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An Integrated Approach for the Investigation Of An integrated approach for the investigation of unconsolidated aquifers in a brackish environment – A case study on the Jordanian side of the lower Jordan Valley Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen vorgelegt von Mathias Toll aus Bensheim Göttingen 2007 D 7 Referentin/Referent: Prof. Dr. M. Sauter Korreferentin/Korreferent: Prof. Dr. T. Ptak-Fix Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16. Januar 2008 Preface اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ إن أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻢ دراﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واف، آﻤﺎ أن ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻼت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة. هﺬﻩ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﺟﺪا ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ وﺿﻊ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺠﺮار اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ و وﺿﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮات ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ . ﻟﺘﺠﺎوز ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻠﺠﻮء إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ إدﻣﺎج و ﻣﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت . اﺳﺘﻨﺪت هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة و ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ وادي اﻷردن اﻷدﻧﻰ (ﻏﻮر اﻷردن). ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻏﻮر اﻷردن ﺟﺰءا ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﻮاﻟﻖ اﻻزاﺣﻴﺔ ﻟﻮادي ﻋﺮﺑﺔ و اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺖ (اﻟﻔﺎﻟﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺮﻗﻲ)، اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ و ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺤﻴﺮة ﻃﺒﺮﻳﺎ . اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻹزاﺣﺔ اﻟﻴﺴﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺎﻟﻘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪر ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻣﻘﺪارﻩ 107 آﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺼﺎدم اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺷﺮﻗﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻏﺮﺑﺎ. و ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺮآﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺎﻟﻘﻲ هﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻟﻐﻮر اﻷردن. ﺗﺆدي ﺳﻴﻄﺮة اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﺠﺎف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﺼﺨﺮي ﺑﺴﻤﺎآﺎت آﺒﻴﺮة، و إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﻌﺎت رﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﻳﺔ و ﺣﻄﺎﻣﻴﺔ . اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﺪاري و ﻳﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺼﻴﻒ ﺟﺎف و ﻃﻮﻳﻞ و ﺷﺘﺎء ﻣﻌﺘﺪل و رﻃﺐ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﻮاﺗﻴﺔ ﺟﺪا ﻟﻠﺰراﻋﺔ . و ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﻏﻮر اﻷردن ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺳﻠﺔ ﻏﺬاء اﻷردن و ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﻩ زراﻋﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ . هﺬا و ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﺷﻬﻮر اﻟﺼﻴﻒ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ إﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺮي اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺮي، ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﺌﺎت اﻵﺑﺎر و اﺳﺘﺠﺮار آﻤﻴﺎت آﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ، اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺮي ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ . ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﺨﺰون اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻻن و ﻣﺆﺷﺮات ذﻟﻚ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺮار اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ و ازدﻳﺎد ﺗﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ. ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام ﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ و ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ أن وﺿﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة و ﺟﻮدﺗﻬﺎ . ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ وﺿﻊ وﺻﻒ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ و اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ و اﻟﻬﻴﺮوﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ و اﻟﻬﻴﺮوآﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ و رﺑﻂ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌ ﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ . ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﻄﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ و اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ و اﻟﻬﻴﺮوﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ و اﻣﺘﺪاد اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ . ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻮارد ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻄﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ و اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة و ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ آﻤﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺠﺮار اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ و ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺮي. و ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻀﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ و اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺬي آﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم. ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ. ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ إﻋﻄﺎء ﺗﺼﻮرات ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ و ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻣﻊ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻀﻌﺖ ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ، و ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻬﻄﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ و ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﺠﻔﺎف و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﺪود و اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ (ﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﺤﺮوب) و ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ و ﺛﻼﺛﻮن ﻋﺎﻣﺎ (ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم 1955 و ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم 2002) و ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ذاﻟﻚ ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ اﺳﺘﻴﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ . III Preface KURZFASSUNG Grundwassersysteme in semi-ariden Gebieten sind meist nicht ausreichend hydrogeologisch charakterisiert und langfristige Datenaufzeichnungen sind generell nicht erhältlich. Langfristige Datenaufzeichnung sind hingegen notwendig, um zukünftige Grundwasserentnahmestrategien festzulegen oder um den Einfluss von Klimaveränderungen auf das Grundwassersystem zu prognostizieren. Um das Problem unvollständiger Datensätze zu umgehen wurde ein integrierter Ansatz gewählt. Dieser Ansatz basiert zum Teil auf der Verwendung von weichen Informationen. Demonstriert wird dieser integrierte Ansatz am südlichsten Teil des unteren Jordantals/ Jordanien. Das untere Jordantal ist Teil des Wadi Araba- Totes Meer Transform Störungssystem, welches sich vom Roten Meer bis zum See Genezareth und darüber hinaus fortsetzt. Die andauernde linksseitige Lateralverschiebung, die mittlerweile einen Versatz von ungefähr 107 km aufweist, findet zwischen der Arabischen Platte im Osten und dem nordöstlichen Teil der Afrikanischen Platte im Westen statt. Extensionsbewegungen sorgten für die Bildung und tiefe topographische Lage des unteren Jordantals. Das vorwiegend aride Klima führte zur Ablagerung mächtiger Salzhorizonte. Lakustrine und klastische Sedimente komplettieren das sedimentologische Bild. Das subtropische Klima, mit langen warmen Sommern und milden und humiden Wintern, sorgt für exzellente landwirtschaftliche Bedingungen. Daher ist das untere Jordantal auch unter dem Namen „Brotkorb Jordaniens“ bekannt und wird daher intensiv landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Da Landwirtschaft in den langen Sommermonaten nur mit künstlicher Bewässerung möglich ist, werden landwirtschaftliche Aktivitäten durch die Menge des vorhandenen Bewässerungswassers begrenzt. Dies führte zum Abteufen von mehreren hundert Brunnen und zur Abstraktion großer Mengen Grundwasser. Grundwasser liefert heute immer noch den größten Teil des Bewässerungswassers im Arbeitsgebiet. Dieses führt zu einer zunehmenden Beeinträchtigung des Grundwassersdargebots und dessen Qualiät seit den sechziger Jahren und Anzeichen von Überpumpung und ansteigender Bodenversalzung sind deutlich erkennbar. Voraussetzung für eine nachhaltige Nutzung der Wasserressourcen und die Abschätzung der Auswirkung von Klimaveränderung auf die vorhandenen Wasserressourcen ist eine möglichst vollständige Einschätzung der vorhandenen Wasserressourcen einschließlich ihrer Qualität. Um das komplexe hydrogeologische System ausreichend beschreiben zu können, werden geologische, geophysikalische, hydrogeologische und hydrochemische Methoden miteinander kombiniert. Mit der Hilfe von geologischen, hydrochemischen und geophysikalischen Methoden wird die Aquifergeometrie bestimmt. Was die Wasserbilanz betrifft: der Grundwasserzustrom in den betrachteten Aquifer wird mit der Hilfe von geologischen Methoden und vorhandenen Datensätzen abgeschätzt, während Grundwasserentnahmeraten mit der Hilfe von Fernerkundungs- und Pflanzenwasserbedarfsansätzen abgeschätzt wird. Ein historischer Ansatz wurde gewählt, um den Rand- und Extrembedingungen, unter denen das Grundwassersystems in der Vergangenheit stand, nachzugehen. Anschließend wurden diese Informationen in einem instationären 3-dimensionalen finite Elemente Grundwasserströmungsmodell verarbeitet. Um verlässliche Aussagen über zukünftige nachhaltige Grundwasserentnahmestrategien und Einfluss von Klimaänderungen auf das Grundwassersystem zu treffen wurde das Modell gegen die Rand und Extrembedingungen aus dem historischen Ansatz simuliert. Diese Stressperioden schließen Zeiträume extremen Niederschlags, Trockenperioden und einschneidende anthropogene Einflüsse, z.B. Konstruktion von Staudämmen und militärische Konflikte, mit ein. 38 Jahre, von dem Beginn der landwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung bis 2001, wurden simuliert. Empfehlungen über zukünftige nachhaltige Grundwasser-entnahmestrategien werden gegeben. IV Preface ABSTRACT In semi-arid areas groundwater systems are frequently not sufficiently characterized hydrogeologically and long term data records are generally not available. Long-term time series are necessary, however to design future groundwater abstraction scenarios or to predict the influence of future climate change effects on groundwater resources. To overcome these problems an integrated approach for the provision of a reliable database based on sparse and fuzzy data is proposed. This integrated approach is demonstrated in the lowermost area of the Jordan Valley/ Jordan. The lower Jordan Valley is part of the Jordan Dead Sea Wadi Araba Transform Faults system, which extends from the Red Sea to lake Tiberias and beyond with a major 107 km sinistral strike-slip fault between the Arabian plate to the east and the northeastern part of the African plate to the west. Due to extensional forces a topographic depression was formed. As a result of an arid environment it is filled with evaporites, lacustrine sediments, and clastic fluvial components. Due to the availability of irrigation water and a subtropical climate with hot, dry summers and mild humid winters provide excellent farming conditions. Therefore the Jordan Valley is considered as the food basket of Jordan and is used intensively for agriculture. Since groundwater is the major source for irrigation hundreds of shallow wells were drilled and large amounts of groundwater were abstracted. Consequently groundwater quality decreased rapidly since the sixties and signs of overpumping and an increase in soil salinity could clearly be seen. In order to achieve a sustainable utilization of water resources and to quantify the impact of climate change on water resources a proper assessment of the groundwater resources as well as their quality is a prerequisite. In order to sufficiently describe the complex hydrogeologic flow system an integrated approach, combining geological, geophysical, hydrogeological, historical, and chemical methods was chosen. The aquifer geometry and
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