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Mer De Glace” (Mont Blanc Area, France) AD 1500–2050: an Interdisciplinary Approach Using New Historical Data and Neural Network Simulations

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Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie Herausgegeben von MICHAEL KUHN BAND 40 (2005/2006) ISSN 0044-2836 UNIVERSITÄTSVERLAG WAGNER · INNSBRUCK 1907 wurde von Eduard Brückner in Wien der erste Band der Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, für Eiszeitforschung und Geschichte des Klimas fertig gestellt. Mit dem 16. Band über- nahm 1928 Raimund von Klebelsberg in Innsbruck die Herausgabe der Zeitschrift, deren 28. Band 1942 erschien. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg gab Klebelsberg die neue Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie im Universitätsverlag Wagner in Innsbruck heraus. Der erste Band erschien 1950. 1970 übernahmen Herfried Hoinkes und Hans Kinzl die Herausgeberschaft, von 1979 bis 2001 Gernot Patzelt und Michael Kuhn. In 1907 this Journal was founded by Eduard Brückner as Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, für Eiszeitforschung und Geschichte des Klimas. Raimund von Klebelsberg followed as editor in 1928, he started Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie anew with Vol.1 in 1950, followed by Hans Kinzl and Herfried Hoinkes in 1970 and by Gernot Patzelt and Michael Kuhn from 1979 to 2001. Herausgeber Michael Kuhn Editor Schriftleitung Angelika Neuner & Mercedes Blaas Executive editors Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Editorial advisory board Jon Ove Hagen, Oslo Ole Humlum, Longyearbyen Peter Jansson, Stockholm Georg Kaser, Innsbruck Vladimir Kotlyakov, Moskva Heinz Miller, Bremerhaven Koni Steffen, Boulder ISSN 0044-2836 Figure on front page: “Vue prise de la Voute nommée le Chapeau, du Glacier des Bois, et des Aiguilles. du Charmoz.”; signed down in the middle “fait par Jn. Ante. Linck.”; coloured contour etching; 36.2 x 48.7 cm; Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Genève, 37 M Nr. 1964/181; Photograph by H. J. Zumbühl. Copyright © 2007 by Universitätsverlag Wagner, A–6020 Innsbruck Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Übersetzung, des Nachdruckes, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Funksendung, der Wiedergabe auf photomechanischem oder ähnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Herstellung: Grasl Druck & Neue Medien, A–2540 Bad Vöslau Fluctuations of the “Mer de Glace” (Mont Blanc area, France) AD 1500–2050: an interdisciplinary approach using new historical data and neural network simulations Gletscherschwankungen des “Mer de Glace” (Mont Blanc-Gebiet, Frankreich) AD 1500–2050: ein interdisziplinärer Ansatz, basierend auf neuen historischen Daten und neuronalen Netzen S. U. NUSSBAUMER / H. J. ZUMBÜHL / D. STEINER “Il n’y a dans les Alpes rien de constant que leur variété.” Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) “Entre les quatre ou cinq cents glaciers que l’on compte dans la chaîne des Alpes, il seroit difficile d’en trouver un plus intéressant que celui des Bois [Mer de Glace]. […] les glaces descendent, pareilles à un grand fleuve dont les ondes auroient été suspendues tout d’un coup par une force inconnue. […] L’arcade de glace qui se forme à l’embouchure du glacier […] est une des principales merveilles de la vallée de Chamonix. […] Rien n’est plus frappant que le contraste des morceaux de glace écroulés, d’une blancheur pareille à celle de la neige, avec la couleur transparente du plus beau bleu foncé et d’aigue-marine de cette grotte enchantée.” Samuel Birmann (1793–1847) in “Souvenirs de la vallée de Chamonix”, 1826 Masterpiece of glacier and landscape representation showing the Mer de Glace in 1799 seen from le Chapeau by Jean-Antoine Linck. Note the perfect scenery with foreground and background. The picture must have been taken from the cave-like position where the old Chapeau had been (“Vue prise de la voûte nommée le Chapeau, du glacier des Bois et des Aiguilles du Charmoz”; signed down right “J.-A. Linck 99”; oil on canvas; 39 x 50 cm. © Musées d’Art et d’Histoire de Chambéry). Recent view from le Chapeau (Photograph by S. U. Nussbaumer, 7.10.2005). Band 40 (2005/2006) ZEITSCHRIFT F Ü R GLETSCHERKUNDE UND GLAZIALGEOLOGIE © 2007 by Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck Part I: The history of the Mer de Glace AD 1570–2003 according to pictorial and written documents Summary Glacier fluctuations are sensitive indicators of climate variability. Glacier length, though an indirect and delayed signal of climate information, can yet be used for the examination of the glacier-climate relationship. At the end of the 19th century, the first accurate measurements of glacier length fluctuations were carried out. Unfortunately, the preceding time of the Little Ice Age (LIA) is not documented by instrumental data, and interdisciplinary approaches that use both historical and physical methods are needed to reconstruct the behaviour of glaciers back in time. The Mer de Glace is a valley glacier 12 km long that is situated at the northern exposition of the Mont Blanc (France). Including all tributaries, it covers an area of about 32 km2 and spans an altitudinal range from 1500 to 4000 m asl. It is the longest and largest glacier of the western Alps. During the LIA, the Mer de Glace nearly continuously reached the bottom of the valley of Chamonix at 1000 m asl. The attractiveness of the landscape and the easy accessibility soon made the glacier a desirable object of study for scientists, artists and tourists, leading to a large number of historical documentary data. For the Mer de Glace, there exists a glacier length curve for the period from 1590 to 1911, made by Mougin (1912). Further investigations of glacier fluctuations during the late Holocene were made by Wetter (1987). The aim of the present study is to establish a revised and refined glacier length curve for the Mer de Glace, using newly available documentary data. The analysis and interpretation of historical documents allows the determination of former glacier extents. Documents containing pictorial information on the glacier ter- minus (drawings, paintings, prints, photographs, and maps) as well as texts (descrip- tions of the valley, etc.) are used. A rigorous selection of the documentary data (e.g., dating of a painting) is necessary in order to get reliable information, including the comparison of an old picture with today’s situation in the field. Excellent examples of glacier representations of the Mer de Glace are given by the drawings of Jean-Antoine Linck (1766–1843) and Samuel Birmann (1793–1847), and the maps by James David 6 Summary Part I Forbes (1809–1868) and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879). Additionally, moraines have been mapped for the determination of former glacier extents. The analysis of old topographical maps (from 1906, 1939, 1958, and 1967) and a photogrammetric evaluation of recent aerial photographs (from 2001) yield a detailed description of the present state of the glacier. The calculation of digital elevation models (DEMs) allows the quantification of volume changes for the Mer de Glace for the 20th century. The revised and refined glacier length curve for the Mer de Glace goes as far back as 1570. Not surprisingly, the glacier shows a generally large extent during the LIA. The largest glacier extension, documented by several archive texts and moraines, occurred around 1644. The largest glacier advance in the 19th century culminated in 1821 and is roughly 40 m smaller than the 1644 advance. A second advance in the 19th century occurred in 1852, with the glacier still lying roughly 70 m behind the well-formed 1821 moraines. Other major glacier advances are documented around 1600, 1720, and 1778. Since the 1850s, the glacier has retreated more or less con- tinuously (except for some minor advances, e.g. until 1995) by more than 2 km until the present-day. During the 20th century, the Mer de Glace shows a remarkable ice volume loss which mainly took place in the lower part of the glacier. The new glacier length curve is in good agreement with the curve made by Mougin (1912). However, significant differences occur around 1850, when the glacier extent seems to have been much more extensive than assumed by Mougin. Furthermore, the new documentary data allows a more detailed description of glacier fluctuations for the 1750–1820 period. The glacier extension around 1644 is roughly 100 m smaller than shown by the Mougin curve. A comparison of the Mer de Glace length curve with the one of the Unterer Grindelwaldgletscher (Zumbühl, 1980; Zumbühl et al., 1983) yields an astonishing simultaneity between the glaciers, despite the different settings in the western and central Alps. Small differences occur around 1855 (19th century maximum of the Unterer Grindelwaldgletscher) as well as between 1650 and 1750 (generally greater extension of the Mer de Glace with more variability). In order to further confirm the knowledge gained, it would be interesting to consider more Alpine glaciers, and also to extend the comparison by studying LIA glacier fluctuations in other parts of the world. Zusammenfassung Teil I 7 Zusammenfassung Teil I: Das Mer de Glace AD 1570–2003 in den historischen Bild- und Schriftquellen Klimaänderungen widerspiegeln sich deutlich in Gletscherschwankungen. Obwohl die Veränderung der Gletscherlänge ein indirektes und verspätetes Signal einer Klima- information darstellt, ist sie ein geeignetes Mittel, um Gletscher-Klima-Beziehungen zu untersuchen. Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden erstmals genaue Messungen von Gletscherlängenänderungen durchgeführt. Leider ist die vorhergehende Zeit der Klei- nen Eiszeit nicht durch instrumentelle Daten dokumentiert. Dieser Umstand erfordert interdisziplinäre
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  • Mists on Mont Blanc. by A

    Mists on Mont Blanc. by A

    MlSTS ON MONT BLANC • • MISTS ON MONT BLANC. BY A. D. M. COX -,HE English July of I955, a month of cloudless skies and baro­ meter set fair, had made it difficult to believe the unfavourable reports about conditions in the Alps. Wilfrid Noyce and I, going on ead of the others, left London airport on July 29 in hot sunshine, to land at Geneva in a downpour which confined passengers to the plane until an issue· of red umbrellas enabled them to make exit two by two, as if from the ark. The speed with which the umbrellas were produced suggested that the routine was familiar. At Les Contamines, where we arrived the same evening, it was evident that there had been plenty of such weather, and storms never seemed very far away during the next two and a half weeks. But if it was a highly unsettled season, it was at least not an impossible one. like I954· Climbing of some kind was nearly always practicable, but it was never certain from day to day of what kind it would be. Changes were rapid and unforeseen. Thick cloud and depressing rain at night would suddenly give place to clear starlight. A glorious morning would turl) to snow before midday. It was an unpredictable year to have picked for a season in the neighbour­ hood of Mont Blanc. Noyce and I spent our first day on Mont Tondu and the western Aiguille des Lanchettes, returning in the evening to Les Contamines. There we were joined by John Hunt, who had.