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Politique Linguistique Intérieure De La Chine : Entre Unité Et Diversité

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Politique Linguistique Intérieure De La Chine : Entre Unité Et Diversité Politique linguistique intérieure de la Chine : entre unité et diversité. Le débat autour du cantonais au début du 21e siècle Yufei Guo To cite this version: Yufei Guo. Politique linguistique intérieure de la Chine : entre unité et diversité. Le débat autour du cantonais au début du 21e siècle. Linguistique. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017USPCF010. tel-01699287 HAL Id: tel-01699287 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01699287 Submitted on 2 Feb 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales École doctorale N°265 Langues, littératures et sociétés du monde Équipe de recherche Plidam THÈSE présentée par Yufei GUO soutenue le 3 juillet 2017 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’INALCO Discipline : Science du langage : linguistique et didactique des langues Politique linguistique intérieure de la Chine : entre unité et diversité. Le débat autour du cantonais au début du 21ème siècle Thèse dirigée par : Joël BELLASSEN Membre HDR de l’équipe PLIDAM, INALCO RAPPORTEURS : Michael BYRAM Professeur émérite, Université de Durham (UK) JIN Siyan Professeur des universités, Université d’Artois MEMBRES DU JURY : Joël BELLASSEN Membre HDR de l’équipe PLIDAM, INALCO Gilles FORLOT Professeur des universités, INALCO Michael BYRAM Professeur émérite, Université de Durham (UK) JIN Siyan Professeur des universités, Université d’Artois Remerciements Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre de l’équipe PLIDAM à l’Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (INALCO). Elle a bénéficié d’une bourse d’étude accordée par le gouvernement chinois de 2014 à 2016. Je voudrais tout d’abord exprimer ma gratitude et mes remerciements sincères à M. Joël Bellassen, mon directeur de recherche, qui m’a accompagnée tout au long de la réalisation de cette thèse. L’intérêt qu’il a témoigné pour des problématiques qui semblaient hasardeuses au départ m’a encouragée à poursuivre dans la voie de leur exploration. Sa confiance, ses conseils et ses commentaires éclairants et précieux m’ont permis de surmonter les difficultés dans la rédaction de cette thèse. Je dois une profonde reconnaissance à M. Michael Byram, pour m’avoir aidée au cours d’un moment difficile de ma recherche, par ses remarques sur les notions théoriques qui ont ultérieurement guidé et nourri ma réflexion, pour nos discussions fécondes à l’occasion d’une rencontre à la gare Montparnasse et les échanges de mails qui l’ont suivie. Son aide et ses encouragements ont été d’une très grande qualité et d’un immense réconfort. Mon immense gratitude s’adresse également à M. Gilles Forlot et à Mme JIN Siyan pour avoir accepté de participer à ce jury de thèse. Je suis reconnaissante de l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté à l’égard de cette recherche. Je remercie également Mme Christine Lamarre, pour son soutien, ses conseils et en particulier les occasions qu’elle m’a offertes de m’entraîner à parler de mon travail devant un public académique. Mes remerciements sincères vont également à toute ma famille qui est loin en Chine : mes parents, mon grand-père et mon compagnon WANG Weiwei, pour le soutien, la compréhension et l’affection qu’ils m’ont donnés à tout moment, malgré la distance. Enfin, je remercie infiniment toutes les personnes que j’ai rencontrées sur le terrain. En tant que locuteur natif du cantonais, je partage leur affection pour la ville de Guangzhou. Je les remercie de leur confiance, de leur attention, de leur amitié, et d’avoir accepté de s’entretenir avec moi pour réaliser cette recherche. Tables des Matières Introduction générale ............................................................................................................... 1 Politique linguistique : un champ de recherche en développement ................................... 1 Genèse du travail : le mouvement pour la défense du cantonais ....................................... 2 Problématique et structure de la thèse ................................................................................ 5 Première Partie : Cadre théorique et méthodologie ........................................................... 10 1.1 Évolution de champs d’étude en politique linguistique ............................................. 10 1959 -1970 : naissance du champ d’étude ................................................................11 1970 - 1990 : élargissement de l’horizon ................................................................. 13 2000 - aujourd’hui : perspectives dans le nouveau contexte mondial ...................... 16 Recherches précédentes sur la politique linguistique de la Chine ........................... 19 1.2 Cadre théorique général et méthodologique adopté dans cette étude ........................ 24 1.2.1 Violence symbolique et habitus ....................................................................... 30 1.2.2. Identité collective et nouveaux mouvements sociaux .................................... 33 1.2.3. Modèle descriptif de Baldauf et Kaplan sur l’aménagement linguistique ..... 36 Deuxième partie : contexte national et régional .................................................................. 40 2.1 Introduction : le concept de « dialecte » dans le contexte chinois ............................. 40 2.2 Situation sociolinguistique avant 1840 ...................................................................... 44 2.3 L’aménagement linguistique entre 1840 et 1930 ....................................................... 46 2.3.1 L’établissement de la langue nationale ........................................................... 47 2.3.2 Modèles de transcription phonétique : bopomofo, gwoyeu romatzyh, et latinhua sinwenz ....................................................................................................... 48 2.3.3 La suppression du wenyan au profit du baihua dans l’écriture ....................... 50 2.3.4 Des tentatives sur la réforme des caractères .................................................... 53 2.4 Politique linguistique officielle en Chine continentale (1949-2010) ......................... 54 2.4.1 Le mandarin : standardisation et promotion renforcées .................................. 54 I 2.4.2. Les dialectes : position officielle ambiguë ..................................................... 59 Contrôle de l’usage des dialectes dans les médias ........................................... 60 Interdiction implicite des dialectes à l’école .................................................... 62 Inefficacité des recensements et lacunes documentaires .................................. 65 Émergence de la conscience sur la protection des dialectes dans la société .... 66 2.4.3 Langues des groupes ethniques minoritaires : protection ou assimilation ?..... .................................................................................................................................. 68 2.5 Politique linguistique officielle dans le monde sinophone à partir du milieu du XXe siècle ........................................................................................................................ 71 2.5.1 Hong Kong ...................................................................................................... 72 2.5.2 Macao .............................................................................................................. 81 2.5.3 Taiwan ............................................................................................................. 86 2.5.4 Singapour ........................................................................................................ 92 2.6 Contexte sociolinguistique à Guangzhou ................................................................. 102 2.6.1 Aperçu : Guangdong, Guangzhou et le cantonais ......................................... 102 2.6.2 L’aménagement linguistique à Guangzhou ................................................... 107 2.6.3 Nouvelles dynamiques sociales : linguistique, démographique, informatique, d’urbanisation ..........................................................................................................110 Conclusion de la deuxième partie ...................................................................................118 Troisième partie-Mouvement pour la défense du cantonais : détonateur et incidences . 119 3.1 Introduction : le mouvement pour la défense du cantonais en 2010 .........................119 3.2. Position des autorités ............................................................................................... 123 3.2.1 Autorités provinciales et municipales ........................................................... 123 3.2.2 Autorité centrale ............................................................................................ 138 Conclusion de la section 3.2 ................................................................................... 147 3.3 Rôle et enjeux des médias et d’Internet ................................................................... 150 3.3.1 Place du cantonais dans
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