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Bretagne Et Pays De La Loire) : Entre Abandon, Perduration Et Nouvelles Créations (Iiie-Vie S

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Bretagne Et Pays De La Loire) : Entre Abandon, Perduration Et Nouvelles Créations (Iiie-Vie S Les agglomérations de la province de Lyonnaise Troisième (Bretagne et Pays de la Loire) : entre abandon, perduration et nouvelles créations (IIIe-VIe s. apr. J.-C.) Martial Monteil To cite this version: Martial Monteil. Les agglomérations de la province de Lyonnaise Troisième (Bretagne et Pays de la Loire) : entre abandon, perduration et nouvelles créations (IIIe-VIe s. apr. J.-C.). Gallia - Archéologie des Gaules, CNRS Éditions, 2017, Dossier : Agglomérations, vici et castra du Nord de la Gaule entre Antiquité tardive et début du haut Moyen Âge (IIIe-VIe s.), 74 (1), pp.15-37. 10.4000/gallia.2329. hal-01918533 HAL Id: hal-01918533 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01918533 Submitted on 19 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Les agglomérations de la province de Lyonnaise Troisième (Bretagne et Pays de la Loire) Entre abandon, perduration et nouvelles créations (IIIe-VIe s. apr. J.-C.) Martial MONTEIL * Mots-clés. Ville, vicus, réseau urbain, fortification, atelier monétaire, être restitué au Haut-Empire, est abordée ici en faisant la part des Grégoire de Tours, Andécaves, Cénomans, Coriosolites, Diablintes, lacunes de la documentation. Malgré celles-ci, il est possible de Namnètes, Osismes, Vénètes. mettre en évidence la diversité des trajectoires des agglomérations, Résumé. Le propos est centré sur la province de Lyonnaise qui oscillent entre abandon total, perduration possible, probable Troisième telle qu’elle peut être restituée à la fin du IVe s. apr. J.-C., ou certaine et restructuration. Si l’on se place aux Ve-VIe s., le en excluant cependant la cité des Turons et en ne tenant compte constat est celui d’une importante rétraction du réseau urbain. que des huit cités qui correspondent à l’emprise des régions Celle-ci se trouve néanmoins pondérée par la création de nouvelles actuelles de Bretagne et des Pays de la Loire. La question du agglomérations, dont on pressent l’existence au travers de quelques devenir durant l’Antiquité tardive du réseau urbain, tel qu’il peut sources textuelles ou numismatiques. The towns of the province of Lugdunensis Tertia (Bretagne and Pays de la Loire) Between abandonment, perduration and new foundations (3rd-6th c. AD) Keywords. Town, vicus, urban network, fortification, monetary identifying the gaps regarding the documentation. Despite these workshop, Gregory of Tours, Andecavi, Cenomani, Coriosolites, gaps, it is possible to highlight the diversity of the towns trajectories, Diablintes, Namnetes, Osismii, Riedones, Veneti. which range between total abandonment, possible, probable or Abstract. This paper focuses on the province of Lugdunensis Tertia certain perduration, and restructuration. Along the 5th-6th c., we as it can be restituted at the end of 4th c. AD, though excluding observe an important retraction of the urban network, which is the civitas Turonensis and considering only the eight civitates however balanced by the creation of new agglomerations whose corresponding to Bretagne and Pays de la Loire. The question of the existence appears in some textual and numismatic sources. future of the urban network during Late Antiquity is discussed here, Au Haut-Empire, les actuelles régions de Bretagne et des p. 126). La situation devient plus confuse à partir de la première Pays de la Loire coïncident pour l’essentiel avec la partie occi- moitié du ve s. (voir infra). dentale de la province de Lyonnaise, telle qu’elle fut définie vers L’espace ainsi défini, qui couvre environ 51 400 km2, est cir- 16-13 av. J.-C. par l’empereur Auguste et son administration ou, conscrit à l’ouest et au nord par l’océan Atlantique et la Manche, peut-être un peu plus tard, sous son successeur Tibère (Ferdière suivant un trait de côte très découpé assurant une relation directe 2005, p. 136 ; 2011, p. 17-23) (fig. 1). Il convient toutefois d’en avec l’intérieur des terres par l’intermédiaire d’une série de soustraire le sud de la Loire-Atlantique et du Maine-et-Loire rias et d’estuaires, dont celui de la Loire. Il intègre une large ainsi que l’intégralité de la Vendée, qui correspondent à l’extré- part du Massif armoricain ainsi que, du côté est, les marges du mité nord de la cité des Pictons et donc de la province d’Aqui- Bassin parisien, présentant ainsi un relief peu marqué au sein taine. Globalement, ce cadre général, avec ces huit cités, n’est duquel alternent des plaines, quelques bassins sédimentaires, des pas modifié par les réformes administratives qui conduisent à la collines et des plateaux, compartimentés par de multiples cours création des provinces de Lyonnaise Seconde à la fin du iiie s. d’eau. Ces derniers correspondent pour beaucoup à des fleuves, puis de Lyonnaise Troisième à la fin du ive s. (Ferdière 2011, dont la Loire qui marque la limite sud de l’ensemble. , 74-1, 2017, p. 15-37 p. 2017, , 74-1, * Université de Nantes, LARA-UMR 6566 Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire (CReAAH), Chemin de la Censive du Tertre, BP 81227, Gallia F-44312 Nantes Cedex 3. Courriel : [email protected] 15 Monteil.indd 15 29/01/18 17:13 MARTIAL MONTEIL Fig. 1 – Carte du réseau urbain des huit cités de l’ouest de la province de Lyonnaise vers la fin du Ier s. apr. J.-C. (DAO : M. Monteil, université de Nantes, UMR 6566 CReAAH). QUELQUES CONSIDÉRATIONS rassembler une abondante documentation concernant les agglo- SUR LE RÉSEAU URBAIN AU HAUT-EMPIRE mérations secondaires des deux régions (Monteil 2007), sans toutefois aboutir pour l’heure à une publication d’ensemble1. Il en Concernant la Bretagne actuelle, le réseau urbain d’époque est toutefois ressorti quelques éléments de synthèse (Maligorne romaine a bénéficié de courtes synthèses, désormais un peu datées 2012 ; Monteil 2011 ; 2012 ; Batardy et al. 2013 ; Lorho, Monteil (Pape 1995, p. 41-78 ; Galliou 1994 ; 1996 ; 2005, p. 75-114) et 2013 ; Aubin et al. 2014), qui, d’ailleurs, concernaient aussi la cité complétées ensuite par des enquêtes plus spécifiquement consa- des Pictons située immédiatement au sud (par exemple Monteil crées à la cité des Vénètes (Naas 1999, p. 210-219) ou à celle des et al. 2016)2. Osismes (Galliou 2014, p. 217-242). Pour les Pays de la Loire, Les huit cités qui constituent l’ouest de la province de on peut signaler un bilan très partiel (Provost 1993, p. 137-163), Lyonnaise couvrent des superficies relativement modestes auquel il convient d’ajouter, comme d’ailleurs en Bretagne, des – comme il est courant pour cette partie de la Province – ouvrages destinés à un plus large public et consacrés à l’histoire des départements, les données fournies dans la collection des 1. Outre les dossiers de sites que j’ai moi-même constitués, je suis notamment Cartes archéologiques de la Gaule et quelques travaux univer- redevable à Patrick Bellanger, Émile Bernard, Jean-Philippe Bouvet, Cathe- sitaires restés inédits. En parallèle, les opérations préventives rine Bizien-Jaglin, Jean-Yves Éveillard, Claude Lambert, Loïc Langouët, Jean- Paul Le Bihan, Gilles Leroux, Patrick Naas, Jacques Naveau, Jérôme Pascal, et programmées ont permis d’acquérir de nouveaux matériaux Lionel Pirault, Martin Pithon, Dominique Pouille, Jean Rioufreyt… renouvelant l’histoire des chefs-lieux de cité et de quelques autres , 74-1, 2017, p. 15-37 p. 2017, , 74-1, 2. Tous mes remerciements, pour les remarques formulées à la lecture de ce agglomérations, comme Quimper (Finistère). Entre 2001 et 2007, texte, à Alain Ferdière, Hugo Meunier, Jean-Claude Meuret, Édith Peytremann, Gallia un Programme collectif de recherche a permis de commencer à Claude Raynaud et Alain Valais. 16 Monteil.indd 16 29/01/18 17:13 LES AGG LOMÉRATIONS DE LA PROVINCE DE LYONNAISE TROISIÈME (BRETAGNE ET PAYS DE LA LOIRE) Fig. 2 – Carte du devenir du réseau urbain d’origine antique de la province de Lyonnaise Troisième, hors cité des Turons, dans le courant de la seconde moitié du Ve s. apr. J.-C. (DAO : M. Monteil, université de Nantes, UMR 6566 CReAAH). comprises entre 4 960 et 7 335 km2, celle des Osismes faisant nécessité d’importantes mises en terrasse, et une parure monu- figure d’exception, avec ses 10 909 km2 (Batardy et al. 2013). mentale relativement développée. Dans le détail, des différences À ces huit cités répondent autant de chefs-lieux : Carhaix sensibles sont toutefois perceptibles concernant les origines (Vorgium) pour les Osismes, Corseul (Fanum Martis) pour les – Angers, peut-être sous la forme d’un oppidum, et Jublains, Coriosolites, Vannes (Darioritum) pour les Vénètes, Rennes avec un sanctuaire territorial gaulois, étant occupés avant la (Condate) pour les Riédons, Jublains (Noviodunum) pour les conquête –, sur les surfaces maximales atteintes – de 23-25 ha Diablintes, Le Mans (Vindinum) pour les Cénomans, Angers pour Jublains à plus d’une centaine pour Carhaix – ou encore sur (Juliomagus) pour les Andécaves et Nantes (Condevicnum) pour les rythmes du développement urbain. les Namnètes3. Examinées à leur apogée, ces villes présentent S’y ajoutent 78 autres agglomérations sur lesquelles on des aspects similaires et assez « classiques », avec un plan glo- insistera davantage et qui, en fonction du niveau de connais- balement régulier, à l’exception du Mans où la topographie a sances dont on dispose et après un examen critique, sont réparties en 25 sites certains, 6 probables et 47 hypothétiques.
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