MONUMENTA SREBRENICA Research, Documents, Testimonials BOOK 6
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MONUMENTA SREBRENICA Research, documents, testimonials BOOK 6 SREBRENICA THROUGH PAST CENTURIES SREBRENICA THROUGH PAST CENTURIES Consulting editors: Enver Halilović, Ph.D., Professor Jusuf Žiga, Ph.D., Professor Anita Petrović, Ph.D., Assistant Professor Editor: Adib Đozić, Ph.D., Professor Reader: Zarfa Sarajlić, Professor Translated into English by: Selma Kešetović, Ph.D., Assistant Professor Publisher: Public Institution for Protection and Usage of Cultural-historical and Natural Heritage of the Tuzla Canton Print: OFF-SET Tuzla Edition: 500 Tuzla – Srebrenica 2017. ISSN 2233-162X CONTENT Author’s Preface ............................................................................................. 5 GENOCIDE Sakib Softić ELIMINATION OF OUTCOMES OF GENOCIDE – KEY FOR PRESERVATION OF PEACE IN BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA ... 13 Professor Šefket KRCIĆ OPEN LETTER TO THE PHILOSOPHER AND BIG WORLD ANALYST NOAM CHOMSKY - USA .................................................... 35 FROM SREBRENICA HISTORY Dr Adib Đozić, Professor Rusmir Djedović, M. Sc. PANAĐURIŠTE, BARATOVA AND SOLOČUŠA IN SREBRENICA IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY ............................................................. 59 Dr Adib Đozić Rusmir Djedović, M.A. SETTLEMENTS PUSMULIĆI (WITH JASENOVA) AND ČIČEVAC(WITH PRIBIĆEVAC) NEAR SREBRENICA IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY ............................................................................ 85 Dr Sead SELIMOVIĆ, Associate Professor THE RENEWAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SREBRENICA IN THE PERIOD 1945-1953 ..................................................................... 125 APPENDICES Aladin Husić TREBOTIĆ AND FORTRESS KLIČEVAC DURING THE OTTOMAN REIGN ....................................................................................................... 153 DOCUMENTS Dr Vedad Gurda, Assistant Professor JUDGEMENT TO ZDRAVKO TOLIMIR FOR GENOCIDE IN SREBRENICA ........................................................................................... 171 Author’s Preface One of important characteristics of a human being, among others, is that he is Homo cultus, a creature of culture. We can rightly ask why the foreword for the book No. 6, of I hope expensive edition “Monument Srebrenica”, we begin with the statement that man is a cr eature of culture. There are many reasons for this and many answers to this, but one certainly important for this text and on this occasion. If we accept the fact that “culture is the way in which one human community lives and regulates their relations with nature, with others and with God, and this relationship is transferred in science, technology and art, in its economic system and its institutions” (R. Garoudy ), we see that the man, unfortunately, cannot only wander, but, sometimes, and pounces on his own value, to himself, to other people as beings of the same species, we clearly witnessed gross human history. The crime of genocide is just one man’s destructive activity when on “pounces on his own value, to himself.” We have no intention, explicit and elaborate spread, in anthropological and sociological sense, very complex notion of culture. We will mention, on this occasion, the basic function of culture, as well as some of the types of and forms of the same. Not engaging in more detail in the multifunctionality of culture we will stress its: socialization, cognitive, communication, protective and normative function. In addition to this, a very significant function of culture is also the “function of emotional strain”, and the function of maintaining, and extending the progress of human society. Miroslav Ilić, rightly states that “the essential meaning of culture ... that facilitates the survival and progress of human society.” As the content of man’s individual and collective experience, past and present generations, culture manifests itself in many different types and shapes. As a rule, we distinguish between general culture and a multitude of individual specific types of cultural practices. The special significance of the human individual and social existence have a culture of work, health education, educational, physical, linguistic, political, and other forms of popular culture. We can also talk about the US, Bosniak, France, Croatia, Ottoman, Serbian, Western European and other cultures. In addition to these, so to say, conventional types of culture expression of a human, for their existence, especially in the present day, the importance of having memories and culture, the culture of 5 forgetfulness, the culture of denial and the like. We are particularly interested in the ratio of culture and genocide, more specifically the ratio of the individual nature of the crop, such as the popular culture, the culture of memory, the culture of forgetfulness, the culture of denial and the formation of genocidal consciousness, genocidal ideology and direct genocidal process. We are witnessing that, these days, from the smaller entity, its President and Minister of Education of the Entity Government opposed the study of the crime of genocide against Bosniaks committed in the war against Bosnian society and state from 1992 to 1995. The Entity Minister of Education Dane Malešević emphasizes the ban in schools of that entity textbooks to mention the genocide in Srebrenica and the siege of Sarajevo by Serbian Republic Army. Also, the Entity President Milorad Dodik says, “it will never happen that schools of the Republic of Srpska enter textbooks that say that Serbs committed genocide and that they are to be blamed for the siege of Sarajevo.” These attitudes of Malešević and Dodik are nothing but a negation or denial of genocide as a form of construction of the culture of forgetfulness. The recall of genocide is a process that takes place in eight stages. The first phase is the classification, division into us and them, the second phase is the symbolization, “they” will be marked to make it easier to recognize. The third stage is the process of dehumanization, when designated group deprives humanity. The fourth stage is an organization that regularly made public and pseudo-state authorities. The process of polarization is the fifth stage of genocide when it comes to increased hate speech. In the sixth stage the victims are identified and separated, so that the identification phase is due to their ethnicity or religious affiliation. Very soon after the beginning of identification the seventh stage of genocide starts and it is extermination. The last eighth stage of genocide is denial phase. All these phases are predictable but not inevitable. It is worth noting that all stages work throughout the process. At each stage, preventive measures can stop it. It should now be clear to everyone that, even Malešević and Dodik are direct participants in the last stage of genocide. The denial of genocide and holocaust in many countries of the world are punishable by law. After thus explicitly mentioned opinions of Malešević and Dodik, there are two issues. But before these issues let us remember. Genocide against Bosniaks is indisputable legal fact which is best witnessed by the so far convictions of international and national courts. Also the fact is proved that the siege of Sarajevo lasted for 1,425 days during which 11,541 persons were killed, of which 1,601 were children. The first question is: when, how, why and on the basis of which legal act, has the right to prohibit the victims of genocide, and those who committed genocide, to face the truth, in the educational process, which unquestionably occurred, and that is the crime of 6 genocide against Bosniaks. Imagine what the reaction would be met only the thought of someone in schools throughout the democratic world to prohibit the study of the crimes of Holocaust. Let us only recall that so far the International Court of Justice, the highest judicial authority in the system of the United Nations, the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the national courts of some European countries, brought a number of final judgments for the crime of genocide against the “Bosnian Muslims”/Bosniaks in the war against Bosnian society and state from 1992 to 1995. We also consider important to emphasize the fact that the European Parliament on 15 January 2009 adopted a resolution to commemorate the “11 July in the European Union as a day of remembrance of the genocide in Srebrenica.” Also, in June 2005 the US Congress (Senate and House of Representatives) passed the resolution on the genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The second issue that arises on the basis of attitudes, the aforementioned entity officials, is, if this is a typical example of a culture of denial, the denial of the genocide, is not it also a prerequisite that the committed crime of genocide happen again. Bosniak historical experience tells us that genocide is unpunished and forgotten crimes constantly repeat. Fostering a culture of remembrance, is primarily aimed at the prevention of future crimes of genocide and removal of the consequences (social, political, demographic, material, cultural, health, psychological, etc.) of the committed genocide. Fostering a culture of remembrance is especially important if one considers that the socio-political and historical-cultural factors of the renewal of the genocide against Bosniaks have not been removed. It would be necessary, not only through education system/s, to draw up a comprehensive program of prevention, as well as national political program, which would effectively counter the genocidal potencies in which Bosniaks, unfortunately, still live