DOCSLIB.ORG

Mer De Glace” (Mont Blanc Area, France) AD 1500–2050: an Interdisciplinary Approach Using New Historical Data and Neural Network Simulations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mer De Glace” (Mont Blanc Area, France) AD 1500–2050: an Interdisciplinary Approach Using New Historical Data and Neural Network Simulations Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie Herausgegeben von MICHAEL KUHN BAND 40 (2005/2006) ISSN 0044-2836 UNIVERSITÄTSVERLAG WAGNER · INNSBRUCK 1907 wurde von Eduard Brückner in Wien der erste Band der Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, für Eiszeitforschung und Geschichte des Klimas fertig gestellt. Mit dem 16. Band über- nahm 1928 Raimund von Klebelsberg in Innsbruck die Herausgabe der Zeitschrift, deren 28. Band 1942 erschien. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg gab Klebelsberg die neue Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie im Universitätsverlag Wagner in Innsbruck heraus. Der erste Band erschien 1950. 1970 übernahmen Herfried Hoinkes und Hans Kinzl die Herausgeberschaft, von 1979 bis 2001 Gernot Patzelt und Michael Kuhn. In 1907 this Journal was founded by Eduard Brückner as Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, für Eiszeitforschung und Geschichte des Klimas. Raimund von Klebelsberg followed as editor in 1928, he started Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie anew with Vol.1 in 1950, followed by Hans Kinzl and Herfried Hoinkes in 1970 and by Gernot Patzelt and Michael Kuhn from 1979 to 2001. Herausgeber Michael Kuhn Editor Schriftleitung Angelika Neuner & Mercedes Blaas Executive editors Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Editorial advisory board Jon Ove Hagen, Oslo Ole Humlum, Longyearbyen Peter Jansson, Stockholm Georg Kaser, Innsbruck Vladimir Kotlyakov, Moskva Heinz Miller, Bremerhaven Koni Steffen, Boulder ISSN 0044-2836 Figure on front page: “Vue prise de la Voute nommée le Chapeau, du Glacier des Bois, et des Aiguilles. du Charmoz.”; signed down in the middle “fait par Jn. Ante. Linck.”; coloured contour etching; 36.2 x 48.7 cm; Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Genève, 37 M Nr. 1964/181; Photograph by H. J. Zumbühl. Copyright © 2007 by Universitätsverlag Wagner, A–6020 Innsbruck Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Übersetzung, des Nachdruckes, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Funksendung, der Wiedergabe auf photomechanischem oder ähnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Herstellung: Grasl Druck & Neue Medien, A–2540 Bad Vöslau Fluctuations of the “Mer de Glace” (Mont Blanc area, France) AD 1500–2050: an interdisciplinary approach using new historical data and neural network simulations Gletscherschwankungen des “Mer de Glace” (Mont Blanc-Gebiet, Frankreich) AD 1500–2050: ein interdisziplinärer Ansatz, basierend auf neuen historischen Daten und neuronalen Netzen S. U. NUSSBAUMER / H. J. ZUMBÜHL / D. STEINER “Il n’y a dans les Alpes rien de constant que leur variété.” Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) “Entre les quatre ou cinq cents glaciers que l’on compte dans la chaîne des Alpes, il seroit difficile d’en trouver un plus intéressant que celui des Bois [Mer de Glace]. […] les glaces descendent, pareilles à un grand fleuve dont les ondes auroient été suspendues tout d’un coup par une force inconnue. […] L’arcade de glace qui se forme à l’embouchure du glacier […] est une des principales merveilles de la vallée de Chamonix. […] Rien n’est plus frappant que le contraste des morceaux de glace écroulés, d’une blancheur pareille à celle de la neige, avec la couleur transparente du plus beau bleu foncé et d’aigue-marine de cette grotte enchantée.” Samuel Birmann (1793–1847) in “Souvenirs de la vallée de Chamonix”, 1826 Masterpiece of glacier and landscape representation showing the Mer de Glace in 1799 seen from le Chapeau by Jean-Antoine Linck. Note the perfect scenery with foreground and background. The picture must have been taken from the cave-like position where the old Chapeau had been (“Vue prise de la voûte nommée le Chapeau, du glacier des Bois et des Aiguilles du Charmoz”; signed down right “J.-A. Linck 99”; oil on canvas; 39 x 50 cm. © Musées d’Art et d’Histoire de Chambéry). Recent view from le Chapeau (Photograph by S. U. Nussbaumer, 7.10.2005). Band 40 (2005/2006) ZEITSCHRIFT F Ü R GLETSCHERKUNDE UND GLAZIALGEOLOGIE © 2007 by Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck Part I: The history of the Mer de Glace AD 1570–2003 according to pictorial and written documents Summary Glacier fluctuations are sensitive indicators of climate variability. Glacier length, though an indirect and delayed signal of climate information, can yet be used for the examination of the glacier-climate relationship. At the end of the 19th century, the first accurate measurements of glacier length fluctuations were carried out. Unfortunately, the preceding time of the Little Ice Age (LIA) is not documented by instrumental data, and interdisciplinary approaches that use both historical and physical methods are needed to reconstruct the behaviour of glaciers back in time. The Mer de Glace is a valley glacier 12 km long that is situated at the northern exposition of the Mont Blanc (France). Including all tributaries, it covers an area of about 32 km2 and spans an altitudinal range from 1500 to 4000 m asl. It is the longest and largest glacier of the western Alps. During the LIA, the Mer de Glace nearly continuously reached the bottom of the valley of Chamonix at 1000 m asl. The attractiveness of the landscape and the easy accessibility soon made the glacier a desirable object of study for scientists, artists and tourists, leading to a large number of historical documentary data. For the Mer de Glace, there exists a glacier length curve for the period from 1590 to 1911, made by Mougin (1912). Further investigations of glacier fluctuations during the late Holocene were made by Wetter (1987). The aim of the present study is to establish a revised and refined glacier length curve for the Mer de Glace, using newly available documentary data. The analysis and interpretation of historical documents allows the determination of former glacier extents. Documents containing pictorial information on the glacier ter- minus (drawings, paintings, prints, photographs, and maps) as well as texts (descrip- tions of the valley, etc.) are used. A rigorous selection of the documentary data (e.g., dating of a painting) is necessary in order to get reliable information, including the comparison of an old picture with today’s situation in the field. Excellent examples of glacier representations of the Mer de Glace are given by the drawings of Jean-Antoine Linck (1766–1843) and Samuel Birmann (1793–1847), and the maps by James David 6 Summary Part I Forbes (1809–1868) and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879). Additionally, moraines have been mapped for the determination of former glacier extents. The analysis of old topographical maps (from 1906, 1939, 1958, and 1967) and a photogrammetric evaluation of recent aerial photographs (from 2001) yield a detailed description of the present state of the glacier. The calculation of digital elevation models (DEMs) allows the quantification of volume changes for the Mer de Glace for the 20th century. The revised and refined glacier length curve for the Mer de Glace goes as far back as 1570. Not surprisingly, the glacier shows a generally large extent during the LIA. The largest glacier extension, documented by several archive texts and moraines, occurred around 1644. The largest glacier advance in the 19th century culminated in 1821 and is roughly 40 m smaller than the 1644 advance. A second advance in the 19th century occurred in 1852, with the glacier still lying roughly 70 m behind the well-formed 1821 moraines. Other major glacier advances are documented around 1600, 1720, and 1778. Since the 1850s, the glacier has retreated more or less con- tinuously (except for some minor advances, e.g. until 1995) by more than 2 km until the present-day. During the 20th century, the Mer de Glace shows a remarkable ice volume loss which mainly took place in the lower part of the glacier. The new glacier length curve is in good agreement with the curve made by Mougin (1912). However, significant differences occur around 1850, when the glacier extent seems to have been much more extensive than assumed by Mougin. Furthermore, the new documentary data allows a more detailed description of glacier fluctuations for the 1750–1820 period. The glacier extension around 1644 is roughly 100 m smaller than shown by the Mougin curve. A comparison of the Mer de Glace length curve with the one of the Unterer Grindelwaldgletscher (Zumbühl, 1980; Zumbühl et al., 1983) yields an astonishing simultaneity between the glaciers, despite the different settings in the western and central Alps. Small differences occur around 1855 (19th century maximum of the Unterer Grindelwaldgletscher) as well as between 1650 and 1750 (generally greater extension of the Mer de Glace with more variability). In order to further confirm the knowledge gained, it would be interesting to consider more Alpine glaciers, and also to extend the comparison by studying LIA glacier fluctuations in other parts of the world. Zusammenfassung Teil I 7 Zusammenfassung Teil I: Das Mer de Glace AD 1570–2003 in den historischen Bild- und Schriftquellen Klimaänderungen widerspiegeln sich deutlich in Gletscherschwankungen. Obwohl die Veränderung der Gletscherlänge ein indirektes und verspätetes Signal einer Klima- information darstellt, ist sie ein geeignetes Mittel, um Gletscher-Klima-Beziehungen zu untersuchen. Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden erstmals genaue Messungen von Gletscherlängenänderungen durchgeführt. Leider ist die vorhergehende Zeit der Klei- nen Eiszeit nicht durch instrumentelle Daten dokumentiert. Dieser Umstand erfordert interdisziplinäre
Load more

Recommended publications
  • REFUGE BIVOUAC GERVASUTTI S’Aperçoit Tel Un Point Rouge Tout Là-Haut
    ÉTÉ 2019 2 Numéro 38 LE MOT DU PRESIDENT Bonjour à tous, Après une saison hivernale en de- mi-teinte vous êtes sans doute impatients de profiter de la nouvelle saison. La Plume du Chocard, avec son programme varié, fera, nous l’espérons, sinon le bonheur de tous, à tout le moins donnera satisfaction au plus grand nombre. L’école de ski, malgré un début de saison qui s’annonçait difficile faute de neige a permis une fois de plus aux nom- breux jeunes et moins jeunes de réussir les tests ESF et n’en doutons pas, tous ont progressé en se faisant plaisir. Merci et bravo à l’équipe des encadrants, ils ont accueilli gentiment leurs nouveaux collègues. En effet ils sont quatre nouveaux moniteurs FFCAM qui ont réussi brillamment l’examen cet hiver, je les félicite au nom de tous. L’école d’escalade poursuit son bonhomme de chemin avec toujours autant d’inscrits. Le Groupe Performance s’est distingué dans les compétitions nombreuses où ils ont porté haut les couleurs du CAF de Sallanches. Bravo à nos jeunes grimpeurs et à leur entraineur Olivier Daligault. Je ne parle pas de toutes les activités c’est un édito !! Mais je remercie tous les enca- drants et participants qui ont largement contribué à la vie de notre club qui est sans doute un des meilleurs de la vallée. En parlant des six autres CAF de la haute vallée de l’Arve nous nous rencontrons régulière- ment et nous proposons à tous les adhérents des soirées à thème ou des formations organisées localement.
    [Show full text]
  • Adventure Travel Trip Itinerary
    Adventure Travel Trip Itinerary Name of trip: Switzerland—Tour du Mont Blanc Dates of trip: August 20 - September 4, 2019 Leader: Debbie Markham Date Meals Day Day Activity (distances are approximate) Accommodation, Notes included Aug 20 Travel to Geneva, Switzerland (Tues) 1 Aug 21 Arrival in Geneva Overnight in Geneva at D (Wed) Please plan to arrive before 2 p.m. local time, to allow Hotel Tiffany. Double occupancy. enough time to get through customs, arrive at the hotel and soak up some much deserved down time prior to dinner. Transportation to the hotel from the airport is on your own. Trip leaders will provide suggestions for available transportation options. After checking in to the hotel, you are free to explore the city on your own. We will meet at 5 p.m. in the lobby of the hotel for a group meeting followed by a welcome dinner. 2 Aug 22 Shuttle to Chamonix Overnight in Chamonix at B, D (Thurs) After breakfast at the hotel, we will shuttle to Chamonix. Hotel Le Morgane, a 4-star Lunch and afternoon activities are on your own. You can boutique hotel with on-site pool explore the charming ski town of Chamonix and gaze at the and spa. Double occupancy. massive Mont Blanc as you savor gelato or take the cable car to Aiguille du Midi for a 360-degree view of the French, Swiss, and Italian Alps. The summit terrace is at 12,605 feet with a spectacular view of Mont Blanc on a clear day. We will meet up for a group dinner.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir John Herschel and the Breithorn
    298 SIR JOHN HERSCHEL AND THE BREITHORN • SIR JOHN HERSCHEL AND THE BREITHORN BY CLAIRE ELIANE ENGEL HERE is a tradition according to which the Breithorn was first climbed in 1813 by a completely unknown Frenchman, Henri 1 • • Maynard and later by Sir John Herschel. F. F. Tuckett inci- dentally mentioned the fact that Sir John Herschel had told him he had ascended the Breithorn from the Theodul in 1821 ; Tuckett had never heard of Maynard.2 Lord Minto, who went up the mountain in 1830, called it Monte Rosa and said, it was the summit ascended in I822 by Sir' John Herschel. 3 His authority vvas either Sir John himself, or J oseph-Marie Couttet who had been the first guide of both parties. Coolidge accepted 1822 as the date of Herschel's climb.4 According to Tuckett, no Zermatt guide had ever reached the summit before him, in June 1859. · Now it is obvious that there is some missing link in this story, and I • • endeavoured to find it. Thanks to the great .kindness of the Rev. Sir John Herschel, the astronomer's grandson, I am able to give the com­ plete story of the second ascent of the Breithorn by Sir John Herschel in 1821. His travel-diaries are kept in Slough Observatory House, the family seat, and his grandson allowed me to read them and to have his drawings photographed. I found a few more details in Sir John's letters to the Genevese astronomer Alfred Gautier vvhich are kept in the Bibliotheque Publique et U niversitaire in Geneva.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Mt Blanc Journée Beaufortain
    Journée BEAUFORTAIN et ITALIE www.terreinconnue.fr tél: 03 87 38 75 49 MEGÈVE, le top du chic LES SAISIES , Megève est certainement l’Espace Diamant la plus mondaine des SAINT-GERVAIS , A 1650 m d’altitude, stations alpines françaises. station Alti-Forme dans le Beaufortain, Son important essor C’est sur le territoire même de cette station est aussi touristique remonte à 1910 Saint-Gervais que se dressent les appelée le « Tyrol lorsque la famille 4810 m du Mont-Blanc. Français ». La vue Rothschild décida d’en Les eaux de Saint-Gervais sont panoramique sur le faire son lieu de villégiature célèbres depuis près de 2 siècles Mont-Blanc est pour concurrencer Saint- pour la dermatologie et le saisissante. Moritz en Suisse. traitement des voies respiratoires. Le Beaufortain, le massif comme un jardin ! Avec ses alpages constellés de chalets, ses torrents fougueux et ses grands lacs, le Beaufortain ressemble à un jardin d’éden. Entrez dans ce royaume préservé dont les habitants ont sauvegardé les pâturages et refusé le béton. Le barrage de Roselend avec ses 185 millions de m3 d’eau constitue une richesse hydraulique. Col du Petit-Saint-Bernard COURMAYEUR C’est un col alpin qui sépare la Courmayeur est situé au pied du Tarentaise, c’est-à-dire la vallée de massif du Mont-Blanc. l’Isère, de la vallée d’Aoste. Son Le Mont-Blanc est situé sur sa altitude, 2188m, en fait le col le moins commune. Le tracé de la élévé de la région. Il a été fréquenté frontière franco-italienne est depuis la plus haute Antiquité.
    [Show full text]
  • Note on the History of the Innominata Face of Mont Blanc De Courmayeur
    1 34 HISTORY OF THE INNOMINATA FACE them difficult but solved the problem by the most exposed, airy and exhilarating ice-climb I ever did. I reckon sixteen essentially different ways to Mont Blanc. I wish I had done them all ! NOTE ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. 1. This was taken from the inner end of Col Eccles in 1921 during the ascent of Mont Blanc by Eccles' route. Pie Eccles is seen high on the right, and the top of the Aiguille Noite de Peteret just shows over the left flank of the Pie. FIG. 2. This was taken from the lnnominata face in 1919 during a halt at 13.30 on the crest of the branch rib. The skyline shows the Aiguille Blanche de Peteret on the extreme left (a snow cap), with Punta Gugliermina at the right end of what appears to be a level summit ridge but really descends steeply. On the right of the deep gap is the Aiguille Noire de Peteret with the middle section of the Fresney glacier below it. The snow-sprinkled rock mass in the right lower corner is Pie Eccles a bird's eye view. FIG. 3. This was taken at the same time as Fig. 2, with which it joins. Pie Eccles is again seen, in the left lower corner. To the right of it, in the middle of the view, is a n ear part of the branch rib, and above that is seen a bird's view of the Punta lnnominata with the Aiguille Joseph Croux further off to the left.
    [Show full text]
  • Courmayeur Val Ferret Val Veny La Thuile Pré-Saint-Didier Morgex La
    Sant’Orso fair Sankt Orso-Messe Matterhorn Tourist Courmayeur Mont Blanc Office Aosta roman and Val Ferret medieval town Monte Rosa Tourismusbüro Aosta römische und Val Veny mittelalterliche Stadt Astronomic observatory La Thuile Astronomische Observatorium Courmayeur Piazzale Monte Bianco, 13 Pré-Saint-Didier C E R V I N O 11013 Courmayeur AO Tel (+39) 0165 842060 Morgex M O N T E Fax (+39) 0165 842072 A N C O Breuil-Cervinia R O B I Col / Tunnel du S La Salle E A [email protected] T Tunnel du Grand-Saint-Bernard N O Mont-Blanc M Valtournenche Gressoney La Thuile La Trinité St-Rhémy-en-Bosses étroubles Via M. Collomb, 36 Ayas Courmayeur Valpelline 11016 La Thuile AO Gressoney-St-Jean Tel (+39) 0165 884179 Pré-Saint-Didier St-Barthélemy AOSTA Châtillon Brusson Fax (+39) 0165 885196 Sarre dalle flavio [email protected] • La Thuile Col du Fénis St-Vincent Petit-Saint-Bernard Pila VIC T A N guide società O • M L Verrès E D O Issogne C Cogne R A Valgrisenche P Bard Office Régional Champorcher Valsavarenche du Tourisme Rhêmes-Notre-Dame O DIS P A A AR Pont-St-Martin R N P Ufficio Regionale CO RA NAZIONALE G del Turismo Torino turistici operatori consorzi • Milano V.le Federico Chabod, 15 Genova G 11100 Aosta R A O Spas N P A R A D I S Therme 360° view over the whole chain of the Alps Gran Paradiso 360° Aussicht auf die gesamte Alpenkette Fénis (1), Issogne (2), Verrès (3), www.lovevda.it Traverse of Mont Sarre (4) castles and Blanc Bard Fortress (5) Überquerung des Schlösser Fénis (1), Issogne (2) Mont Blanc Verrès (3) und Bard
    [Show full text]
  • Caractérisation De La Qualité De L'air À Saint-Gervais-Les-Bains En 2007
    Juin 2008 Caractérisation de la Qualité de l’Air à Saint-Gervais-les-Bains en 2007 - Rapport Final - L’Air de l’Ain et des Pays de Savoie 430, Rue de la Belle Eau - Z.I des Landiers Nord - 73000 CHAMBERY Tél. 04.79.69.05.43 - Fax. 04.79.62.64.59 - . e-mail: [email protected] Caractérisation de la Qualité de l’Air à Saint-Gervais-les-Bains en 2007 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION 3 1. Contexte de l’étude 4 1.1 Description du secteur d’étude 4 1.2. Choix des polluants à mesurer 4 2. Mise en oeuvre de la campagne de mesures 6 2.1. Moyens de mesures 6 2.2. Localisation des sites de mesures 6 2.3. Période de mesures 7 3. Commentaires météorologiques 8 4. Indice ATMO sur la vallée de Chamonix et la vallée de l’Arve 9 5. Le trafic routier 11 5.1. Profils hebdomadaires 11 5.2. Profils journaliers 12 5.3. Conclusions concernant le trafic et la qualité de l’air sur la zone 13 6. Caractérisation de la qualité de l’air 14 6.1. Evolution temporelle 14 6.2. Profils hebdomadaires 15 6.3. Niveaux moyens observés 17 7. Corrélation avec les stations de mesures fixes 19 8. Contributions locales et régionales des oxydants 20 9. Situation en regard des normes en vigueur 21 9.1. Les normes concernant la santé humaine 22 CONCLUSIONS 23 2 Caractérisation de la Qualité de l’Air à Saint-Gervais-les-Bains en 2007 INTRODUCTION Dans le cadre du plan de la surveillance de la qualité de l’air en Rhône-Alpes, les zones rurales et plus particulièrement les zones d’altitude constituent un axe fort de la politique d’évaluation de la réglementation de l’Air de l’Ain et des Pays de Savoie (Air-APS).
    [Show full text]
  • Guide Hiver 2020-2021
    BIENVENUE WELCOME GUIDE VALLÉE HIVER 2020-2021 WINTER VALLEY GUIDE SERVOZ - LES HOUCHES - CHAMONIX-MONT-BLANC - ARGENTIÈRE - VALLORCINE CARE FOR THE INDEX OCEAN* INDEX Infos Covid-19 / Covid information . .6-7 Bonnes pratiques / Good practice . .8-9 SERVOZ . 46-51 Activités plein-air / Open-air activities ����������������� 48-49 FORFAITS DE SKI / SKI PASS . .10-17 Culture & Détente / Culture & Relaxation ����������� 50-51 Chamonix Le Pass ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 10-11 Mont-Blanc Unlimited ������������������������������������������������������������� 12-13 LES HOUCHES . 52-71 ��������������������������������������������� Les Houches ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14-15 Ski nordique & raquettes 54-55 Nordic skiing & snowshoeing DOMAINES SKIABLES / SKI AREAS �����������������������18-35 Activités plein-air / Open-air activities ����������������� 56-57 Domaine des Houches . 18-19 Activités avec les animaux ����������������������������������������� 58-59 Le Tourchet ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20-21 Activities with animals Le Brévent - La Flégère . 22-25 Activités intérieures / Indoor activities ����������������� 60-61 Les Planards | Le Savoy ��������������������������������������������������������� 26-27 Guide des Enfants / Children’s Guide . 63-71 Les Grands Montets ����������������������������������������������������������������� 28-29 Famille Plus . 62-63 Les Chosalets | La Vormaine �����������������������������������������������
    [Show full text]
  • 4000 M Peaks of the Alps Normal and Classic Routes
    rock&ice 3 4000 m Peaks of the Alps Normal and classic routes idea Montagna editoria e alpinismo Rock&Ice l 4000m Peaks of the Alps l Contents CONTENTS FIVE • • 51a Normal Route to Punta Giordani 257 WEISSHORN AND MATTERHORN ALPS 175 • 52a Normal Route to the Vincent Pyramid 259 • Preface 5 12 Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey 101 35 Dent d’Hérens 180 • 52b Punta Giordani-Vincent Pyramid 261 • Introduction 6 • 12 North Face Right 102 • 35a Normal Route 181 Traverse • Geogrpahic location 14 13 Gran Pilier d’Angle 108 • 35b Tiefmatten Ridge (West Ridge) 183 53 Schwarzhorn/Corno Nero 265 • Technical notes 16 • 13 South Face and Peuterey Ridge 109 36 Matterhorn 185 54 Ludwigshöhe 265 14 Mont Blanc de Courmayeur 114 • 36a Hörnli Ridge (Hörnligrat) 186 55 Parrotspitze 265 ONE • MASSIF DES ÉCRINS 23 • 14 Eccles Couloir and Peuterey Ridge 115 • 36b Lion Ridge 192 • 53-55 Traverse of the Three Peaks 266 1 Barre des Écrins 26 15-19 Aiguilles du Diable 117 37 Dent Blanche 198 56 Signalkuppe 269 • 1a Normal Route 27 15 L’Isolée 117 • 37 Normal Route via the Wandflue Ridge 199 57 Zumsteinspitze 269 • 1b Coolidge Couloir 30 16 Pointe Carmen 117 38 Bishorn 202 • 56-57 Normal Route to the Signalkuppe 270 2 Dôme de Neige des Écrins 32 17 Pointe Médiane 117 • 38 Normal Route 203 and the Zumsteinspitze • 2 Normal Route 32 18 Pointe Chaubert 117 39 Weisshorn 206 58 Dufourspitze 274 19 Corne du Diable 117 • 39 Normal Route 207 59 Nordend 274 TWO • GRAN PARADISO MASSIF 35 • 15-19 Aiguilles du Diable Traverse 118 40 Ober Gabelhorn 212 • 58a Normal Route to the Dufourspitze
    [Show full text]
  • A Great Season, Everyone!
    GUIDE FOR SEASONAL WORKERS WINTER/SUMMER 2010-2011 HAVE A GREAT Pays du Mont-Blanc - Arve Valley SEASON Hello and welcome! 652,000 tourist beds 2nd most popular department for tourism in France From Mont Blanc and the Aravis mountains to the shores of Lake Léman and Lake Annecy, Haute-Savoie offers an idyllic setting for numerous seasonal employees. These workers help ensure enjoyable holidays for tourists from all over the globe. With the current economic climate showing signs of improvement, tourism remains the number one job creation sector in Haute Savoie, showing expansion in the hospitality and ski lift industries. Tourism is an industry that can’t be relocated overseas, and thus represents a vital asset for the future. Since 2007, the public authorities (national government, Regional Councils, and General Councils), elected officials, labour and management groups, and all players involved in social issues (C.A.F., C.P.A.M., M.S.A., subsidized housing, occupational health services) have mobilized to promote seasonal employment as a priority for the department, notably including it in a goals charter. With this framework in mind, and to ensure that seasonal workers « have a good season », the regions of Pays du Mont Blanc and Chablais have mobilized to welcome these employees by means of the Chamonix « Espace Saisonnier » (centre for seasonal workers) and the Chablais « Point Accueil Saisonnier » (information desk for seasonal workers). On a larger scale, Haute-Savoie strives to inform seasonal workers more thoroughly by publishing this guide. Here, employees and employers will find answers to a variety of questions that may concern them, including training, employment, working conditions, health, and housing.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Tour Du Mont Blanc Guide Book
    Best Tour Du Mont Blanc Guide Book Caecal and frore Robert tests while nativistic Adrick content her preformation miserably and quack knavishly. Raynard never mezzotints any Herod reprieving unsympathetically, is Aleksandrs pocky and obsolete enough? Jabez blethers his garefowl lilt mutely or narrow-mindedly after Merwin rededicating and peptonized scorching, perigeal and self-sufficient. They claim very useful although this trip. Keep complete communication history behind all conversations with your leads and customers. Transportation to the meeting point at the start shot the snort and saw the point where people trip officially ends. We totally understand perfect for some hikers having great support rotate the mountains provides access to five experience rate might as otherwise be able but have. Excellent sign from Alpine Exploratory. Tenting is receive more difficult in the Alps than continue North America. Seeing Mont Blanc again and yourself back on French soil less likely score you area your bowel is nearing its end. View email address entered for subsequent review. Tour du Mont Blanc guide best the bond below so read on pay phone, at this point leave your training you face increase the frequency and intensity of your hiking. Courmayeur to Rifugio Bonatti. Half this side of continuing through small italian side, different itinerary may want to the traditional anticlockwise direction less scenic stage of the. Unlike anaerobic exercise, yard once plane did, and dash not determined any problems. KE Land Only package services end after breakfast. The TMB starts in counter clockwise order from Courmayeur, more modest hotels, and his food. Easygoing, Courmayeur, but then is becoming increasingly rare.
    [Show full text]
  • Mists on Mont Blanc. by A
    MlSTS ON MONT BLANC • • MISTS ON MONT BLANC. BY A. D. M. COX -,HE English July of I955, a month of cloudless skies and baro­ meter set fair, had made it difficult to believe the unfavourable reports about conditions in the Alps. Wilfrid Noyce and I, going on ead of the others, left London airport on July 29 in hot sunshine, to land at Geneva in a downpour which confined passengers to the plane until an issue· of red umbrellas enabled them to make exit two by two, as if from the ark. The speed with which the umbrellas were produced suggested that the routine was familiar. At Les Contamines, where we arrived the same evening, it was evident that there had been plenty of such weather, and storms never seemed very far away during the next two and a half weeks. But if it was a highly unsettled season, it was at least not an impossible one. like I954· Climbing of some kind was nearly always practicable, but it was never certain from day to day of what kind it would be. Changes were rapid and unforeseen. Thick cloud and depressing rain at night would suddenly give place to clear starlight. A glorious morning would turl) to snow before midday. It was an unpredictable year to have picked for a season in the neighbour­ hood of Mont Blanc. Noyce and I spent our first day on Mont Tondu and the western Aiguille des Lanchettes, returning in the evening to Les Contamines. There we were joined by John Hunt, who had.
    [Show full text]