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196 Proceedings of the Society, January 14, 1929

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196 Proceedings of the Society, January 14, 1929 6 19 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , JANUAR , 1929Y14 . III. A CELTIC GOD ON A SCOTTISH SCULPTURED STONE. BY DONALD A. MACKENZIE, F.S.A.ScoT. r Nationaou n I l Museu replica m s i vera f ao y remarkable sculptured stone from Meigle, on which are three figures in relief. The thoroughly pagan character of the group takes the eye at once. Mr Romilly Alien has suggested thacentrae th t l figur t usua no "s i e a s li triton, t i t "bu to find tritons in arbitrary association with land animals. On one side of this figure is a mythological boar, and on the other a convention- alised wolf e flatteneth , d hea f whic do suggesy hma a leopardt t i t bu , Pig. 1. The Meigle .Stone, showing mythological figure between two animals. must not be overlooked that animals with flattened heads are in folk- tales the reputed leaders of herds of supernatural animals (fig. 1). It is evident that these animals on the Meigle stone had a symbolic relationship to the so-called "triton." The group, indeed, is strongly reminiscen e Cernunnoth e plaquee f th o th t f f o o sse grouon n o p Gundestrup cauldron whic s preservei h e Nationath n i d l Museum, Copenhagen. Cernunnos, the "squatting god," is there shown between a deer and wolf (or hysena) grasping a horned and looping snake in his left hand. His name is believed to be derived from cern, horned, which had the secondary meaning of " victory."J In my recently published book Buddhism in Pre-Christian Britain I gave a good deal of evidence regarding the existence of the Cernunnos cult in ancient Britain and Ireland before my attention had been arrested by this unique Meigle stone Jubainvillee D notee . b y passingn di ma t ,i , connects Cernunnos wit e IrisBuar-ainechd th h go h ("cow-faced") s wela ,s a l wit "e Tarvohth s Trigaranos Clune th n y"i Museum, Paris.2 1 Rev. Celt., vol. xx 375. p . Irishe 1Th Mythological Cycle (English trans.), Londo Dublind nan , 1903 . 218-9pp , . SCOTTISA A N CELTIO D HCGO SCULPTURED STONE. 197 The so-called " triton" from e heaa horneMeigl th f o ds dha e bull; e bodth y from nec o waist k s humani t d wrigglinan , g snakee ar s grasped in both hands; the legs are serpentine and entwined, suggest- e squattinth g in g posture d thean ,y terminat n fisi e h y tailsAn . resemblanc t bearei "a trito accounteo e st b n "ca influence dth foy b r e of Asia, for the fish-tailed supernatural beings of the Phoenicians, Greeks, etc., have undoubtedl a yhistor y roote Mesopotamian i d e Th . Babylonia fish-god Ba, one of whose names was Dagan, appears, for instance, to have been the prototype of the Dagon of the Philistines, as was his wife of the fish-tailed goddess Atergatis, the mermaid-like e Meiglgoddessth t eBu figure. , which combine e bull-godth s , man-god, serpent-god d fish-godan , s muci , h more comple e seaxth -tha e ar n beingMediterraneae th f o s n area t appearI . havo t s eclosea r relation- ship to the composite Celtic bull-god which became known to the Greeks as far back as the third century B.C., as we gather from a fragmen f poetryo t . When Seleucus Nicator received fro e Hindmth u monarch Chandragupta a number of Indian animals, he sent a tiger, etc., to Greece. Philemon, the Greek poet, in one of his lost comedies, wrote humorousl e wonderfuth f yo l tigesuggestedd an r tha return i t n they should presen Seleucuo t t s that even more remarkable beaste th , " Trugeranos." M. J. Vendryes has shown that Philemon's reference is Celtie th o ct " Trigaranos, namee divine th th f f o so e e bull"on , Tarvos.1 This bull-go a connectio d ha d n with fertilising water. Thera " s i e distinct mythological flavour," as Professor W. J. Watson shows, in some of the bull (tarbh) river, well, and other names in Scotland and Ireland.2 The mythological boar which figures on the Meigle stone seems all the more significant whe fine e boanw th d r connected with Cernunnod san e serpene Gaulis th th a coi f n no o t h Remi, boar symbol e Latth en o s Celtic armou Icene th f south-easterf o io r n England mythologicaa d an , l boar with symbols on the "boar stone" near Inverness. Tacitus refers e boareligioua th s a ro t s symbo Celtic-speakine th f o l g ^Estyi onle th , y Baltic people who gathered amber. "They worship the mother of the gods, e says"h , "and wear figure f wilo s d boaremblen a s a s f mtheio r superstition. This amulet supersedes arms and all other protections carried an votare goddese th s th f yo s safely even throug enemies."s hhi The Picts, whose organisatio Orn a duals ed (Boarnwa ha , ) clan3 . Of special interest is the treatment of the ears of the divine boars. e MeiglOnth e stone the e clipped e yInvernesar th n o ; s stone thee yar represented by comma-shaped symbols, and those of the Iceni have ears 1 Rev. Celt,, vol. xxviii . 124p . Philemon quote Athenseusy db , xiii. 57 . 2 W. J. Watson, History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland, p. 453. 1 Germania, chap. .45 8 19 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , JANUAR , 192914 Y . distended f witi s h,a solar-disc symbols knoe W w . Base e thath th tn i t ears of sacred pigs received special treatment. Like the boar, the wolf is also a prominent animal in Celtic myth- ology. Accordin Camdeno gt Irise th , h terme wole dth f " Chari Christi," while Aubrey tells thae fang-tootth t a talisma a s wol f wa o hf n ni Ireland. "e Irish, Somth f "o e wrote Spensero makt e e th eus ,e "do wolf their gossip." In the Leabhar Breathnach it is stated that " the descendant n Ossory"i e wole th ar ff o s; this people , e rac"f th o e Laighne Faelaidh," were reporte o assumdt e formeth f wolveso s n I . early Christian times in Ireland the explanation was proffered that these people had to assume wolf forms in consequence of a curse impose t NatalisS y db abboe ,th Kilmanaghf to , Kilkenny.1 Light may be thrown on the curious form of the Meigle wolf by the following extract fro r GeorgD m e Henderson's Survivals n i Belief among the Celts :—2 "The Irish onchu, 'leopard,' also standard, whenc e Gaelith e c onnchon, 'standard,' from French onceau, once, 'a species of jaguar,' seems preserved in Wester Boss with the change of n to r, as o'r chu, written odhar chu, in e sens th e creatur f e wolhowth eo th f ; fo l e thus named inspire e nativedth s e whic witd d theiaw ool f ha hfeaa d r an r origi n dayni s whe e wolnth f prowled of evenings among the flocks." The Meigle figures appear to have survived into the Christian period from pagan times. Similar groups doubto n , , were depicted originally oa nsofte r material than stone. Gilda s e "refer moulderingth o t s " figure f heatheo s n deities whic himsele hh seend "d ha moulderinf an , g " suggests wood. The treatment of the legs of the so-called " triton" indicate t hasar thadlona e th gt histore Celtith n cyi area befort i e was transferre o stone—at d t whics ar nit s f manifestei ho e on n i d phases on the now famous Battersea shield, in the British Museum, Tena whicL f eo dates hi . A shavI e indicated Meigle ,th e grou reminiscenps i Cernunnoe th f o t s group on the Gundestrup silver cauldron. This relic "was found in piece a drie n i sd peat mos t Raevmosa s e districth n f Aalborgi eo t , Jutland. The cauldron, which has been skilfully restored, is formed of riveted silver plaques and has an iron ring round the rim. Dr Sophus Mulle relegates firse rha th t o centurt t di y B.C. Figures in repousse work adorn the various plaques. On one is a processio a Tenf warriorL no e th epoch f so , four bein horsebackn go , six being foot-soldiers armed with spear lond san g shields.an dseventa h evidentl ycommander,\vhila e three men, als footn oo , blow long serpent- mouthed trumpets. Above the foot-soldiers are four warriors riding 1 Coir Anmann, edited by Whitley Stokes, p. 377. ' Glasgow, 1911, pp. 172-3. A CELTIC GOD ON A SCOTTISH SCULPTURED STONE. 199 horses interestinn A . g fac thas i t t these warriors resemble closele yth Celtic warriors describe Poseidoniuy db Apameaf so visiteo wh , d Western Europe before 78 B.C. and appears to have penetrated to Britain. His writings survive onl fragmentsn yi , quoted chiefl Diodoruy b y s Siculus d Strabo an represente ) forme30 Th . (v r s Poseidoniu s sayina s g that the Celtic soldiers wore breeches and striped cloaks adorned with floral patterns d thaan ,t these were heav r winteyfo r wea lighted an rr fo r summer.
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