1975LPSC....6.2571E determined chains group that lunar Shoemaker, may highland Crater control criteria the both degradation determined: Abstract-Lunar 1971; conducted CRATER subject study. 1971; alignments Elston craters morphology (1971), aspects 87131. *Present Crater Photogeologic the infer volcanic grid 2. origins chains Secondary from Cruikshank Oberbeck, of © viscosity and Highland and within of of et Lunar their system that surfaces, CHAINS are were collapsed address: both mare much areal Lunar which were by al. chains of Oberbeck high]and orientation. in 1962), have and Los and at and crater identified Fielder with crater crater group a regions these craters (1971). Lunar association Science 1000°C Alamos given research. forming 1971; Department ejecta Planetary meteorite lava and and been orientations studies have collapsed volcanic chains chains 3. chains too methods range tubes Theoretical of The and from Wood, their and Institute, Scientific chain over These and subdued crater reviewed these patterns, range with linear consisting mode Proc. were been Institute Many from (group Marcus Apollo Morrison crater of of distribution Oberbeck impact Printed GRANT the at rocks have DEAN Geology, Lunar has 1973), lava from large 3303 Laboratories, separated to non-random of studies 45°, 20 viscosities and chains chains 1), permit INTRODUCTION interpreted origin authors 5 16, 15, entire in been Sci. is to. by and NASA 330°, the been • of I cinder (1967), tubes impact similar to origin 40 sinuous Conf. Provided EPPLER* or United HEIKEN (1973). University three Shoemaker for 113 determination were km and conducted 2571 and morphologic from and have as patterns 6th surface Road conducted cones of calculated mare km have States to long (Greeley, Los craters. secondary or (1975), 17 360°. Fielder of originally Morrison, those measured non-impact linear long patterns Study by orbital 1, more Alamos, been of crater (group and lunar as of Houston, used p. The America the and 2571-2583. and New of of Three by appear for (1962) endogenetic or aligned NASA photographs (1968), crater chains arrays non-impact similar of 2), by may concerned the craters. viscosities crater origin New 1971a,b; Eppler relations mode Mexico, returned _ are craters 1973). and a Texas possible El-Baz be to Mexico moon. chains specific Astrophysics appears and craters found were in highland structurally have Shemyakin origin chains of of and form Albuquerque, 77058 highland Early of origin (Guest origin and Mutch Greeley placed for between craters modes no 87544 (1969), Hawaiian with to Heiken on Studies with (Schumm, to chain selected volcanoes which preferred be to using groups both arguments in have controlled similar samples either Data support and (1971). of group preferential (1969), Scott and have origin combining New basalts. morphologic (1974). individual origin for mare of System been 1 group Murray, (group structural states 4. and indicate detailed Hyde, Mexico crater can 1970; Crater by et been both were and and This 2. the for 1 the al. 3). be of or 1975LPSC....6.2571E

trend

was was 2572

Crater individual

literature

state with 17

number

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and extending

were

(1973)

as

secondary Oberbeck group tubes subdued and

Chains was study

photography secondary

confined subdued.

Crater of

results control

chains

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Chains

Most

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based

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difficult

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GENERAL are

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a 1975LPSC....6.2571E 22.0°N 25.0°N 28.5°N 25.0°N 23.1°N 23.0°N 23.1°N 21.0°N 22.6°N 23.5°S 22.8°N 23.5°N 26.0°N 12.3°s 13.0°N 16.5°N 18.5°S 13.6°N 15.1 19.9°S 11.2°N 16.8°N 19.9°S 19.7°N 19.5°S 13.5°S 13.2°N 19.0°S l l0.8°S © 9.4°s 3.8°S 8.5°S 5.7°N 6.7°N 9.3°s 7.0°S 1.5°N 8.4°N 8.6°S 8.2°N 5.8°S 9.2°s 9.1°N 9.0°S 9.2°s 9.3°s l.6°S Locationab Lunar °N M = 115.0°£ 168.0°£ 123.5°E 163.2°£ 139.0°W 156.2°E 123.4°£ 138.8°£ 130.0°£ 144.4°£ 162.9°E 121.7°E 146.3°£ 158.2°E 49.5°E 43.0°W 43.6°E 65.5°E 22.0°E 41.1°E 27.5°E 29.9°E 52.5°E 63.3°E 33.6°E 29.8°W 27.5°E 90.5°E 91.0°E 35.0°E 59.3°E 36.7°W 13.3°W 10.5°E 17.8°W 17.7°E mare 4.4°w 2.0°W 4.5°W 2.0°W 9.5°W 9.1°w 2.0°W 4.5°W 6.0°E 3.7°E 9.0°E and Table Planetary H 1. = Trenda highland Lunar Crater 300 304 236 282 310 333 360 358 337 288 288 360 314 308 360 315 270 270 337 325 340 270 314 272 340 333 360 293 331 360 42 43 81 38 45 81 15 48 10 50 20 68 32 45 16 18 8 Institute crater chains AS15-9631 AS AS16-0715 AS15-0314 AS15-9926 AS15-9184 AS15-9886 AS17-3005 AS16-0811 AS17-2321 AS17-0952 AS15-0206 AS16-1683 AS17-2317 AS17-2285 ASl AS15-0198 AS17-3126 AS17-2981 AS AS15-9926 AS15-0124 AS17-3001 AS17-3107 AS15-9394 AS AS AS17-3069+ AS15-9719 AS16-0445 AS16-0041 AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS16-0062 AS AS16-1577 AS17-0713 AS17-1722 AS AS17-1989+ AS17-0700 AS17-1738 N Photo chains = 17-3043 17-2684 15-8860 16-0668 15-9998 15-8997 15-0220 15-8945 16-0829 16-0575 16-2706 16-0863 16-0982 identified 7-2317 • nearside Provided numbersc of + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + non-impact 9636 0716 9189 9891 0953 0812 0319 3048 0211 0129 2689 2322 2290 3010 0203 2322 2326 2986 8865 9002 3074 3006 0669 0003 0225 9724 9399 0042 0576 0063 0830 0864 0701 0446 0714 1684 8950 0983 2707 1578 1727 1994 1743 from F by = Apollo farside the Genetic group origin NASA 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 3 photography. HO Astrophysics Geologic = setting high NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NH NM NH NM NM NM NM NM NH FH FH NH NH FH FH FH NH NH FH FH NH FH FH FH FH FH FH FH FH NH oblique Lengthd Data 103.6 113.0 124.0 161.5 HO HO HO HO 23.8 48.6 20.7 62.5 11.2 38.2 26.7 10.8 16.9 10.7 38.4 10.4 10.4 11.6 12.9 17.4 10.9 15.8 15.8 2.0 4.6 8.4 3.7 7.1 7.5 2.1 4.4 4.2 5.9 6.8 7.0 7.8 8.6 6.6 7.5 7.9 1.4 5.7 1.3 System 2573 1975LPSC....6.2571E Imbrium 2574 bowl-shaped visible and of separated slumps Group the The the © Fig. camera Lunar Imbrium on 20.3°N 14.4°s 17.5°S chain are l: large 5.0°S 8.5°S 3.8°N aln din cstereo bPrincipal 1. (22.6°N, Location the from Examples Pie degrees. kilometers. well indices and to doublet is floors, 134.l 134.1°E 130.2°E 127.3°E diagram 59.9°E 32.9°E pairs. a located Planetary irregular rilles, ab developed, point large, rimless 0 36.7°W) E for or of of is Apollos of and the layering south 2.6 trenda collapsed first Institute 360 270 337 and 45 45 45 axial and is km photo particularly 15, D. 60 of appear Total trends wide. consists doublet EPPLER 16, Table or km the AS AS17-2776 AS17-1995 AS17-2919+ AS17-2023 AS17-1479+ • Photo number, lava and structure Provided of 17-2744 of crater northwest Regionally, 23 1. to mare 17. numbersc measurements. (Continued). and of tubes of be around data oo I + + + I I I I I I I I I the Diophantus crater five by G. mantled 2028 2000 2749 2924 1480 in from the same HEIKEN the of rimless, chains. the the NASA Euler mapping Genetic walls. group origin with large chain 4 4 4 4 4 4 Measurement on Astrophysics round (3, The a the camera (Fig. doublet. is which Geologic fine setting associated NH FH FH FH NH FH western chain to 2). regolith. and interval irregular was The Data No is panoramic Lengthd 4.2 rim mapped HO 38.5 32.8 craters 13.7 System blocks is 9.8 7.3 with Incipient km 10°. of craters Mare long, a are are set by 1975LPSC....6.2571E © group of Fig. Lunar small 2. of Genetic collapse and secondary Planetary type craters craters 1 crater Institute is points separated south chain north. and • south Provided from east NASA of 2575 2 of crater larger Photo the by large the Diophantus craters AS17-3126. NASA doublet. with Astrophysics (22.6°N, the Scale same bar 36.7°W). origin. is 5 Data km. Note A Arrow System chain the 1975LPSC....6.2571E 2576 authors is age collapsed Schaber (pahoehoe established of formation reported basalt. are open flow form the the (1971a), of time caused The This this erosion lava (19.9°S, completely hummocks. break and central lava Group Howard Regolith lower cones on active lava Terrestrial Ollier The The Absence roof overlying Eratosthenian not observation. terrestrial cools, feature tubes mounds has the tube channels a © down slopes appear by 2: void crater, Slower as chain from rates Lunar mode known. involves during 27.5°E), (1973) and that western appears elapsed and lava and an Examples either of to fluid hypothesis. of the breached. these The of has which by others analog of crust the Brown a the is fluid to partly are and the lava flows. of and rather roof as bedrock lava following conduit located moving lava the Horz be also (2) withdrawal and chain The continued development since edge vent formation Planetary to blocks. the located magnitude lavas. was aa) a· tube made becomes blocks southern Thin (1972) to tubes collapsed mantle becomes (1965), been of number consists southern source than Two et and a is of follows the sufficiently southwest shaking through lunar However, al. variety regions formation exhausted, of The criteria flows an described Institute at also on on lava straight low (1974, emplacement flow Greeley the fine-grained D. of of area of a cone either of required the extreme restricted cinder Hadley lava of of EPPLER cone lava support the terrestrial velocity argues Eratosthenian tubes. terrain so caused of small, which of of for two floors personal turbulent mapped of lunar • thick appear tubes as rilles theoretical has lava crest tube. end Provided the is (1971a,b), by the the lava cones conical Rille to size slightly and to Specific rimless against by in fluid of Scott been of into to features. beneath of debris. Apollo coalesce flow and conduit of of non-uniform of produce tube Collapse patches group tentatively the to lava meteorite G. communication) support contrast the flow indicates a the a by a would continue would be field investigated (1974) HEIKEN roof mounds slight would pipe-like line breached, mare and pits formation: this the moving studies tubes, limiting 17 Lobate youngest mass-wasted will 1 a may This beneath investigations crater NASA around landing solidified some Greeley by its of in of between mode and lavas. up impact result the as solidify own between draining the small, as research drain fluid at warp flow. conduit. masses of velocities Bryan Astrophysics earliest chains group and feasibility established either Mare of extensively the the roof site (1) weight, The in lunar indicate and or velocities surface beneath group in the Greeley origin, to rimless the regolith, Low-viscosity southern chain, tectonic in first, the and the Diophantus the of argues of involved Hyde 1 Imbrium flow. end, When (I) of Mare northern development crater micrometeorite and material or a conduit cones 1 Adams fluid mare to of that Data allowing crust. tube crater but by and the each craters (1971) by (1971a) middle by large against Serenitatis viscosities supporting within the activity. cone, faUure behavior sufficient chains. System work study Greeley surface. crust lavas (Fig. the may several cone supply As (1974). before chains with on chain lunar have lava two and and (II) has the the the the the by be 3). of of of to to is a 1975LPSC....6.2571E the be cone approximately have (1974), cinder southern structure a these group determined Extensive northern crater chain Fig. with is been features © cone. using 1.4 Lunar 1 3. cone a visible runs crater chain line Genetic conducted km These Northeast cone studies from is and of by 8°. extending is wide in 1.9 chain rimless type not Planetary eruption upper either is authors km at 2 of approximately seen. arrow by passes crater wide craters across Crater, the left Lunar cinder the McGetchin Institute velocity to have points base, Both chain and walls the crater and lower south Mount cone upper the in determined north. small cones and or chains right southeastern • and rim of Provided edge rim. growth 12° hummocks and NASA the Etna, and the is, of launch are and of The approximately non-impact rim Head consists chain, the Photo relatively that Sicily, by in Mare the chain photo. is in angle, the different (1973) AS17-2317. approximately the between. of but slope Serenitatis NASA origin as The two is form direct relationship volume 14.4 an fresh, scale conical and on Astrophysics 120 planetary Also example of km (19.9°N, the bar by m the with note cratered of long. high. is McGetchin southern 150 the 5 cinder 27.5°E). the km, of no environments The Data The m ash mounds group a and layering high. terrestrial cone northern The System between slope erupted, the cone 1 et The 2577 will on al. or is 1975LPSC....6.2571E for and continuous limit maximum (1974), pyroclastic velocity tic similar conditions lower 2578 McGetchin appear chain. simple slope. through same homogeneity composite completely ous, composite three which sampled ridges, hypothesis. a evidence determination Mare pyroclastic spheres. mean similar 11, fire origin The The The Crater 15, an © gravity and of fountain chains length Lunar composition. Serenitatis rim, are This The and idealized spheres and to presence argument location an to black a continuous impact have at for fire of chains height exceptionally Northeast forms forms 17 would be the ejecta, subsidence recrystallized larger ejecta eruption cinder and origin conclusion and and The GENERAL internal of are which fountain these supports complicated of spheres (Heiken to much Apollo Planetary 34 Head of spalls. atmospheric lunar of origin would of located in, area and composite dark-mantle to have radius closer (Adams km. and the cones soils possible 3 would The group ejecta account activity less m, Crater, higher, the which (1973), cinder Mare was 17 are the a The lineaments. impossible et was FEATURES arise the Institute a well higher is in surface to of landing orange in al., low-velocity width vigorous possibility surface not primarily 3. et the supported will degraded described the opposite pyroclastic also forms Serenitatis the D. continuous would from sorted, in 1974). conditions. the cone Crater for al., indicating with be lunar material EPPLER average vent, be the • of Mare droplets. reached of site surface expected cone 1974). Provided continued on morphologies which The of OF at 100--330 account The steeper form highlands than individual degradation composite petrographically effect, 27 of state resulting consists by volume 1500 by impact HIGHLAND Serenitatis and rim crater crater ejecta which maximum lunar of shape less ejecta, the McGetchin are by features of Bryan Northeast by Heiken the of G. m. in m, for will s!opes dispersing recycling graben the covered violent extreme Scott cinder HEIKEN most glass chain chain in 3 x of range spalls. 30 As and of has in the droplets forms NASA and be soil which orange chains and individual was a 10 reported et slope. crater smaller on a CRATER been (1974). highland spheres higher also 209 than 6 also from samples and cones. maximum eruption al. a and m McKay with Crater and Astrophysics chemical Adams of within the which 3 may lower ejecta m (1974) identified. supports and and lies already More often rille interpreted chain Head the 1 chemically smaller Apollo from spatter rim, to Dark-mantle of by indicate droplets CHAINS crater within black returned eruption would categories appear et structures, conditions average 113 (1974) idealized impact feel and vigorous McGetchin slope have smaller and (1973) described al. the formed Data the km droplets droplets 15 The that glass resulting cbains (1974) a petrographic formation vent ranges concentrate as of cinder as to small, band long, green homogene- origin. on System conditions show maximum remaining pyroclas- radius 1.3°. being eruption be cone droplets material droplets showing 3-4.5 Apollos for wrinkle with used makes on above with of of et more from glass cone low- in that The The this the the the al. of of of of in a a a a 1975LPSC....6.2571E consists Pohn reveals higher the part Group the chain at conical, inhomogeneities preceded chain Heiken because of origin dumbbell impact associated either a The Direct crater data. by detailed Fig. and may © of than is cratering the 3: much chain (1974)'. of the Lunar 4. of end shape, the Offield the 3.6 walls comparison Possible 25 Pie lunar with the indicate for variation low km and study diagram is and stronger formation alignment degraded mare the possibly grid and located indicates in (1970). rimmed Planetary near small the highland lunar that of of the system crater probably of the the crater evidence Lunar the craters state lack on it A due grid highland of of axial craters a Institute Mendeleev has plot possible 10°. the chains, at southern Mendeleev volcanoes crater these of to floor of system trends 330° Total caused formed relationship in floor of the these of arranged chains • between crater deposits. axial and of features of structural the masking Provided endogenetic (Fielder, highland on 30 features. end. by Crater_ 45°. on of same measurements. oo trends I I Mendeleev Crater. chains non-impact mass-wasting. in a Although (Fig. with This No by a crater linear effects with reservations chain dumbbell control, 1961). the Primary of blocks to any origin The 5). chains. might highland NASA moon-wide origin terrestrial weakness of can Crater Craters As the known linear apparently regolith. or for pattern Measurement evidence Astrophysics shown There be number be structure apply the crater found (141.0°E, feature due are trend, features in chain. is with previously, structural The the of bowl-shaped for for an to chains determined in interval data Data are produced large symmetrical off trend crust endogenetic interpreting faulting Eppler The 7.0°N) is set visible System points difficult (Fig. craters is r~sults trends of which in a 2579 plot and and the the by or to 4) in in is 1975LPSC....6.2571E © Lunar and Planetary Institute • Provided 2580 by the NASA Astrophysics Data System 1975LPSC....6.2571E floor 360°, form occurred of These triggered floor between indicate Hawaii. sample with Crater lunar that major having viscosities basin terrestrial formation of the were (1973) 10 complexes III al., Adams relationship with Schaber Euler materials mission 4 highland 0.71 In Age The poise The Spectral Eratosthenian filling 1973). the material and secondary of of moon-wide basaltic fairly an evolution. /3 © volcanic crater chain and compositions highland of for Mendeleev primary 12037, origin This et Lunar that mare raised which (1973)reported the for attempt 45°. by on after of lava of However Apollo were al. may volcanic Brett the common the reflectance group 15418 with chains tectonic the cinder was a may These and basins and volcanism; (1974) of flows, may mare doubts events 1151. the impact near Mendeleev crater crater evidence calculated Astronaut have to is Planetary similar mare structural (1974) infer known lava samples and 3 crater. cones also probably determine chains be formation these crater inferred Mendeleev basin. were side it activity The during indicate in been as 5.8 genetically chains flows. chain that crater DISCUSSION is Lunar a crater lack studies the supports to of low-albedo to e.g. impact is expected x for Institute filled crater Adler from are calculated chains photographs using the the consistent Crater terrestrial 10 the built lunar trends any not crater from is episodes may or crater highland 3 chains. the apparently ·chains a of poise mood. much properties by the existence of Crater the nearby et evidence chains widespread craters. the during morphology chains shows and • highlands the have orbital this a region, al. that the Provided lunar and result AND chains cinder succession at younger method theoretical by This structurally (1972) basaltic with mare of volcanic implication. chain of been 1070°C distribution numerous meteorite may of possible their a not X-ray collapse non-impact highlands CONCLUSIONS Although mare of of of of may 0.67 the single the cone of by after similar the ejecta basins. reported lava related highland represent and distribution of than of the groups for lavas. lack currently west data imply for fill, of crater geomorphic complex Shaw highland -or viscosities preferential the NASA approximately eruption basalt related lava of impacts. origin thin from the indicate to of sample Based results and of to to tephra wall Relative Consequently, lava floor that Al/Si crater 1 volcanic be any Cayley chains tubes (1971) dark-mantle - Astrophysics isolated flows. genetic and flows accepted a numerous at of to similar volcanic volcanoes, for basin tubes of major on cycle. from from concentration the 15418, an the 2. chains Hadley features at would Mendeleev alignment for Work is from age these Formation investigations apparent activity southeast forming impact. or volcanic source 1000°C 4.3 their or to the impacts the lunar views For fire Data relationships and produced morphologic rocks Mauna cinder form through AE deposits the by Rille Mendeleev pyroclastic theoretical associated Apollo alignment fountains example, of System Schaber 0.82 younger samples (Tera of of are original lack events Crater during end on which crater phase imply ratios mare 330°, cone Loa, 2581 2 x the the for by by of of of 16 et 1975LPSC....6.2571E than limited, ration cones. mare may returned formation the viscosities weaknesses 2582 theoretical appear Houston, similar benefited assistance, From significant Adams Cruikshank Brett Adler Bryan reviews Acknowledgments-The contribution El-Baz Elston Eppler R., pyroclastic kinetic fluorescence Apollo analogues. photographs. NASA 19-14. origin. Lunar From (1) (2) (3) © Osswald R. indicate I., 4.3 W. W. basin D. F. J. Lunar ratios by these Either Theoretical Mare, A to Trombka (1974) to greatly Texas, NASA data. the publication 17 (1969) B., E., B. AE, B. Science viscosities J. soil T. the crater plot D. be Preliminary 218. and and and The structural M. Laughlin Pieters of origin authors evolution, Bornhorst experiment. and G., in Geochim. P. similar Thickness J. crater data results and and oriented Crater from samples a or Erickson, TM Adams Heiken some Moon the J., of Geophys. the and Gorenstein larger Institute Planetary chains on both by Gerard C., SP-201, X-58108, used discussions the the A. original viscosities we Wood characteristics. the original NASA chains suggest authors to 3, Sci. terrestrial and M. G. Cosmochim. of W., for trends of of T. In areal in distribution 412-447. from moon. axial in produced the and Res. infer H. as L. J., the Report, McCord some and p. R. the Apollo providing these Institute C. P., grant part Johnson a (1974) (1974) Lowman 25-29. McGetchin, wish floor may morphology 76, Visiting with A. paper Brower lunar with D. that Gursky distribution study, Proc. Apollos trends for lunar that calculated NSG-7066 5607-5682. along (1972) 16Preliminary possibilities EPPLER NASA to The Some basalt T. W. Acta. In be of further these and by Space • investigations and Lunar thank P., crust. REFERENCES B. J. mare Analysis Elston, Graduate Provided highland H., of Mendeleev the Mendeleev either basaltic A. of Lunar Schmadebeck S. volcanic (1974) the J. In publication running 11, these Harris (1971) flows. Center, and Hamilton Street, at the basalt chains. press. Science fo,llowing mare of study F. lunar the for of 15 of staff rilles Orange collapsed G. Sci. Horz, Fellow, highland by is Lunar University Apollo and group and B., events. volcanism, the returned flows and Crater volcanism Houston. HEIKEN This crater consistent the Report, Conf. of of SP-330, grid for and Golub Crater Highland structural computer D. E. of R., the 17. glass: NASA nearside Apollo and conclusions by 8 typing Kinsler, chain: A. Hawaiian may 3 Blodget 5th, possible Photograph Lunar system crater -chains NASA lava Lockheed of L., Whitaker. crater ejecta 12 p. samples Evidence are p. Astrophysics New the e.g. 30-9 features pp. A and infer tectonic program may with and Science and 171-186. crater tubes H., description analogous publication final blankets chains Mexico. This volcanic at Harden mare to chains does M. pyroclastic Eller Orbiter and Electronics Eppler current that occur 30-13. 45°, with for can manuscript. of Prinz, patterns or Institute which chains, Visual crater E., regional Mare .. not may based Data F. 330°, the lines be features: Al/Si appears was and SP-315, Yin and R. photographs to along concepts calculated from drawn: paper Serenitatis. reveal Observations, manner discussion System supported have for Corporation, (1973) L., chains. on from measured however, of and deposits ejecta concent- This p. technical chemical Lamonte Orbiter Possible is cinder linear to critical 19-1 been 360°. LS.I. X-ray paper any be the of of by in of of In to 4 1975LPSC....6.2571E Fielder Greeley Fielder Greeley Fielder Greeley Guest Heiken Howard MacDonald Mutch McGetchin McGetchin Oberbeck McKay Oberbeck OIiier Schaber Pohn Shemyakin Shaw Schumm Tera Scott Scott Shoemaker TM rays Astron. 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