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A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/154226 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Cross-Channel Hoarding in the Late Iron Age and Early Roman Periods (200 BC to AD 43) Volume One of Two David Swan A thesis submitted for the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics and Ancient History University of Warwick, Department of Classics and Ancient History March 2020 Contents Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 1 List of Maps ....................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... 6 List of Graphs .................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 10 Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 12 1: Introduction……………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13 1.1: Overview .................................................................................................................................. 16 1.2: Aims ......................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3: Terminology ............................................................................................................................. 18 1.3.1: The Celts and the Iron Age ................................................................................................. 18 1.3.2: Staters ............................................................................................................................... 20 1.4: The Channel.............................................................................................................................. 22 2: Literature Review………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………..26 2.1: The Study of Iron Age Coins ...................................................................................................... 26 2.1.1: The 19th - Early 20th Century ............................................................................................... 27 2.1.2: Mid-20th Century ................................................................................................................ 30 2.1.3: Late 20th Century ............................................................................................................... 33 2.1.4: 21st Century ....................................................................................................................... 37 2.2: The Study of Hoarding .............................................................................................................. 40 2.2.1: The Study of Iron Age Coin Hoards ..................................................................................... 41 2.3. The Role of the Metal Detector on the Study of Iron Age Coin Hoards ...................................... 45 2.4. Contribution of this Thesis ........................................................................................................ 47 3: Methodology………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….48 3.1: What is a Hoard? ...................................................................................................................... 48 3.2: The Region under Study: Geography ......................................................................................... 49 3.3: Dates ........................................................................................................................................ 52 3.4: The Dataset .............................................................................................................................. 55 3.4.1: The Problem of Hoard Data ................................................................................................ 60 4: The Western Channel………………………………………………………………………………….………..………………...67 4.1: Cross-Channel Similarities in Coinage ........................................................................................ 71 4.2: The Archaeological Similarities within the Western Channel ..................................................... 72 4.3: The Iron Age History of the Western Channel ........................................................................... 74 4.4: Cross-Channel Trade within the Western Channel .................................................................... 78 4.5: Coins of the Western Channel ................................................................................................... 80 4.5.1: The Problems with Dating .................................................................................................. 86 4.6: Hoard Contexts ......................................................................................................................... 96 4.7: Hoards of Coins Dating to 200-61 BC ......................................................................................... 99 4.8: Hoards of Coins Dating to 60-20 BC......................................................................................... 105 4.8.1: Gold Hoarding .................................................................................................................. 112 4.8.2: Non-Stater Hoards ........................................................................................................... 115 4.8.3: Islands ............................................................................................................................. 119 4.8.4: Areas of Low Coin Hoarding Activity ................................................................................. 126 4.9: Hoards of Coins Dating to the Augustan Period (20 BC to AD 14) ............................................ 129 4.10: Hoards of Coins Dating to the Early Julio-Claudian Period (AD 15-43) .................................... 136 4.11: Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................. 140 5: The Eastern Channel……………………………..………………………………….…………………………………………..143 5.1: The Archaeological Similarities within the Eastern Channel ..................................................... 147 5.2: The Iron Age History of the Eastern Channel ........................................................................... 149 5.3: Cross-Channel Trade within the Eastern Channel .................................................................... 151 5.4: Coins of the Eastern Channel .................................................................................................. 152 5.5: Hoard Contexts ....................................................................................................................... 158 5.6: Hoards of Coins Dating to 200-61 BC ....................................................................................... 162 5.6.1: The Potin Hoards ............................................................................................................. 167 5.6.2: Potin Hoards – A 60-20 BC Phenomenon? ........................................................................ 176 5.7: Hoards of Coins Dating to 60-20 BC......................................................................................... 178 5.7.1: Notable Geographical Distributions .................................................................................. 181 5.7.2: Gold Hoards ..................................................................................................................... 184 5.7.3: Non-Gold Coins in Hoards ................................................................................................ 186 5.8: Hoards of Coins Dating to the Augustan Period (20 BC to AD 14) ............................................ 200 5.8.1: Hoards of the British Kingdoms in the Augustan Period .................................................... 203 5.8.2: Hoards of Belgic Gaul in the Augustan Period ................................................................... 204 5.9: Hoards of Coins Dating to the Early Julio-Claudian Period (AD 15-43) ...................................... 208 5.9.1: Hoards of the British Kingdoms in the Early Julio-Claudian Period (AD 15-43) ................... 212 5.10: Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................
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