DOCSLIB.ORG

Molecular Surveillance of Enteroviruses in Al-Zarqa River, Jordan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Molecular Surveillance of Enteroviruses in Al-Zarqa River, Jordan Volume 13, Number 3, September 2020 ISSN 1995-6673 JJBS Pages 327 - 335 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences Molecular Surveillance of Enteroviruses in Al-Zarqa River, Jordan Ismail Saadoun1,*, Qotaiba Ababneh2, Ziad Jaradat2 and Mamdoh M. Meqdam3 1 Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah-United Arab Emirates; 2Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts; 3Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan Received June 18, 2019; Revised September 7, 2019; Accepted September 16, 2019 Abstract This study is concerned with Al-Zarqa River, one of the major water resources in Jordan. It investigated its surface water quality with respect to the occurrence and serotypes of enteroviruses in different water samples collected from the river over a period of 11 months. Viruses were concentrated from river water, raw sewage and effluent samples with a calculated % recovery yield ranged between 2% and 8%. The concentrations of enteroviruses ranged between 3.3 and 6.3X103 pdu/ml, with a mean of 2.5X103 pdu/ml in raw sewage. Thirty-three samples were examined for the presence of enteroviruses by means of RT-PCR and southern blotting hybridization. Enteroviruses were detected in 14 (42%) of the samples. Sequence analysis of RT-PCR products followed by phylogenetic analysis revealed the frequent detection of coxsackievirus B4 and poliovirus serotype type 1, while the remainder comprised coxsackievirus B3, echovirus 9 and echovirus 11. Enteroviruses sequences isolated from samples collected from different sites along the river were similar, but differences were observed in samples collected from the same sites at different times. Circulation of enterovirus in sewage and water, serotyping and phylogenetic analysis enabled us to trace back the source of enterovirus contamination. Keywords: Enterovirus; phylogeny; serotype; Zarqa River; wastewater a good indicator of the infectious status of a population, 1. Introduction public health in general, (Sibanda and Okoh, 2012), and water safety and quality (Pina et al., 1998). Furthermore, It is estimated that, more than 100 different types of viruses are more resistant to commonly employed water potentially pathogenic microorganisms that may cause an and wastewater disinfection solutions. Thus, viruses can immense range of diseases and clinical symptoms can be easily be harbored in “microbiologically immaculate” present in polluted water (Iwai et al., 2006). Transmission water (Payment et al., 1994; Leeds, 2002). of pathogens via the environment can clearly result in In Jordan, many cases of enteric viral diseases, such as infections and diseases to both humans and animals, gastroenteritis, hepatitis A and aseptic meningitis have resulting in the circulation of pathogens in the environment been reported (Toukan et al., 1988; Meqdam et al., 1997a, (Westrell, 2004). Heavy rains can cause run-offs from 1997b; Battikhi, 2002; Meqdam et al., 2002; Battikhi and agriculture land and will reintroduce pathogens from Battikhi, 2004; Nimri et al., 2004; Khuri-Bulos and Al sludge and manure into rivers, which can contribute Khatib, 2006). These studies indicated that there is a direct substantial loads of pathogens (Hansen and Ongerth, 1991; or indirect possibility of viral occurrence in and/or viral Kistemann et al., 2002; Ferguson et al., 2003). infection through water environment. Three independent Al-Zarqa River is the only inland river in Jordan, and is studies were carried out to investigate the enteroviruses the second main tributary to River Jordan after Yarmouk prevalence in Jordan (Reichler et al., 1997a, 1997b; River. The pathogens of main concern in the Al-Zarqa Meqdam et al., 2002). However, all these studies were River basin include bacteria, protozoa and viruses with the based on detecting enteroviruses from clinical samples latter being of main concern as they generally pose a collected from children and adults. Another study greater challenge than bacteria and protozoa in food and performed by Malkawi and Shaban (2007) aimed to detect wastewater treatment (Sibanda and Okoh, 2012). The risk enteroviruses in different domestic water resources such as of viral infections can be 10 to 1,000 times higher than that home water tanks and wells. for bacteria at a similar level of exposure (Rose and Gerba, The very limited data on viral occurrence in water in 1991). In addition, viruses can survive in water longer than Jordan makes it difficult to determine the health risks bacteria, and can tolerate greater variations in temperature associated with these viruses. Moreover, to prevent and pH [6, 8] (Maunula et al., 2005; Sibanda and Okoh, diseases induced by waterborne viruses, a survey of viral 2012). Therefore, the presence of waterborne viruses as occurrence in the water environment is badly needed. enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters is considered Therefore, in this study, Al-Zarqa River, one of the major * Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]. 328 © 2020 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved - Volume 13, Number 3 water resources in Jordan, was chosen in order to Table 1. The location, type, number and the volume of the investigate its surface water quality with respect to the samples collected along Al-Zarqa River. presence of waterborne human pathogenic viruses, Type of No. of Site Description of the site especially the enteroviruses. The study is considered as the sample samples first to investigate the types of enteroviruses in water Composite A ASWWTP inlet 3 environmental samples collected from Al-Zarqa River, Raw sewage with a special focus on the serotypes and phylogeny of Composite B ASWWTP outlet 3 enteroviruses. Treated water C 2 km downstream the ASWWTP, Surface river 7 2. Materials and Methods near Al-Hashemia city water D 11 km downstream the ASWWTP, Surface river 7 2.1. Site Location and Background. Al-Sukhna town water E Al-Sukhna town bridge Untreated 3 Aquifers and basins represent Jordan’s primary water sources of water. Amman-Zarqa Basin is the second F 40 km downstream the ASWWTP, Pond water 3 largest basin after The Yarmouk Basin with an area of Jerash bridge 2 about 3,900 km . The basin is located in the most densely G 40 km downstream the ASWWTP, Surface river 7 populated area in Jordan, accounting for 65% of Jordan's Jerash bridge water population and 90% of the industries in the country (Arab Total 33 Environment Monitor (AEM) 2006). In addition, the basin provides irrigation for 8,400 hectares of land around. With the high population growth and high demand on water; the basin is subject to increased exploitation of its natural base-flow to an irreversible state (AEM 2006). Moreover, the annual effluent of treated domestic and wastewater treatment plants (total of 60 million cubic meters) has been contributing to nearly all of its summer flow (Optimization for Sustainable Water Resources Management (OPTIMA) 2006). As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant (ASWWTP) (Fig. 1) is heavily overloaded with domestic wastewater effluent from the Amman-Zarqa basin containing high organic loads, plus industrial wastewater containing chemical and organic pollutants. Furthermore, ASWWTP receives domestic wastewater from about 2 million Figure 1. Locations of sampling sites along Al-Zarqa River. A: inhabitants in Jordan. Due to this high load, ASWWTP ASWWTP inlet; B: ASWWTP outlet; C: 2 km downstream the performance has been deteriorating over the years, ASWWTP, Al-Hashemia city; D: 10 km downstream the resulting in lowering the effluent quality and deteriorating ASWWTP, Al-Sukhna town; E: Al-Sukhna town bridge; F: 40 the groundwater quality in Zarqa basin to a level that is km downstream the ASWWTP, Jerash bridge, Jordan Modern Private Nursery; G: 40 km downstream the ASWWTP, Jerash unsuitable for irrigation (AEM 2006), thus undermining bridge, Jordan Modern Private Nursery. the quality of life of residential communities in the Amman-Zarqa basin (Westrell 2004; De Luca et al., 2.3. Concentration of Samples. 2013). Surface water samples were concentrated by the 2.2. Collection of Raw, Treated Sewage, Surface Water adsorption-elution method (Haramoto et al. 2005) with and Pond Water Samples. modifications. Seven to eight liters of surface water A total of 33 samples of raw sewage, treated sewage, samples were first allowed to reach the room temperature; surface and pond water were collected over a period of one the pH was then adjusted to 3.5 with 0.1 N NaOH year (Table 1). All the 33 water and effluent samples were (Frutarom, UK). The adjusted samples were pumped collected from places along the Zarqa River at different through a glass filter (Millipore, Ireland) and 0.45 µm distances from the ASWWTP effluent to study the types mixed cellulose ester (Millipore, Ireland). Filter-adsorbed and quantities of enteroviruses. Figure 1 presents a viruses were eluted with sterile 200 ml of 0.1% skimmed summary of the samples and the map shows physically the milk (Oxoid, UK) in 0.05 M Glycine buffer (pH 9.5) places along the river where the samples were collected. (Biorad, Italy) and kept in sterile bottles. Further Samples were kept cool and processed as soon as possible concentration was done by organic flocculation after or stored at -70 °C until processed. lowering the pH of the eluent to 4.5, followed by centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 30 min at 12°C. The resulting pellet was resuspended in a 10 ml sterile Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.2) (Lonza, Belgium) and stored at -70°C until subjected to RNA extraction. Composite raw and treated sewage samples were concentrated by a two-phase separation method described by van den Berg et al. (2005). The average concentrate © 2020 Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved - Volume 13, Number 3 329 volume was 2 ml and it was stored at -70°C until subjected 2.7.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Adaptation to Climate Change in the Zarqa River Basin
    Adaptation to Climate Change In The Zarqa River basin Development of policy options for adaptation to Climate Change and Integrated water resources management(IWRM) December, 2012 Tel: +962 6 5683669 Mobile: +962 79 6011777 Fax: +962 6 5683668 P .O. Box: 415 Amman 11941 Jordan, E- Mail: [email protected] Page 1 of 95 ملخص يهدف هذا التقرير الى مراجعة اﻷطر القانونية والمؤسسية السائدة في قطاع المياه في اﻷردن فيما يتعلق بالتكيف مع تغير المناخ في حوض نهر الزرقاء )ZRB(. ولتحقيق هذا الغرض فقد تم عمل ما يلي )1( مراجعة الوثائق ذات الصلة في التشريع واﻹدارة واﻷنظمة والسياسات المائية وقوانين المياه ، )2( تحليل وبيان الثغرات في سياسات المياه في اﻷردن والتعرف على نقاط الضعفالموجودة في هذه السياسات فيما يتعلق بتغير المناخ ، وزيادة الوعي بأهمية وضع تدابير التخفيف من تغير المناخ ، و )3( العمل على وضع سياسة أو استراتيجية عامة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ من خﻻل تطبيق اﻷدارة المتكاملة لموارد المياه كأداة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ. والهدف من المراجعة هو تقييم مدى مﻻءمة وفعالية اﻹطار المؤسسي القائم بشأن تدابير التكيف مع تغير المناخ في حوض نهر الزرقاء )ZRB( ومكافحة ندرة المياه الذي ﻻ يزال يشكل تحديا استراتيجياً يواجه اﻷردن لزيادة موارده المائية. ومن وجهة النظر القانونية هناك ثﻻثة قوانين تشكل اﻹطار القانوني الرئيسي لقطاع المياه في اﻷردن ، وهي سلطة المياه اﻻردنية )WAJ( القانون 18 لسنة 1988 ، وسلطة وادي اﻷردن )JVA( القانون 30 لعام 2001 وزارة المياه والري )MWI( القانون 54 لعام 1992. ووضعت هذه القوانين أساسا لتأسيس المؤسسات المعنية وتنظيم أنشطتها. ومع ذلك ، وهذه المؤسسات متداخلة المسؤوليات وأحبانا تعاني من عدم وجود تنسيق وتؤدي إلى حالة من الغموض. لذلك ﻻ بد من وجود قانون المياه يكون أكثر حصافة لحيوية هذا القطاع .
    [Show full text]
  • A Proposal for Interpreting the Plan of Khirbat Al-Mafjar
    [Vicino Oriente XX (2016), pp. 59-84] JAMAAN AT THE PASS OF BI’REIN AN IRON AGE IIB-C AMMONITE STRONGHOLD IN CENTRAL JORDAN Lorenzo Nigro 1 - Sapienza University of Rome Romeel Gharib 2 - Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan In years 2015-2016 the Zarqa Directorate of the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan carried out a rescue excavation at the site of Jamaan, an Iron Age IIB-C Ammonite stronghold 16 Km north of ‘Amman. The site survey and limited soundings allow to plot a plan of the structure, comprising an outer enclosure with a casemate wall, two cisterns, and a square podium tower, and to collect ceramic material dating from Iron Age IIB-C (c. 840-580 BC), as well as the head of a soft limestone statue, possibly depicting a local chief or an official. The latter adds to the relatively conspicuous number of statues from the Kingdom of Ammon, possibly illustrating the production of a non-royal commission.3 Keywords: Ammon; fortress; Iron Age IIB-C; statuary; Neo-Assyrian 1. INTRODUCTION The site of Jamaan4 is located in the Governorate of Zarqa - sub-district of Bi’rein, in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, about 16 Km north of ‘Amman. The site lays 0.72 Km south of the ancient ruins of Khirbet Zuby’a and 0.5 Km east of the village and small tell of Bi’rein (modern dialect corruption of Bî’rayn, “the two cisterns”, which are actually a distinguishing feature of Jamaan), just south of the main road running from Wadi Shomar, a left (western) tributary of the Zarqa River, over the pass introducing into Wadi Fatayer and in the underlying Sahl al-Buqey’a (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Curve Number Applications for Restoration the Zarqa River Basin
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 January 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0061.v1 1 Article 2 Curve Number Applications for Restoration the 3 Zarqa River Basin 4 Maisa’a W. Shammout 1,*, Muhammad Shatanawi 2 and Jim Nelson 3 5 1 Water, Energy and Environment Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942 Jordan; 6 [email protected] 7 2 Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942 Jordan; [email protected] 8 3 Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Brigham Young University, USA, [email protected] 9 * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; Tel.: +9-626-535-5000 10 Abstract: The heavy demand of water resources from the Zarqa River Basin (ZRB) has resulted in a 11 base-flow reduction of the River from 5m3/s to less than 1m3/s. This paper aims at predicting Curve 12 Numbers (CN) as a baseline scenario and proposing restoration scenarios for ZRB. The method 13 includes classifying the soil type and land use, predicting CNs, and proposing CN restoration 14 scenarios. Prediction of existing CNs will be in parallel with the runoff prediction using the US 15 Army Corps of Engineers HEC-1 Model, and Rainfall-Runoff Model (RRM). The models have been 16 set up at the land use distribution of 0.3% water body, 9.3% forest and orchard, 71% mixture of 17 grass, weeds, and desert shrubs, 7.0% crops, 4.0% urban areas, and 8.4% bare soil. The results show 18 that CN under dry condition are 59, 78 under a normal condition and 89 under a wet condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossing the Jordan
    Friends of The Earth Middle East C ro ssing the Jord an Concept Document to Rehabilitate, Promote Prosperity and Help Bring Peace to the Lower Jordan River Valley CONCEPT DOCUMENT March 2005 EcoPeace / Friends of the Earth Middle East Amman, Bethlehem and Tel Aviv Supported by: Government of Finland | European Commission SMAP program | US Government Wye River Program and UNESCO Amman Office Note of Gratitude FoEME would like to recognize and thank the Government of Finland, the SMAP program of the European Commission, the Wye River program of the U.S. government and the UNESCO office in Amman, Jordan for supporting this project. We are particularly grateful for the support to this project and dedication to peace in the Middle East of Ms. Sofie Emmesberger who served at the Finnish Embassy in Tel-Aviv. FoEME is further grateful for the comments received from an Advisory Committee that included Hillel Glassman, Adnan Budieri and David Katz. The views expressed are those of EcoPeace / FoEME and do not necessarily represent the views of our expert team, project advisors or our funders. Expert Authors: Professor Michael Turner is a practicing architect, currently teaches in the Department of Architecture at Bezalel, Academy of Arts and Design, Jerusalem holding the UNESCO Chair in Urban Design and Conservation Studies. He serves on many professional-academic bodies including being the incumbent chairman of the Israel World Heritage Committee. Mr. Nader Khateeb holds an M.Sc. degree in Environmental Management from the Loughborough University Of Technology, U.K. He is the General Director of the Water and Environmental Development Organization (WEDO) and Palestinian Director of Friends of the Earth Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan Contents Executive Summary
    FEBRUARY 24, 2020 LAND USE MEASURES TO SUSTAIN TRADITIONAL USES OF THE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE IN DIBEEN KBA SITUATION ANALYSIS AND MEASURES IDENTIFICATION AMJAD AND MAJDI SALAMEH COMPANY ENVIROMATICS Amman, Jordan Contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 1 Present Situation and Trends ................................................................................. 5 Land cover and ecological character of the study area ............................................................... 5 Closed old-growth forests ....................................................................................................... 5 Open old-growth forests ......................................................................................................... 5 Non-forest Mediterranean habitats (also referred to as marginal undeveloped land) .......... 6 Planted (Man-made) forests ................................................................................................... 6 Wadi systems ........................................................................................................................... 6 Zarqa River and King Talal Dam ............................................................................................... 6 Mix-use rural agricultural areas (Orchids) and Farmlands (crop plantations) ........................ 7 Urban areas ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Ministry of Water & Irrigation Jordan
    The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Ministry of Water & Irrigation Jordan Valley Authority GENERAL INFORMATION THE THIRD COUNTRY TRAINING PROGRAMME For WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT August / September 2004 Water Resources Management 23 August – 02 September 2004 Water Resources Management 23 August – 02 September 2004 Table of Contents Background Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) Role Water Resources Surface water resources Ground water resources Treated Waste water Storage Reservoirs in the Jordan Valley Irrigation Networks Special Projects Water Resources Management Training Programe Tentative Curriculum of the Programme Tentative Schedule Water Resources Management 23 August – 02 September 2004 Background The Jordan Rift Valley (JRV) extends from the Yarmouk River in the north to the Gulf of Aqaba in the South for about 360 km, with an average width of 10 km. The elevation of its valley floor varies from -212m south of Lake Tiberias to - 415m at the Dead Sea, and it rises to +250 m in central Wadi Araba. The variations in temperature, humidity, and rainfall produced distinct agro-climatic zones. Annual rainfall starts in October and ends in May. Precipitation reaches 350- 400 mm/year in the north and drops down to 50 mm/year in the south. The warm winter of the valley allows the production of off-season crops and can be considered as a large green house. The annual available water resources in the valley spins around 250-300 MCM, while the annual demand for irrigation exceeds 500 MCM. Around 60 MCM of water is pumped up to the city of Amman and 20 MCM to Irbid for domestic uses. Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) Role The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) is in charge of the integrated development of the Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Numerical and Conceptual Evaluation of Preferential Flow in Zarqa River
    Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 19 (2019) 224–237 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecohyd Numerical and conceptual evaluation of preferential flow in Zarqa River Basin, Jordan Michel Rahbeh a,*, Raghavan Srinivasan b, Rabi Mohtar b[7_TD$IF] a University of Jordan, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Land, Water and Environment, Jordan b Texas A&M University, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Farmers along the main reach of the Zarqa River Basin (ZRB) commonly utilize treated Received 31 March 2018 wastewater for irrigation. Deep percolation is expected to occur as a result of irrigation, and it is Received in revised form 23 March 2019 expected that preferential flow pathways may facilitate the downward movement of irrigation Accepted 1 April 2019 water. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the susceptibility of soils near Available online 6 April 2019 Zarqa River to preferential flow, and the HYDRUS and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) models were used. The methodology consisted of taking tension infiltrometer measurements Keywords: along the Zarqa River to determine the main physical properties relevant to preferential flow, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) HYDRUS such as infiltration rate and macroscopic capillary length, followed by investigating the downward water movement using HYDRUS and SWAT. The HYDRUS simulations were conducted using single porosity (SP) and dual porosity (DP) constitutive functions pertaining to matrix and preferential flow, respectively. The in situ tension infiltrometer measurements were used to parameterize the surface layer of the HYDRUS DP model. HYDRUS simulations showed that preferential flow occurring in the surface layer of the soil profile controlled the vertical movement of soil water in excess of field capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ammon in the Hebrew Bible: a Textual Analysis and Archaeological Context of Selected References to the Ammonites of Transjordan
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 1998 Ammon in the Hebrew Bible: a Textual Analysis and Archaeological Context of Selected References to the Ammonites of Transjordan James Roger Fisher Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Fisher, James Roger, "Ammon in the Hebrew Bible: a Textual Analysis and Archaeological Context of Selected References to the Ammonites of Transjordan" (1998). Dissertations. 50. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/50 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • ITT Annual Report 2017 ITT Annual Report 2017 8 | ITT at a Glance Back to the Top Go to ITT at a Glance Go to Education Go to Research Go to Annex ITT at a Glance | 9
    Annual Report 2017 ITT Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics Technology Arts Sciences TH Köln Annual Report 2017 ITT Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics Technology Arts Sciences Cover photo by Heike Fischer Master students at their graduation ceremony TH Köln 2 29 Lars Ribbe 15 Director ITT 17 171 11 3 Greetings 33 12 111 278 Dear partners and friends, Universities assume an important role in society, creating and trans- 75 ferring knowledge. We are proud to have again accompanied many 19 1 master and PhD students towards graduation in 2017! Regarding 3 research, we developed and started new projects, while others were 8 continued or brought to a successful end. This publication aims at 115 sharing our results and experiences from the past year and we hope 2017 in Numbers Applicants by region it spurs your interest in learning more about us or engaging with us! Intake14 by region 26 The ITT at a glance The Network Featured Master Graduates The majority of our projects take place abroad and in fact, a central element of our education and research activities is the way we 16 cooperate with our partners and with stakeholders. In recent years, we have refined our collaboration model, which typically Water Security and Climate revolves around a concrete challenge, or case, of natural resources Change conference 2017 management in a given region. Under the coordination of our local partner universities, we link to the relevant stakeholders, and through this dialogue, derive research questions which are subse- quently addressed through MSc and PhD theses or through funded research projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan Umayyad Route Jordan Umayyad Route
    JORDAN UMAYYAD ROUTE JORDAN UMAYYAD ROUTE Umayyad Route Jordan. Umayyad Route 1st Edition, 2016 Edition Index Andalusian Public Foundation El legado andalusí Texts Introduction Talal Akasheh, Naif Haddad, Leen Fakhoury, Fardous Ajlouni, Mohammad Debajah, Jordan Tourism Board Photographs Umayyad Project (ENPI) 7 Jordan Tourism Board - Fundación Pública Andaluza El legado andalusí - Daniele Grammatico - FOTOGRAFIAJO Inc. - Mohammad Anabtawi - Hadeel Alramahi -Shutterstock Jordan and the Umayyads 8 Food Photographs are curtsy of Kababji Restaurant (Amman) Maps of the Umayyad Route 20 Graphic Design, layout and maps Gastronomy in Jordan 24 José Manuel Vargas Diosayuda. Diseño Editorial Free distribution Itineraries ISBN 978-84-96395-81-7 Irbid 36 Legal Deposit Number Gr- 1513 - 2016 Jerash 50 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, nor transmitted or recorded by any information Amman 66 retrieval system in any form or by any means, either mechanical, photochemical, electronic, photocopying or otherwise without written permission of the editors. Zarqa 86 © of the edition: Andalusian Public Foundation El legado andalusí Azraq 98 © of texts: their authors Madaba 114 © of pictures: their authors Karak 140 The Umayyad Route is a project funded by the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) and led by the Ma‘an 150 Andalusian Public Foundation El legado andalusí. It gathers a network of partners in seven countries in the Mediterranean region: Spain, Portugal, Italy, Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon and Jordan. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union under the ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the beneficiary (Fundación Pública Bibliography 160 Andaluza El legado andalusí) and their Jordanian partners [Cultural Technologies for Heritage and Conservation (CULTECH)] and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union or of the Programme’s management structures.
    [Show full text]
  • In Jordan): Changes in Water Use and Projections (1950-2025)
    Research Report 9 Figure to be inserted Historical Transformations of the Lower Jordan River Basin (in Jordan): Changes in Water Use and Projections (1950-2025) Rémy Courcier, Jean-Philippe Venot and François Molle Postal Address: IWMI, P O Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka Location: 127 Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka International Telephone: +94-11 2787404, 2784080 Fax: +94-11 2786854 Water Management Email: [email protected] Website: www.iwmi.org/assessment Institute ISSN 1391-9407 ISBN 92-9090-609 The Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture takes stock of the costs, benefits and impacts of the past 50 years of water development for agriculture, the water management challenges communities are facing today, and solutions people have developed. The results of the Assessment will enable farming communities, governments and donors to make better-quality investment and management decisions to meet food and environmental security objectives in the near future and over the next 25 years. The Research Report Series captures results of collaborative research conducted under the Assessment. It also includes reports contributed by individual scientists and organizations that significantly advance knowledge on key Assessment questions. Each report undergoes a rigorous peer-review process. The research presented in the series feeds into the Assessment’s primary output—a “State of the World” report and set of options backed by hundreds of leading water and development professionals and water users. Reports in this series may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgement. Electronic copies of reports can be downloaded from the Assessment website (www.iwmi.org/assessment). If you are interested in submitting a report for inclusion in the series, please see the submission guidelines available on the Assessment website or send a written request to: Sepali Goonaratne, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Design of Farming Systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan PROMOTOREN
    Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan PROMOTOREN Prof. Dr. Ir. E.A. Goewie Hoogleraar Maatschappelijke Aspecten van de Biologische Landbouw Prof. dr. M. Shatanawi Dean of Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University CO-PROMOTOR Dr. ir. F. P. Huibers Wetenschappelijk Hoofddocent, leerstoelgroep Irrigatie en waterbouwkunde SAMENSTELLING PROMOTIECOMMISSIE Prof. dr. ir. N. G. Röling Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. ir. L. Vincent Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. ir. G. Lettinga Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. M. Fayyad Director of Water and Environment Research and Study Centre, Jordan University 2 Mohammad M. Duqqah Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van de Wageningen Universiteit, prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag, 3 december 2002 des namiddag’s om 16:00 uur in de Aula CIP-DATA KONINLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Treated sewagewater use in irrigated agriculture: Theoretical design of farming systems in Seil Al Zarqa and the Middle Jordan Valley in Jordan Duqqah, M.M. Thesis Universiteit Wageningen, Wageningen, the Netherlands – With ref. – With summary in Dutch, English and Arabic – 262 pages. ISBN: 90-5808 No copyright. All parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission of the author, as long as the correct quotation is provided. The author would appreciate being notified ([email protected]).
    [Show full text]