agreed upon as part of the 1994 Israel-Jordan peace treaty, but it failed to address Palestinian requests for additional allotments, which would necessarily have come from Jordan or Israel. The subject of water allocation has become a non-negotiable agenda for the Palestinian Authority in its ongoing political strife with Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Livelihoods and Food Security Impact
    Agricultural Livelihoods and Food Security Impact Assessment and Response Plan for the Syria Crisis in the Neighbouring Countries of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey March 2013 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Acknowledgments This report on “Agricultural Livelihoods and Food Security Impact Assessment and Response Plan for the Syria Crisis in the Neighbouring Countries of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey” was prepared by a multidisciplinary team of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The team of technical experts included Lori Curtis, Nasredin Elamin and Markos Tibbo from the FAO Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa (FAO-RNE), Cyril Ferrand from the FAO Emergency and Rehabilitation Coordination Unit for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and Christopher Baker, FAO consultant, who led the field team, coordinated technical contributions and produced the first complete draft. The field mission operation was coordinated by Tanja Popovic and Irene Omondi in collaboration with the FAO Representations of each country. In Lebanon, the mission was also assisted by Hadi Fathallah, FAO consultant, in macro-economic situation analysis. FAO-RNE technical officers are acknowledged for their invaluable contributions in preparatory work and in finalizing this report. The FAO multidisciplinary mission to Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey, conducted from 4– 22 February 2013, is indebted to the FAO Representations and programmes in the countries visited; Ministries of Agriculture
    [Show full text]
  • Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus in Jordan, Lebanon and Tunisia Assessment of Current Policies and Regulatory and Legal Framework
    Water, energy and food security Nexus in Jordan, Lebanon and Tunisia Assessment of current policies and regulatory and legal framework Water, energy and food security Nexus in Jordan, Lebanon and Tunisia Assessment of current policies and regulatory and legal framework The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other partnering organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily refect those of IUCN or other partnering organisations. This publication has been made possible in part by funding from Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Published by: IUCN Regional Office for West Asia, Amman, Jordan Copyright: © 2019 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN ROWA (2019). Water, energy and food security Nexus in Jordan, Lebanon and Tunisia. Assessment of current policies and regulatory and legal framework. Amman, Jordan: IUCN. Author: Dr. Soud AlQuran - Expert of Risks & Crises Management- Resilient Cities Eng. Ali Hayajneh - Programme Manager (Water & Climate Change Programme) Dr. Hany ElShaer - IUCN-ROWA Regional Director Project team: Mrs. Anwar Abu Sakieneh - Regional Ofcer of Communication & Documentation Eng.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative and Qualitative Effects of Agricultural Development on a Unconsolidated Brackish Environment
    Trends and Sustainability of Groundwater in Highly Stressed Aquifers (Proc. of Symposium JS.2 at 207 the Joint IAHS & IAH Convention, Hyderabad, India, September 2009). IAHS Publ. 329, 2009. Transforming a desert into a food basket: quantitative and qualitative effects of agricultural development on a unconsolidated brackish environment MATHIAS TOLL & MARTIN SAUTER Applied Geology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany [email protected] Abstract In semi-arid areas groundwater systems are frequently not sufficiently characterized hydrogeo- logically and long-term data records are generally not available. However, long-term time series are necessary to design future groundwater abstraction scenarios or to predict the influence of future climate change effects on groundwater resources. To overcome these problems, an integrated approach for the provision of a reliable database based on both hard quantitative and sparse and fuzzy data was taken and developed further. This developed integrated approach is demonstrated in the lowermost area of the Jordan Valley/Jordan. The Jordan Valley was rapidly transformed from a barely inhabited area into the “food basket” of Jordan. As a result, hundreds of shallow wells were drilled and large amounts of groundwater were abstracted, since groundwater is the major source for irrigation. Consequently groundwater quality decreased rapidly since the 1960s and signs of overpumping and an increase in soil salinity could clearly be seen. A numerical 3-D transient model integrating all important features of the hydrogeological system was developed and tested against stress periods depicted during the historical review of the test area (model period: 1955–2001). These stress periods include periods of intense rainfall, of drought, and of anthro- pogenic impacts, like building of storage dams and the influence of violent conflicts.
    [Show full text]