DOCSLIB.ORG

Quantitative and Qualitative Effects of Agricultural Development on a Unconsolidated Brackish Environment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Quantitative and Qualitative Effects of Agricultural Development on a Unconsolidated Brackish Environment Trends and Sustainability of Groundwater in Highly Stressed Aquifers (Proc. of Symposium JS.2 at 207 the Joint IAHS & IAH Convention, Hyderabad, India, September 2009). IAHS Publ. 329, 2009. Transforming a desert into a food basket: quantitative and qualitative effects of agricultural development on a unconsolidated brackish environment MATHIAS TOLL & MARTIN SAUTER Applied Geology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany [email protected] Abstract In semi-arid areas groundwater systems are frequently not sufficiently characterized hydrogeo- logically and long-term data records are generally not available. However, long-term time series are necessary to design future groundwater abstraction scenarios or to predict the influence of future climate change effects on groundwater resources. To overcome these problems, an integrated approach for the provision of a reliable database based on both hard quantitative and sparse and fuzzy data was taken and developed further. This developed integrated approach is demonstrated in the lowermost area of the Jordan Valley/Jordan. The Jordan Valley was rapidly transformed from a barely inhabited area into the “food basket” of Jordan. As a result, hundreds of shallow wells were drilled and large amounts of groundwater were abstracted, since groundwater is the major source for irrigation. Consequently groundwater quality decreased rapidly since the 1960s and signs of overpumping and an increase in soil salinity could clearly be seen. A numerical 3-D transient model integrating all important features of the hydrogeological system was developed and tested against stress periods depicted during the historical review of the test area (model period: 1955–2001). These stress periods include periods of intense rainfall, of drought, and of anthro- pogenic impacts, like building of storage dams and the influence of violent conflicts. Recommendations for future sustainable groundwater abstractions are given. Key words stressed-aquifer system; unconsolidated aquifer; qualitative data; numerical modelling; Jordan Valley INTRODUCTION This study focuses on the effect of increased anthropogenic activities on a previous natural unaltered groundwater system in an arid environment. A frequent problem in semi-arid to arid areas is the poor data situation. An integrated approach was used successfully to set up a numerical steady-state 3-D groundwater flow model. This integrated approach combines recorded data (e.g. water levels, chemical analyses of well waters, geophysical data, remote sensing data) with soft and fuzzy information (e.g. questionnaires, reports). The integrated approach used is described in detail by Toll (2008). On the basis of the steady-state model a transient 3-D groundwater flow model was set up that simulates the impacts of anthropogenic development on the groundwater resources from a natural system to a highly stressed groundwater system. STUDY AREA Geography and climate The research area is located in the lower Jordan Valley/Jordan (Fig. 1). The centre is located at WGS84 coordinates 31°52′N and 35°36′E, and has an area of 150.66 km2, and an average elevation of 270 m below mean sea level (b.m.s.l.), and, compared to the bordering area to the east, a very smooth average slope of one to two degrees. The lowest point is located at the Dead Sea shore in the south, with an elevation of 420 m (measured in 2006; as of today the current drop rate of the Dead Sea level is 1–1.3 m/year) below mean sea level (the elevation depends on the water level of the Dead Sea), and the highest point at the fan apex of Wadi Hisban with 160 m b.m.s.l. The detailed study area includes the unconsolidated strata of lower Jordan Valley and extends from the Dead Sea in the south, to the town of Karameh in the north, from the Jordan River in the west to the margin of the western hills of the East Bank in the east. The maximum extension is 14 km east–west and around 20 km north–south. The hydrology of the unconsolidated Copyright © 2009 IAHS Press 208 Mathias Toll & Martin Sauter (a) (c) (b) Fig. 1 Location of the study area. (a) Middle East; (b) study area in the regional context; (c) study area. strata, the focus of this study, can only be understood by including the slopes and highlands of the East Bank located in the east of the study area, because it is considered that the major part of recharge and of sediment supply to the unconsolidated aquifer derives from this area. Two major cities are located 10 and 20 km to the east of the study area: the city of As-Salt and the capital Amman. The deeply incised valleys of Wadi Kafrein carry perennial flow. However, during and after the rainy events, they also drain floodwater down to the Jordan Valley. The flood- water carries sediments, and sometimes even rocks, forming fan deposits in the Jordan Valley. According to Köppen (1931) the study area can be classified as a Group B Dry (arid and semi- arid) climate, since precipitation is less than the potential evaporation. Morphology has the largest influence on the prevailing climate. A subdivision into three different climatic zones can be made: the Highlands area, the Western Slopes of the East Bank, and the Jordan Valley. The climate in the Highlands is of Mediterranean type. It is characterized by long, hot, dry summers and short, cool, rainy winters. Towards the west, the climate undergoes a rapid change to semi-arid and arid climate in the Jordan Valley. The western Slopes act as a transition zone between the Mediterran- ean climate along the Highlands in the east and the arid climate in the Jordan Valley in the west. Rain only falls during the winter months. The climate changes abruptly from dry hot summer conditions to humid, cold, and stormy conditions. Usually it starts to rain in November and rainfall continues until the end of April, and 70% of the annual precipitation falls between November and February. Snow falls once to twice a year in the Highlands. The average annual precipitation on the western ridges of the Highlands (Jordan University, Amman) is around 505 mm/year, on the eastern part of the Western slopes (Naur) 395 mm/year, and in Jordan Valley (South Shuneh) the long-term average is around 166 mm/year (MWI open files). Thus a strong correlation with altitude and climate data exists for the area. Geology and hydrogeology This study deals only with the unconsolidated Jordan Valley aquifer system. Therefore, only the unconsolidated rock column will be discussed below. The Shagur Formation is believed to be the Transforming a desert into a food basket 209 oldest formation deposited in the Jordan Valley (Upper Pliocene–Lower Pleistocene). The Shagur Formation consists of massive, crudely bedded fluvio-limnic conglomerates that alternate with crudely bedded travertine and marl or claystone. This unit overlies unconformable older consolidated rocks. Clasts are angular to subangular and siliceous cemented. In the type localities in the east and south the terrestrial to fluvio-limnic Shagur Formation has a thickness of approx. 75 m. However, thickness changes significantly within the different facies types (Bender, 1968). While the Shagur Formation crops out in the east and southeast of the study area, it was not reported, neither in the deep oil wells Jordan Valley 1 and 2, nor in the wells drilled by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI). During Pleistocene times, three members can be distinguished. The three members (the coarse clastic, the silt and the lacustrine) are a vertical and lateral facies succession from terrestrial/flu- vial, to deltaic/limnic and limnic/brackish lake environments. The “Pleistocene aquifer” consists of the coarse clastic and the silt member. However, exploitable water resources are principally restricted to the coarse clastics member. The lacustrine member consists of marl, gypsum and silt, and is generally considered an aquiclude, void of exploitable water. It crops out mainly in the west of the study area. Since the Lisan Lake reached an elevation of –180 m above mean sea level, its sediments can be found in incised channels of the major wadis up to the margin of the Jordan Valley. Its total thickness is around 40 m. The coarse clastic member consists of gravel, inter- bedded with clay, sand and marl horizons. Both, the coarse clastic and the silt member underlie, overlie, or interfinger with the Lisan Formation. The youngest unit is built up of sub-recent terrigenous sediments deposited along the outlets of major wadis. These alluvial fans are still accumulating as a result of large floods. They consist of debris from all neighbouring lithologies and are deposited according to their transport energy. The biggest components are found close to the apex and the smallest close to the fan margin. The transport normally takes place along alternating channels or after very heavy rain storms as sheet, or debris flow. Thus permeable horizons alternate with less permeable lithologies within these deposits. It is believed that the thickness maximum is near the valley margins, thinning out towards the centre of the basin. Well depth is rarely beyond several tens of metres. Often the alluvial aquifer directly overlies the Pleistocene gravel aquifer and because of that is hydraulically interconnected with this aquifer. The unconsolidated material of the Jordan Valley aquifer system deposited on consolidated material, mostly limestone, dolimitic limestone and to a lower extent sandstone. These consolidated rock columns make up the major aquifer systems (Upper aquifer, Lower aquifer and the Kurnub Group aquifer) of the western slopes and the highlands of the East Bank. These consolidated aquifer systems carry freshwater towards the Jordan Valley aquifer system. By the multilayered nature of these consolidated aquifers and aquitards it follows that many aquifers are confined, and so it seems likely that the unconsolidated sediments of the Jordan Valley aquifer system are infiltrated from beneath via consolidated layers dipping into the Jordan Valley.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report on the Determination of KAC Water Losses and Recommended Solutions for Improvements; Situational Assessment
    WATER MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE (WMI) Report on the Determination of KAC Water Losses and Recommended Solutions for Improvements; Situational Assessment June 2018 This publicationDetermination was produced of KAC Water for Losses review and byRecommended the United Solutions States for Agency Improvements for International – Upper KAC Development. 1 It was prepared by Tetra Tech. CONCEPT PARTY DATE First draft completed: WMI March 25, 2018 Presentation to JVA: JVA March 28, 2018 Concurrence received: JVA May 13,2018 May 28, 2018 Final version submitted: WMI (per the modified J4 deliverable table in contract modification no. 4) Final version approved: COR June 26, 2018 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Tetra Tech under the USAID Water Management Initiative (WMI) Contract No. AID-278-C-16-00001. This report was prepared by: Tetra Tech 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 USA Telephone: (802) 658-3890 Fax: (802) 495-0282 E-Mail: [email protected] Tetra Tech Contacts: José Valdez, Chief of Party, [email protected] David Favazza, Project Manager, [email protected] All photos are by Tetra Tech unless otherwise noted. WATER MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE (WMI) Report on the Determination of KAC Water Losses and Recommended Solutions for Improvements; Situational Assessment Intervention No. 3.3.7: Support Improving the Conveyance System Efficiency in Jordan Valley May 2018 DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • B'tselem Report: Dispossession & Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley & Northern Dead Sea, May
    Dispossession & Exploitation Israel's policy in the Jordan Valley & northern Dead Sea May 2011 Researched and written by Eyal Hareuveni Edited by Yael Stein Data coordination by Atef Abu a-Rub, Wassim Ghantous, Tamar Gonen, Iyad Hadad, Kareem Jubran, Noam Raz Geographic data processing by Shai Efrati B'Tselem thanks Salwa Alinat, Kav LaOved’s former coordinator of Palestinian fieldworkers in the settlements, Daphna Banai, of Machsom Watch, Hagit Ofran, Peace Now’s Settlements Watch coordinator, Dror Etkes, and Alon Cohen-Lifshitz and Nir Shalev, of Bimkom. 2 Table of contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter One: Statistics........................................................................................................ 8 Land area and borders of the Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea area....................... 8 Palestinian population in the Jordan Valley .................................................................... 9 Settlements and the settler population........................................................................... 10 Land area of the settlements .......................................................................................... 13 Chapter Two: Taking control of land................................................................................ 15 Theft of private Palestinian land and transfer to settlements......................................... 15 Seizure of land for “military needs”.............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hussein. 2009. Adaptation to CC in the Jordan River Valley
    COLLEGE OF EUROPE NATOLIN (WARSAW) CAMPUS EUROPEAN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES Adaptation to Climate Change in the Jordan River Valley: the Case of the Sharhabil Bin Hassneh Eco-Park Supervisor: Thierry Béchet Thesis presented by Hussam Hussein for the Degree of Master in Arts in European Interdisciplinary Studies Academic year 2009/2010 1 Statutory Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis has been written by myself without any external un -authoriz ed help, that it has been neither submitted to any institution for evaluation nor previously published in its entirety or in parts. Any parts, words or ideas, of the thesis, however limited, and including tables, graphs, maps etc., which are quoted from or based on other sources, have been acknowledged as such without exception. Moreover, I have also taken note and accepted the College rules with regard to plagiarism (Section 4.2 of the College study regulations). 2 Key words Jordan Adaptation Climate Change Middle East Water 3 Abstract The topic of this thesis, titled Adaptation to Climate Change in the Jordan River Valley: the Case of the Sharhabil Bin Hassneh Eco-Park , is to examine possible solutions of development projects to help the Jordan River Valley to adapt to the impacts that climate change will have in particular to the natural resources in the valley. This analysis is based on research made on the field, collaborating with the environmental NGO Friends of the Earth Middle East . Therefore, many interviews with local people of the communities of the valley, with staff members of the NGO, as well as with important experts such as the former Jordanian Minister of Water and Irrigation Munther Haddadin, were precious in giving some important insight remarks and showing the situation from different point of views.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovative Solutions for Water Wars in Israel, Jordan, and The
    INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR WATER WARS IN ISRAEL, JORDAN AND THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY J. David Rogers K.F. Hasselmann Chair, Department of Geological Engineering 129 McNutt Hall, 1870 Miner Circle University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409-0230 [email protected] (573) 341-6198 [voice] (573) 341-6935 [fax] ABSTRACT In the late 1950s Jordan and Israel embarked on a race to collect, convey and disperse the free-flowing waters of the Jordan River below the Sea of Galilee. In 1955 the Johnston Unified Water Plan was adopted by both countries as a treaty of allocation rights. By 1961 the Jordanians completed their 110-km long East Ghor Canal, followed by Israel’s 85-km long National Water Carrier, initially completed in 1964 and extended in 1969. The Johnston allocation plan was successfully implemented for 12 years, until the June 1967 war between Israel and her neighbor Arab states. The Israelis have spearheaded the effort to exploit the region’s limited water resources, using wells, pipelines, canals, recharge basins, drip irrigation, fertigation, wastewater recharge, saline irrigation and, most recently, turning to desalination. In 1977 they began looking at various options to bring sea water to the depleted Dead Sea Basin, followed by similar studies undertaken by the Jordanians a few years later. A new water allocation plan was agreed upon as part of the 1994 Israel-Jordan peace treaty, but it failed to address Palestinian requests for additional allotments, which would necessarily have come from Jordan or Israel. The subject of water allocation has become a non-negotiable agenda for the Palestinian Authority in its ongoing political strife with Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • King Talal Reservoir Case Study; Water Quality, Treated Wastewater Use for Irrigation and Its Risk Assessment, Irrigation Type and Crop Selection
    MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences Research Article Open Access King Talal reservoir case study; water quality, treated wastewater use for irrigation and its risk assessment, irrigation type and crop selection Abstract Volume 4 Issue 2 - 2019 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan is one of the poorest Tharwa Qotaish countries in the world in terms of water availability. The amount of water available Royal Scientific Society, Jordan per capita is 14 per cent less than the world’s water poverty line. Irrigated agriculture is currently the largest consumer (Gunn, 2009). King Talal Reservoir is considered Correspondence: Qotaish Tharwa, Royal Scientific Society/ to be the largest supplier for the agricultural sector in the Jordan Valley region. The Knowledge Cluster/ Water and Environment Center. P.O. Box area planted annually in the Jordan Valley is about 31,600 hectares mainly taken up 1438 Amman 11941 Jordan, Email by irrigated vegetables and citrus orchards. The irrigation water resources for this area are the King Talal Dam, the King Abdullah Canal and runoff from the Zarqa River Received: December 10, 2018 | Published: March 13, 2019 (Hasan , et al. 2000) This paper aims to study the quality of the King Talal Dam water over a period of four years as most of its water content is a treated wastewater which is coming from Khirbet Al Samra Water Treatment Plant, and Jerash and Baq’a Water Treatment Plants, and to determine the safe use of this water in agriculture and how to choose the crops for this type of water, also to determine if the Jordan Valley farmer’s need to change the type of their crops and what is the most suitable water irrigation type depending on water quality, and finally a qualitative risk assessment has been done for using treated wastewater in un-restricted agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Ministry of Water & Irrigation Jordan
    The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Ministry of Water & Irrigation Jordan Valley Authority GENERAL INFORMATION THE THIRD COUNTRY TRAINING PROGRAMME For WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT August / September 2004 Water Resources Management 23 August – 02 September 2004 Water Resources Management 23 August – 02 September 2004 Table of Contents Background Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) Role Water Resources Surface water resources Ground water resources Treated Waste water Storage Reservoirs in the Jordan Valley Irrigation Networks Special Projects Water Resources Management Training Programe Tentative Curriculum of the Programme Tentative Schedule Water Resources Management 23 August – 02 September 2004 Background The Jordan Rift Valley (JRV) extends from the Yarmouk River in the north to the Gulf of Aqaba in the South for about 360 km, with an average width of 10 km. The elevation of its valley floor varies from -212m south of Lake Tiberias to - 415m at the Dead Sea, and it rises to +250 m in central Wadi Araba. The variations in temperature, humidity, and rainfall produced distinct agro-climatic zones. Annual rainfall starts in October and ends in May. Precipitation reaches 350- 400 mm/year in the north and drops down to 50 mm/year in the south. The warm winter of the valley allows the production of off-season crops and can be considered as a large green house. The annual available water resources in the valley spins around 250-300 MCM, while the annual demand for irrigation exceeds 500 MCM. Around 60 MCM of water is pumped up to the city of Amman and 20 MCM to Irbid for domestic uses. Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) Role The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) is in charge of the integrated development of the Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • National Master Plan for the Jordan River Valley
    National Master Plan for the Jordan River Valley Kingdom of Jordan Prepared By Royal HaskoningDHV in partnership with: MASAR Center Jordan. April, 2015. For: SIWI - Stockholm International Water Institute GNF - Global Nature Fund & EU - SWIMP WEDO / EcoPeace NGO Master Plan (SWIM-JR) Project is supported by the European Union‘s Sustainable Water Integrated Management (SWIM) Program. EcoPeace Middle East RoyalHaskoningDHV National Master Plan for the Jordan River Valley “Protecting the Environment” means to change our global perception: to change from a culture (and policy) that enables and even encourages excess consumerism that creates more and more system-wide problems and consumes natural resources, to a culture (and policy) based on wise consumption and maximum efficiency, that will improve the quality of life of the consumers and not only the volume of consumption. This applies especially to the policy regarding the water resource in our region that must be managed in a sustainable manner for current and future generations. © Royal HaskoningDHV B.V. is part of Royal HaskoningDHV Group. No part of these specifications/printed matter may be reproduced and/or published by print, photocopy, microfilm or by any other means, without the prior written permission of EcoPeace; nor may they be used, without such permission, for any purposes other than that for which they were produced. The quality management system of RHDHV B.V. has been approved against ISO 9001. 1 EcoPeace Middle East RoyalHaskoningDHV TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Shrinking Dead Sea and the Red-Dead Canal: a Sisyphean Tale?
    University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons McGeorge School of Law Scholarly Articles McGeorge School of Law Faculty Scholarship 2006 The hrS inking Dead Sea and the Red-Dead Canal: A Sisyphean Tale Stephen C. McCaffrey Pacific cGeM orge School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/facultyarticles Part of the International Law Commons, and the Water Law Commons Recommended Citation Stephen C. McCaffrey, The hrS inking Dead Sea and the Red-Dead Canal: A Sisyphean Tale?, 19 Pac. McGeorge Global Bus. & Dev. L.J. 259 (2006). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the McGeorge School of Law Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in McGeorge School of Law Scholarly Articles by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Shrinking Dead Sea and the Red-Dead Canal: A Sisyphean Tale? Stephen C. McCaffrey* I. INTRODUCTION The Dead Sea has long been known the world over as a unique geographic feature, having cultural, religious, and political significance.' Aristotle is said to have been "the first to tell the world about the salty body of water where no fish live and people float."2 Despite its name, the Dead Sea is neither "dead" nor a "sea." Though it is a very large body of water, measuring some fifty-miles long and eleven-miles wide at its widest point, the Dead Sea is, in fact, a lake. Like other inaccurately named large bodies of water (such as the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and the Sea of Galilee), its name reflects its size and salinity, not its geographic or legal character.
    [Show full text]
  • In Jordan): Changes in Water Use and Projections (1950-2025)
    Research Report 9 Figure to be inserted Historical Transformations of the Lower Jordan River Basin (in Jordan): Changes in Water Use and Projections (1950-2025) Rémy Courcier, Jean-Philippe Venot and François Molle Postal Address: IWMI, P O Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka Location: 127 Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka International Telephone: +94-11 2787404, 2784080 Fax: +94-11 2786854 Water Management Email: [email protected] Website: www.iwmi.org/assessment Institute ISSN 1391-9407 ISBN 92-9090-609 The Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture takes stock of the costs, benefits and impacts of the past 50 years of water development for agriculture, the water management challenges communities are facing today, and solutions people have developed. The results of the Assessment will enable farming communities, governments and donors to make better-quality investment and management decisions to meet food and environmental security objectives in the near future and over the next 25 years. The Research Report Series captures results of collaborative research conducted under the Assessment. It also includes reports contributed by individual scientists and organizations that significantly advance knowledge on key Assessment questions. Each report undergoes a rigorous peer-review process. The research presented in the series feeds into the Assessment’s primary output—a “State of the World” report and set of options backed by hundreds of leading water and development professionals and water users. Reports in this series may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgement. Electronic copies of reports can be downloaded from the Assessment website (www.iwmi.org/assessment). If you are interested in submitting a report for inclusion in the series, please see the submission guidelines available on the Assessment website or send a written request to: Sepali Goonaratne, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Design of Farming Systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan PROMOTOREN
    Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan PROMOTOREN Prof. Dr. Ir. E.A. Goewie Hoogleraar Maatschappelijke Aspecten van de Biologische Landbouw Prof. dr. M. Shatanawi Dean of Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University CO-PROMOTOR Dr. ir. F. P. Huibers Wetenschappelijk Hoofddocent, leerstoelgroep Irrigatie en waterbouwkunde SAMENSTELLING PROMOTIECOMMISSIE Prof. dr. ir. N. G. Röling Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. ir. L. Vincent Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. ir. G. Lettinga Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. M. Fayyad Director of Water and Environment Research and Study Centre, Jordan University 2 Mohammad M. Duqqah Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van de Wageningen Universiteit, prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag, 3 december 2002 des namiddag’s om 16:00 uur in de Aula CIP-DATA KONINLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture: Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan Duqqah, M.M. Thesis Universiteit Wageningen, Wageningen, the Netherlands – With ref. – With summary in Dutch, English and Arabic – 262 pages. ISBN: 90-5808 No copyright. All parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission of the author, as long as the correct quotation is provided. The author would appreciate being notified ([email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Design Study Report on the Project for Water Pollution Monitoring System in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
    No. BASIC DESIGN STUDY REPORT ON THE PROJECT FOR WATER POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN MARCH, 2002 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. GR1 CR(1) 02-062 PREFACE In response to a request from the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the Government of Japan decided to conduct a basic design study on the Project for Water Pollution Monitoring System in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and entrusted the study to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA sent to Jordan a study team from November 16 to December 18, 1999. The team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of Jordan, and conducted a field study at the study area. After the team returned to Japan, further studies were made. Then, a mission was sent to Jordan in order to execute the Implementation Review Study and discuss a draft basic design, and as this result, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for their close cooperation extended to the teams. March, 2002 Takao Kawakami President Japan International Cooperation Agency March, 2002 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL We are pleased to submit to you the implementation review study report on the Project for Water Pollution Monitoring System in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. This study was conducted by Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd., under a contract to JICA, during the period from January 5 to January 25, 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • The Yarmouk Tributary to the Jordan River I: Agreements Impeding Equitable Transboundary Water Arrangements
    www.water-alternatives.org Volume 12 | Issue 3 Zeitoun, M.; Abdallah, C.; Dajani, M.; Khresat, S.; Elaydi, H. and Alfarra, A. 2019. The Yarmouk tributary to the Jordan River I: Agreements impeding equitable transboundary water arrangements. Water Alternatives 12(3): 1064-1094 The Yarmouk Tributary to the Jordan River I: Agreements Impeding Equitable Transboundary Water Arrangements Mark Zeitoun School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; [email protected] Chadi Abdallah Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Beirut, Lebanon; [email protected] Muna Dajani Middle East Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK; [email protected] Saʼeb Khresat Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; [email protected] Heather Elaydi Independent researcher; [email protected] Amani Alfarra Independent researcher; [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article explores the ways in which two international water agreements on the Yarmouk tributary to the Jordan River induce or impede transformation to equitable transboundary water arrangements. The agreements in question were reached between Jordan and Syria in 1987, and between Jordan and Israel in 1994. Following a brief review of theory and a summary of the body of knowledge on 'model' agreements, the article combines official river-gauging data with interviews and textual analysis to query the text and role of the agreements, particularly in relation to key dams and other infrastructure. Both agreements are found to i) lack important clauses that could govern groundwater abstraction, environmental concerns, water quality, and the ability to adapt to changing water quality, availability and need; and ii) include both ambiguous and rigid clauses that result in generally inequitable allocation of water and thus of the benefits derived from its use.
    [Show full text]