L'impact Des Changements Climatiques Sur Les Glaciers Alpins

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L'impact Des Changements Climatiques Sur Les Glaciers Alpins L'impact des changements climatiques sur les glaciers alpins Christian Vincent To cite this version: Christian Vincent. L'impact des changements climatiques sur les glaciers alpins. Sciences de la Terre. Universit´ede Grenoble, 2010. Fran¸cais. <tel-00596523> HAL Id: tel-00596523 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596523 Submitted on 27 May 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. LABORATOIRE DE GLACIOLOGIE ET GEOPHYSIQUE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT UMR5183 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université Joseph Fourier 54, rue Molière – Domaine Universitaire BP 96 – 38402 – Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex (France) L’IMPACT DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES SUR LES GLACIERS ALPINS Christian VINCENT Travaux de VAE pour l’obtention du doctorat de l’Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble 1) Spécialité : Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers Date de Soutenance : 26 janvier 2010 Composition du jury : E. Jaillard (Président), Martin Funk, P.Etchevers, E. Thibert, M. Fily (directeur de thèse) , B. Genoud 1 Remerciements : Je remercie Michel Fily qui a bien voulu m’accompagner et relire cette synthèse de mes travaux de recherche. Je voudrais remercier ici ceux qui m’ont encouragé à me lancer dans cette thèse, en particulier Thierry Lebel et Eric Brun. Je remercie bien sûr mes collègues les plus proches qui n’ont pas été avares d’encouragements et de soutiens, en particulier Patrick, Delphine, Yves, Manu, Vincent, Alvaro… Alvaro m’a été, sans le savoir, d’un grand secours puisque j’ai dû encadrer sa thèse sans avoir fait cet exercice auparavant. Sa soutenance de thèse a été la motivation essentielle pour me pousser à m’engager dans cette voie en vue de l’obtention d’un doctorat et d’une HDR. Plus en amont, je dois remercier Michel Vallon qui m’a transmis sa passion pour la science et en particulier son goût à repérer les « coquilles ». Il aurait pu encadrer cette thèse mais ce ne serait pas encore terminé…. Je remercie Louis Reynaud pour sa passion aussi, son aptitude à raconter la science et pour les nombreux bons moments passés ensemble sur le terrain. 2 Table des matières Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Chapitre I : L’évolution des glaciers alpins : état des lieux et méthodes d’observation 8 I.1. Les fluctuations des fronts des glaciers alpins …………………………………….. 9 I.2. Les variations d’épaisseur et les vitesses d’écoulement des glaciers………………. 13 I.2.1. Méthodes de mesures et données disponibles …………………………………….. 13 I.2.2. Exemple du glacier de Gébroulaz ………………………………………………… 14 I.3. Les bilans de masse glaciaire ………………………………………………………. 19 I.3.1. Définitions ……………………………………………………………………….. 19 I.3.2. Les méthodes de mesure du bilan de masse …………………............................... 21 I.3.3. Les variations des bilans de masse glaciaires dans les Alpes…………………….. 22 I.4. Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………… 23 Chapitre II : Impact du climat sur les bilans de masse glaciaires ………………………. 25 II.1. Sensibilité des bilans de masse de surface aux paramètres météorologiques ……… 25 II.1.1. Sites de mesures et données utilisées …………………………………………….. 26 II.1.2. Sensibilité des bilans de masse hivernaux aux précipitions ……………………… 26 II.1.3. Relations entre les bilans de masse estivaux et les températures estivales ………. 27 II.2. Reconstruction des bilans de masse depuis le début du 20ème siècle ……………….. 30 II.2.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 30 II.2.2. L’impact du climat sur l’évolution de 4 glaciers français au cours du 20ème Siècle 30 II.2.3. Discussions et conclusions ………………………………………………………... 43 II.3. Analyse de l’ablation des 25 dernières années et de son origine climatique ……….. 44 II.3.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 44 II.3.2. L’ablation de glace comme preuve du changement du climat au cours du 20ème siècle ……………………………………………………………………………… 44 II.3.3. Discussions et conclusions ……………………………………………………… 56 II.4. Le paradoxe de la fin du Petit Age de Glace : les températures augmentent et les glaciers avancent …………………………………………………………………. 60 II.4.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 60 II.4.2. Le paradoxe de la fin du Petit Age de Glace……………………………………… 60 II.4.3. Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………….. 65 Chapitre III : Impact des changements climatiques sur les glaciers alpins de très haute altitude dans le Massif du Mont Blanc …..……………………………… 66 III.1. Les observations glaciologiques de très haute altitude dans le Massif du Mont Blanc ……………………………………………………………………………… 66 III.2. Impact du climat sur les bilans de masse des glaciers de très haute altitude …….. 67 III.2.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 67 III.2.2. Les bilans de masse des glaciers de très haute altitude dans le Massif du Mont Blanc au cours du 20ème siècle …………………………………………………. 68 III.2.3. Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………. 78 III.3. Réchauffement des glaciers froids de très haute altitude ………………………… 78 III.3.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 78 III.3.2. L’évolution des températures du glacier du Col du Dôme …... 79 III.3.3. Conclusions ................................................................................ 85 Chapitre IV : Impact sur la dynamique des glaciers : fluctuations d’épaisseurs, de vitesses et de longueurs …………………………………………………. 86 3 IV.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 86 IV.2. Fluctuations du glacier d’Argentière au cours des 50 dernières années et lien avec les bilans de masse …………………………………………………………………. 86 IV.2.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 86 IV.2.2. Analyse de la crue et de la décrue du glacier d’Argentière à partir de 50 années d’observations glaciologiques …………………………………………………. 87 IV.2.3. Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………. 95 IV.3. Analyse des fluctuations de la Mer de Glace et simulation des conditions Stationnaires ……………………………………………………………………… 96 IV.3.1. Les observations glaciologiques de la Mer de Glace ………………………….. 96 IV.3.1.1. Topographie de surface de la Mer de Glace …………………………………. 96 IV.3.1.2. Topographie sous-glaciaire ………………………………………………….. 97 IV.3.1.3. Variations de l’épaisseur de la Mer de Glace ………………………………….. 99 IV.3.1.4. Vitesses d’écoulement en surface …………………………………………… 102 IV.3.1.5. Bilans de masse de surface …………………………………………………….. 102 IV.3.1.6. Variations du front de la Mer de Glace ……………………………………… 103 IV.3.2. Analyse des flux de glace et estimation du recul du front en état stationnaire… 104 IV.4. L’importance des conditions basales et l’hydrologie sous-glaciaire : exemple de Saint Sorlin ………………………………………………………………………. 109 IV.4.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 109 IV.4.2. Analyse du comportement dynamique du glacier de Saint Sorlin à partir de 40 ans d’observations 1957 – 97 ………………………………………………….. 109 IV.4.3. Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………. 118 IV.5. Conclusions générales du chapitre IV et travaux postérieurs ……………………. 118 Chapitre V : Impacts sur les risques d’origine glaciaire ………………………………… 121 V.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 121 V.2. Le lac supra-glaciaire de Rochemelon ……………………………………………… 122 V.2.1. La situation de crise en 2004 et les travaux de vidange effectués en 2004 et 2005 122 V.2.2. Analyse du risque lié au débordement du lac de Rochemelon …………………… 124 V.2.3. Conclusions de l’étude de Rochemelon ………………………………………….. 148 V.3. Risques liés aux chutes de séracs …………………………………………………... 149 V.3.1. Les catastrophes du passé ………………………………………………………… 149 V.3.2. La chute de séracs de Taconnaz ………………………………………………….. 150 V.3.2.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………….. 150 V.3.2.2. L’étude de la chute de séracs en 2003 ………………………………………….. 152 V.3.2.3. Surveillance de la chute de séracs de Taconnaz ……………………………….. 153 V.3.2.4. Conclusions …………………………………………………………………….. 166 V.4. Les poches d’eau intra-glaciaires …………………………………………………... 168 V.4.1. La catastrophe de Tête Rousse en 1892 ………………………………………….. 168 V.4.2. Objectifs de l’étude du glacier de Tête Rousse ………………………………….. 169 V.4.3. Analyse de l’origine de la catastrophe de Tête Rousse en 1892 ………………… 169 V.4.4. Conclusions sur l’origine de la catastrophe de Tête Rousse en 1892 …………… 191 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… 194 4 Introduction Dans le cadre des changements climatiques, les glaciers constituent de précieux indicateurs [IPCC, 2007]. Ils enregistrent et intègrent naturellement des informations sur les paramètres climatiques dans des régions variées du globe, et en particulier dans des environnements difficiles d'accès à la mesure météorologique traditionnelle (température, précipitation…). Pour le grand public, les glaciers attirent naturellement l’attention et constituent des preuves tangibles du réchauffement climatique. Par exemple, la comparaison de deux photographies à cent ans d’intervalle est plus compréhensible et plus percutante, aux yeux du grand public, qu’une courbe de températures qui évoluent dans une amplitude de quelques dixièmes de degrés. Les fluctuations des fronts glaciaires de 1 à 3 km dans les Alpes au cours des 150 dernières années paraissent plus représentatives qu’une tendance de température d’environ 1°C pour un siècle. L’interprétation simpliste
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