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The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and the Social Development of Northern New Spain, 1680-1767

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The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and the Social Development of Northern New Spain, 1680-1767 The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and the Social Development of Northern New Spain, 1680-1767 Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Martínez, Ignacio Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 07:05:44 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311233 THE INTIMATE FRONTIER: FRIENDSHIP AND THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF NORTHEN NEW SPAIN, 1680-1767 by Ignacio Martínez ____________________________ Ignacio Martínez © 2013 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2013 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Ignacio Martínez, titled Friendship and the Construction of Civil Society, 1680-1767 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 8-21-13 Kevin Gosner _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 8-21-13 Martha Few _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 8-21-13 Bert Barickman ________________________________________________Date: 8-21-13 Michael Brescia Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 8-21-13 Dissertation Director: Kevin Gosner 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Ignacio Martínez 4 Acknowledgments First, I wish to express my sincerest appreciation to Kevin Gosner, who has been my advisor, friend, and colleague over the past several years. Kevin’s guidance, support, and enthusiasm for this project has been an invaluable source of inspiration throughout this long and laborious journey, and to him I am grateful. From the inception of this project Bert Barickman has shown lively interest in my ideas and has provided insightful suggestions for how to make my work relevant to a wider audience. His extremely demanding course on the history of Brazil, while not immediately germane to this work, revealed to me that the range of my intellectual abilities far exceeded what I thought possible. Martha Few and Michael Brescia have each provided insightful critiques and comments on a host of issues pertinent to my project. I would also like to extend a special thanks to Oscar Martínez, David Ortiz, and Linda Darling all of whom trained me in the conceptual understanding of frontiers and borderlands. And of course, thanks to Gina Wasson for her guidance and kindness over the years. Gradate school would have been a lot less pleasurable had it not been for the encouragement, advice, and carrilla of my colleagues from the history department. Max Mangraviti, Matt Furlong, María Muñoz, Robert Scott, Ricardo Herrera, and Alex Hidalgo have all provided an attentive ear to the various issues plaguing my work, and have always taken the time to advise me on how to fix them. To Alex I am especially grateful. Our weekly racquetball games and weight lifting sessions gave me to opportunity to bounce ideas and concerns off of a concise, erudite, and engaged scholar. I would also like to extend a very special thanks to my colleagues at the OER: José Alvarez, Rodrigo Rentería-Valencia, Megan Sheehan, Monica Young, Lucero Radonic, Antón Daughters, Rebecca Crocker, and of course to our fearless leader, Dale Brenneman. My ability to accurately utilize the documents for this dissertation was in large part due to their extensive knowledge and understanding of the paleography from this region. During our long hours together at the OER, I was able to utilize their expertise for my own purposes. From Dale I learned an enormous amount about the people, places, and culture of the Pimería. Her knowledge and precision to the editing process has made me a better scholar. I owe a tremendous amount of gratitude to Graduate College Associate Dean María Teresa Velez who provided me with generous financial support at various stages in my academic career. Without her generosity and goodwill I would not be writing these words today. I would also like to thank the Marshall Foundation, the Social Science and Behavioral Institute, and the Department of History for financially supporting this project. At the University of New Mexico I would like to thank the directors of the McNair Program who were the first to plant the seed that a Ph.D. was indeed possible; and to Tobias Duran, gracias por todo . Finally, I would like to thank my family for their constant words of encouragement, even when they didn’t exactly know what I was doing, or why. To my parents, Gregoria and Ignacio Martínez, who thirty-five years ago made the incredibly difficult decision to cross the Río Bravo and come to this country in order to provide their seven children with a better life, I am forever grateful. Even though I rarely say this, I love you both very much. To my wife, thank you for your patience and for being there with me every step of the way. And to my two girls, even though I locked myself for hours in my office, there was nothing more I would rather have been doing than to be rolling around on the floor playing with you. Your constant joy and laughter provided the encouragement I needed to complete this project. 5 For Zeñia, Añieze, and Daisy 6 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………………8 INTRODUCTION – Deciphering Friendship ……………………………………………..……10 The Development of Amity in Northern New Spain ……………………………………16 The New Borderlands .......................................................................................................24 Friendship on the Jesuit Frontier ………………………………………………………...28 Friendship Types ………………………………………………………………………...34 Methodology …………………………………………………………………………….38 CHAPTER ONE – An Overview of Friendship from Homer to Lizardi ……………………….40 Friendship in the Mediterranean World …………………………………………………42 Friendship in the Spanish World ………………………………………………………...55 Friendship in Mesoamerica and New Spain …………………………………………….61 Conclusion: The Current State of the Literature ………………………………………...70 CHAPTER TWO – Friendship in the Pimería Alta ……………………………………………..78 The Landscape …………………………………………………………………………..79 The Dynamics of Group Friendship …………………………………………………….84 Friendship in the Early Stages of Colonization …………………………………………91 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………..107 CHAPTER THREE – Interpreting Power, Colonialism, and Civil Society through Friendship: Kino and the Many Faces of Betrayal …………………………………….109 Science, Authority, and the Politics of Friendship …………………………………….111 Kino on the Frontier: Friends and Foes ………………………………………………..126 7 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………..139 CHAPTER FOUR – Friendship among Unequals: An Unlikely Tale of Friendship and Deceit …………………………………………………………………………………..142 Revolt in the Pimería Alta ……………………………………………………………...142 The Melancholy of Friendship …………………………………………………………150 Forging Friendship through War and Humiliation …………………………………….159 Forging Friendship through War ………………………………………………………162 Forging Friendship through Humiliation ………………………………………………169 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………..183 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………………...187 BIBLIOGRAPHY ….…………………………………………………………………………..192 8 Abstract The following dissertation considers social relationships along New Spain’s northern frontier during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. With a specific emphasis on the Pimería Alta, an arid and inhospitable region located along the northern periphery of modern day Sonora, I address the broad intellectual and social category of friendship as it was understood, performed, and manipulated by residents of this far-flung province. In this multi-ethnic realm, friendship functioned as an effective medium through which missionaries, settlers, soldiers, and Indians could navigate social space. Mobility for both Europeans and natives was of prime importance for a host or reasons. Friendship, or at least its performance, made this freedom of mobility possible. In this difficult terrain, friendship was conceived at both the macro (group) and micro (individual) levels. It also became a conceptual space through which Spaniards attempted to colonize the frontier by establishing self-serving standards and ideals of amity. These idealized conceptions of fellowship, however, met up
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