PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 13, 13, t. r p rotating nuclei of nuclei of rotating - Universitetsky Universitetsky
um. The rotator interacts with the the with The interacts rotator um. ray pulsars and radio pulsars of white of white pulsars pulsars ray and radio -
bright X bright
ND 4.0).ND NC- - APCS2018
- II
e collapse of double neutron stars or fast or stars neutron double of e collapse
1
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Physics Department, SAI Department, Physics University, State Moscow Lomonosov
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- . A single universal diagram of known and new types of neutron stars and white white and stars and of types neutron of new known diagram universal single A . Grinshpun 119234
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- E Moscow, Moscow, – in Cosmic Sources Processes Accretion 1 Attribution
Universitetsky prospect, 13, Moscow, Russia 119234 Russia Moscow, 13, prospect, Universitetsky galaxies neighboring and Way Milky the in decades recent in discovered sources compact The is GMR (GMR). paradigm rotator of the gravimagnetic framework the within are considered moment angular and field magnetic mass, by characterized a is rotator This fields. gravitational and electromagnetic the through (plasma) environment (arising spinars and stars, magnetic dwarfs, white stars, neutron for model theoretical useful th of start the after immediately their concerning classification, this includes rotators of ecology The etc.). stars, massive energy their and laws of evolutionary definition the environment, the with interaction interpretation - ultra as (such years recent in discovered dwarfs Valer SAI Department, Physics University, State Moscow Lomonosov Daniil Vlasenko SAI Department, Physics University, State w Mosco Lomonosov E E Vladimir Lipunov - MSU Lomonosov The Ecology of Gravimagnetic Rotator in the past past the in Rotator Gravimagnetic of Ecology The 30 years 119234 Russia Moscow, 13, prospect, Universitetsky
3 Federation Russian Petersburg, Saint nt place transpare in physically their acquired objects these which in presented, is dwarfs) interaction. gravitational and electromagnetic of laws the with accordance PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001
type - proposed proposed
ataclysmic ataclysmic
- and Novae, SS433 ray - ray bursters, c bursters, ray - ray (by Giacconi etal. in 1972 actually predicted the pulsar the predicted actually
ray pulsars, X ray pulsars, - Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir (in and x- 1968)
- 2 odel of a magnetic rotator can explain the energy energy the explain can rotator magnetic a of odel
young graduate students of Yakov B. Zeldovich and B. Zeldovich Yakov of graduate students young radio radio X pulsars,
radigm.
dimensional hydrodynamic problem in the gravitational field of of field in gravitational the problem dimensional hydrodynamic
- 9 [11], Zeldovich and Shakura in in Shakura and Zeldovich [11], 1969 in Friedman and Kogan - sars in 1968 [3] and their interpretation as magnetized neutron stars with with stars neutron magnetized as interpretation their and [3] 1968 in sars ears were marked by the discovery of dozens and hundreds of objects that that objects of hundreds and dozens of discovery the by marked were ears
authors Amnuel and Guseinov in 1967 [10] -- [10] 1967 in Guseinov and Amnuel authors tic rotator (GMR) was introduced by by introduced tic(GMR) was rotator a gravimagne of model a generalized a result, As - The next 10 y 10 next The
So, it became necessary to have a unified approach to such a variety of objects. of a variety such to approach a unified have to necessary became it So,
Figure Figure 1: Gravimagnetic rotator. M, ω, μ are the mass, rotation frequency and magnetic The first to consider the idea that the m the that idea the consider to first The phenomenon in neutron stars. in neutron phenomenon sometimes have very special astrophysical properties, but are also associated with compact stars stars compact with associated also are but properties, astrophysical special very have sometimes -- dwarfs white and stars neutron like Lipunov in 1982 and in1987 [14,15,16]. This generalized model was able to unite a whole awhole to unite able was model This generalized [14,15,16]. in1987 and in 1982 Lipunov the within them link and release mechanisms, energy different with sources of compact variety pa evolution of rotational framework by Zeldovich [7] and Salpeter[8]) and to the powerful gravitational field of magnetized neutron neutron magnetized of field gravitational powerful tothe and andSalpeter[8]) [7] Zeldovich by radio of discovery the before even fact, In stars. Bisnovaty [9])pulsars, 1969[12], and Shvartsman in -- 1970 [13] and Shvartsman 1969[12], his co variable stars, polars, intermediate polars, millisecond radio pulsars, X pulsars, radio millisecond polars, intermediate polars, stars, variable sources. type dipole moment. of GMR Classification The 2. an of such interaction electromagnetic) and (gravitational for a solution that obtaining is clear It challenging most the represents accretion of capable plasma surrounding the object with three magnetohydrodynamic 1. Introduction tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The sources of compact astrophysical objects appear to be Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev in 1964 in 1964 Kardashev Semenovich Nikolai to be appear objects astrophysical compact of sources the after immediately popular especially became This idea [2]. 1967 in Pacini and Franco [1] pul radio discovery of in 1966 Novikov and hand, Zeldovich other the On [4]. 1968 Gold in by fields dipole magnetic (first mechanism accretion the to attention special paid [6] in 1967 and Shklovsky [5] PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 - -- ts etic etic
, the T k is that the the that is
bserved in low in bserved
Hoyle radius). In binary binary Hoyle radius). In , the light cylinder radius, radius, cylinder light the , - ω (1) (1)
is the radius, and stop =c/
T l m m R с 8 [erg/s]
8
[14],[16]: limit /10 R GMc/k (2) /yr stop π 40 he distance between the components components the between hedistance ʘ t Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir
is the: M
- = 4 = R 8 8 a 1.3 10 Edd R R
6 3 - ≈ ≈ 2 = L c Accretor cr isk surface in the form of a sort of stellar wind wind stellar of sort a of form the in surface isk stop ≈ 10 tar Ṁ T , the corotation radius; radius; corotation the , k / n s
1/3 0.1 ) 2 stop GM/R ≈ ≈ ω x cr is the velocity of the rotator relative to the environment. For For environment. the to relative rotator the of velocity the is eutro
c R Ṁ ∞
corresponding to Eddington to Eddington corresponding 4π GM/R , the radiation pressure begins to exceed gravitational pressure and and pressure gravitational exceed to begins pressure radiation the , =
cr = (GM/
cr c , the gravitational capture radius (the Bondi radius capture the gravitational , R Ṁ radius, star neutron the is 2
= Ṁ energy release in the case of the latter condition of the definition of the the of the definition of condition latter the of case the in release energy ∞ >
max cm
L 6 luminosity of the n of luminosity = 10
x = 2GM/v R G critical regime is determined at the stop radius, and not at the surface of the accreting star. star. accreting the of surface the at not and radius, stop the at is determined regime critical
- R , the stop radius; the, stop stop Supercritical accretion rates occur in massive binary systems when a normal star fills i fills star a normal when systems binary in massive occur rates accretion Supercritical formation the with together implemented always is mode accretion this However, lobe. Roche of disk. an accretion if Moreover, Ṁ appears. In these formulas, v these formulas, In appears. The maximal mass. unit per calculated electrons on free scattering photon for section cross Thompson electromagn and the gravitational for responsible radii characteristic four the are These parts: R tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The to approach a qualitative 1987 in [15] proposed Lipunov approximation, a zero As rotator. the proncipal the between relationship the on based of interaction modes the main assign and the environment. the rotator between of interaction radius characteristic Where and The stop radius is the characteristic distance at which the pressure of the electromagnetic forces forces electromagnetic the of pressure the which at distance characteristic the is radius stop The gravity. of forces the of that equals the accretion preventing simplicity, we believe that the motion of the rotator is supersonic (as is usually the case under the under case usually is(as supersonic is rotator the of the motion that believe we simplicity, s). condition astrophysical excess matter is displaced from the d from displaced is matter excess with rotator gravimagnetic the of interaction of modes possible of set limited a [17],[18].Thus, misunderstood often but significant, very one emphasize us Let occurs. plasma accreted the The circumstance. (see unlikely as objects for these regimes supercritical consider not do we systems, binary mass below). section dwarfs white the super Because of the large radii of white dwarfs and the fact that they are mainly o mainly are they that fact the and dwarfs white of radii large the of Because fact The rate. accretion the namely parameter, another used we the classification, In substance captured the of rate the if significantly vary systems binary of properties astrophysical limit the critical exceeds systems, an additional characteristic dimension dimension characteristic additional an systems,
PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001
– Ejector, P – Accretor, E E A – Accretor, Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir
4 Table 1.) Table 1.) see see in different modes ( modes in different ) plasma
tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The Figure 2: A qualitative picture of the interaction of a magnetic rotator with the surrounding surrounding the with rotator a magnetic of interaction the of picture qualitative A 2: Figure ( environment Georotator, M – M – Georotator, G – SuperAccretor, SA – SuperPropeller, SP Propeller, SE – SuperEjector, Magnetor. PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001
16] – [
G
stars, ? ?
-
(3)
303?
3?
repeaters, -
- γ I+61 ray transients? ray ray pulsars, Bursters, Bursters, pulsars, ray - -
SS433? T Tau stars? luminous super soft Ultra sources? Observational Observational manifestations Radio pulsars, Soft Cyg X LS X Rapid burster? Ap Magnetic X variables, Cataclysmic polars Intermediate Earth, Jupiter AM Her, polars stop radius, R radius, – stop
stop
Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir Accretion Rate Accretion
5
corotation radius, R – stop c
R
l
c G l G l l G
stop stop stop ≤R ≤R ≤R ≤R ≤R >a >R >R > R
∞ - - - v ρ Type 2 G is the potential accretion rate on the magnetic rotator, defined by the Hoyle the Hoyle by defined rotator, magnetic rate on the accretion theis potential R Accretor Magnetor Super Ejector Super Propeller Super Ejector Propeller Accretor Georotator π Ṁ ≡ Here, Here, P E A G M SP SE SA formula Ṁ formula gravitational capturing radius, R radius, capturing gravitational tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The R stars. neutron of 1: Classification Table The stage of GMR is most sensitive to period gravimagnetic parameter (cf [19],[75], [15]): [19],[75], (cf parameter gravimagnetic to period sensitive is most of GMR stage The Abbreviation PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 angular angular and μ is the orbital period; period; orbital the is P Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir called gravimagnetic parameter (by Davies and and Davies (by parameter gravimagnetic called 6 with a magnetic dipole moment moment dipole magnetic a with [15,16]. is the circular frequency of rotation, of rotation, frequency circular the is / P / is an object is an object π = 2 = Y diagram for gravimagnetic rotators calculated by Lipunov in 1987 Lipunov by calculated rotators for gravimagnetic diagram Y - ω c rotator , where where , M (Fig. 1). Astrophysical manifestations of a magnetic rotator are defined by are defined rotator a magnetic of manifestations Astrophysical 1). M (Fig. ω Qualitative p K = IK= with mass with Figure 3. tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The Thus a gravimagneti Thus moment and As previously shown, shown, previously As is placed. rotator the in which environment the of characteristics physical so- the on depends mainly rotator the of state the [15]) in 1987 Lipunov and by [19,75] in 1980/81 Pringle PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 called called - critical regime) calculated by Lipunov Lipunov by calculated regime) critical - Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir 7 Y" diagram for white dwarfs calculated by Lipunov in 1987[15]. Lipunov by calculated for dwarfs white Y" diagram - Y" diagram for neutron stars (under stars for neutron Y" diagram - The "p The "p Figure 5. ure 4. ure Fig tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The in 1987[15]. how relevant they are at are at they relevant how will check we and ago years 30 presented were diagrams These present. between difference fundamental is no there model, GMR of the view the of point From so the to “pressed” are both accretion, disk of case the In dwarfs. white and stars neutron PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 y (see ray and ray - ray pulsars, pulsars, ray - NS magnetic magnetic NS ic stars etc. (see (see etc. stars ic (5) (5) (where R_c is the corotational corotational is the R_c (where ≈ Rc ≈ A (4) - R Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir K - + eutron stars and white dwarfs as X as dwarfs white and stars eutron 8 , and gravimagentic parameter parameter gravimagentic and , /dt = K = /dt 3 t ω /R =2 pi/P)=2 dI 2 ray bursters, cataclysmic variables, magnet variables, cataclysmic bursters, ray to the condition ω - μ t ϰ = - - K line), (b) a typical track of a NS without field decay in a massive binary binary massive a in decay field without a NS of track typical a (b) line), are the dimensionless factor and characteristic radius of interaction, of interaction, radius characteristic and factor are the dimensionless - t up'' - fed accretion), and the decelerating moment of forces in its most general form form general its most in forces of moment decelerating the and fed accretion), - (or angular velocity velocity (or angular r interaction with the environment and the determination of evolutionary laws. laws. evolutionary of the determination and environment with the interaction r P (the oblique part of the track corresponds to ``movement'' of the accreting NS along along NS accreting of the ``movement'' to corresponds track the of part oblique (the and R gravimagnetic parameter diagram for NS in binary systems. (a) with systems. in binary for NS diagram parameter gravimagnetic - is the accelerating moment of forces, which depends on the accretion mode (disk (disk mode accretion the on depends which forces, of moment accelerating the is - t + ϰ Y diagrams are convenient for representing the evolutionary relationship between between relationship the evolutionary representing for convenient are diagrams Y . called ``spin called - K - Here The main observational properties of compact stars were shown to depend on the two two the on depend to shown were stars compact of properties observational main The parameters accretion or wind or accretion can be written as: written be can tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The line, which corresponds equilibrium also[16]). radio pulsars, single white dwarfs, X dwarfs, white single pulsars, radio respectively (see Lipunov’s monograph [16]).The ecology of rotators involves this classification this classification involves of rotators ecology [16]).The monograph Lipunov’s (see respectively thei concerning X described: are briefly objects astronomical particular some for implications Possible radius) The p Fig.1). Thus this single diagram can represent n represent can diagram single this Thus Fig.1). where where Lipunov in 1987 [15]. in 1987 Lipunov The equations of the evolution of compact stars as gravimagnetic rotators are described b described are rotators gravimagnetic as stars compact of of the evolution The equations - The period field decay the so they how show will we report this in and ago decades several presented were diagrams These 2018. in data observation of level the at current look khorov in 1996 [20]. in Prokhorov Lipunov,Postnov, , calculated by system different types of Gravimagnetic Rotators. Gravimagnetic of types different radio pulsars, CV, intermediate polars, etc.. polars, intermediate CV, pulsars, radio PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 pes of binary stars with compact compact with stars binary of pes Y diagrams. Qualitative picture. Qualitative diagrams. Y Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir 9 nary. Of these, about half are close binaries. However, in in However, binaries. close are half about these, Of nary. based synthesis of various ty of various synthesis based 24] on the one hand, and a common (albeit approximate) picture of of picture approximate) (albeit a common and one hand, the on 24] Kogan,Komberg in 1975 [26]; by xLipunov in1982[14] allowed for the first time to to time first the for in1982[14] allowed xLipunov in [26];1975 by Kogan,Komberg p - the on stars neutron of magnetic 6.Evolution Figure tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The Scenario Machine Project. Machine 3. Scenario bi are galaxy in our stars all of Half by formulated were stars binary normal of evolution the of laws general the 1980s early the and [23], in 1972 den Heuvel in van [22], 1967 Snegko [21], in 1955 Crowford [ in 1973 Tutukov,Yungelson end of at the formed objects these where emerged stars compact magnetized of the evolution white as stars neutron dwarfs and of The magnetized evolution. concept thermonuclear by [25]; in 1974 Illarionov&Sunyaev by [13], in 1970 Swartzman by ors rotat magnetic - Bisnovatiy of theory is) an approximate still (and it was course, Of evolution. their of laws the formulate some a “theory”, as Therefore, systems. in binary stars compact and ordinary of the evolution stages, relativistic including systems, binary of evolution the for scenarios evolution plausible - and population were formulated, components was carried out. The first such computer code was the Scenario Machine, which which Machine, theScenario was code computer such The first out. carried was components of its latest a description [29]; [28], [27], and Lipunov Kornilov by in 1983 developed was [30]) found can be version PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 white white of the the of r turns after ages of - a star neutron neutron starWD or - Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir 10 BH. Vertically downwards st the shown are Vertically BH. ematic block diagram of the Scenario Machine. Sch The very firstcalculations showed an amazing variety of types of binary systems with compact stars (Table 2). It presents possible combinations of the states presents the possible combinations of 2). It (Table stars with compact normal and relativistic components in a binary system. Four states of a normal star are are star normal a of states Four system. binary a in components relativistic and normal successively presented in different columns: Main Giant Sequence star star, Star, filling into star sta normal the compact which actually an and its lobe, Roche possible included three have through thepassing first stagesfour in a binary system.We the of products evolution normal of to save stars space: NS - or hole black - dwarf of examples observational matrix, state the of cells some In rotator. gravimagnetic a corresponding binary systemsAs we see, are presented. already the first calculations of huge Machine and by Kornilov a Lipunov in Scenario 1983 [27the predicted ,28] objects undiscovered then of in world by the stars double number of (indicated a 2. – seequestion mark) Table Figure 7: tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The Population synthesis of GMR in massive binaries. massive in GMR of synthesis 4.Population PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 ? PSR 1913+16 ? ? Compact ? ? ? stars . - ? WR ? ? No No No Close to zero 1 - Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir Roche Lobe Lobe Roche flow Over SS433? Her X ? ? ? ? SS433? 11 Radiopulsar with blue Be blue Radiopulsar with 1983 - 1 Vela X- 1 X Cyg Giant No No No ? ? Main Sequence No No No ? ? ? A0535+26 ( A +( Compact) A ( Ejector + Main Sequence) - Sequence) Main + ( Ejector ( SA + OverflowRoche Lobe) + OverflowRoche ( SA ( + Compact) P ( BH + Overflow Roche Lobe) Roche + Overflow ( BH ( + BH Compact) 63 314 - matrix after 35 years of experimental research. experimental of years 35 after matrix prediction. our after 30 years situation current the present 3 we Table inAnd 2. Table state he BH SE SP SA P A stars E Evolution Evolution Stage of primary and secondary 5. T objects, which following the with tablesupplemented was the same years 35 after However, below: detail more in consider will we 1.PSRB1259 tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The 3.ULXs Pulsars 4.ULXs SS433 5.J07373039B - 6.XTEJ0929 7.GW150914 ( Propeller + MainSequence) - + MainSequence) ( Propeller 2.X0331+53 PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 1 - ray - mass mass 314 - Compact PSR 1913+16 J07373039 B ? XTEJ0929 - GW15091 4 ? ? to accreting X . It is. It the low ? WR ? No ? ? No No ) the mass distribution the mass distribution > 1 α ( α - M 1 - ~ 17 [32] ? Roche Lobe Overflow SS433? ULXs (?) ? ULX in discovered 20 Her X ULXs ULXs Pulsating Pulsating ? Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir 1 3 1 - obe. 2018 12 ? Giant CygX ? No No Vela X- Cen X- No 1992 63 - magnetized white dwarfs. As a rule, normal stars in such systems are are systems such in stars normal a rule, As dwarfs. white magnetized No No 65 MWC star Be X0331+53 PSRB 1259 PSRB discovered in discovered 2014 [33] MainSequence in Discovered [31] No ? the first pulsating source was found associated with the dwarf nova DQ Her by Walker, Walker, Her by DQ nova dwarf the with associated found was source pulsating the first 3: Table mass red stars (dwarfs) that fill their Roche l Roche their fill that (dwarfs) red stars mass - SA BH SE SP P A stars E Evolution Stage of andprimary secondary tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The pulsars, with the only difference that instead of a neutron star, as in the HZ Her / Her X Her Her / thein HZ as star, a neutron of instead that difference only the with pulsars, contain b- they system, low are the of most dwarfs stars, white evolution the all nuclear of possible products Among - function Salpeter of the a matter all It’s Universe. in our objects common φ masses small toward stars growing emerging the of functions White dwarfs as Gravimagnetic Rotators Gravimagnetic as dwarfs 6. White The study of magnetized white dwarfs in binary systems began at the beginning of the 1950s, of theat 1950s, the began beginning systems in binary white dwarfs of magnetized study The when often which are systems, of such dozens about information have we Currently, [34]. M.F.1958 similar systems are these classification, our In Polars. Intermediate called PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 E) (Alfven (Alfven physical physical unov in in unov magnetic - p , when the the , when etized white star Ejector, starEjector, , and the white white , and the . In this case ( . case this In >> hen it became clear that that clear became it hen studied and most common common most studied and - . Like a - neutron Like . moving rotator, the accretion accretion the rotator, moving - ω . The physical meaning of these of these The meaning physical . ray neutron stars or radio pulsars. pulsars. radio or stars neutron ray - (6) = c= / (G) for WD was predicted by Li by predicted was WD for Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir magnetic rotators, introduced by Lipunov in Lipunov by introduced rotators, magnetic - y the high pressure of Alfven waves and the and the waves ofAlfven pressure high the y 3. 3. l 13 /R 2 as well as certain values of the parameters of the the of the parameters of values certain as as well gravity μ - , and Georotators (A) /dt /dt = ω dI ar fuel reserves. In this case, the torque drops according to the the to according drops torque the this case, In reserves. fuel ar that are the progenitors (ancestors) of white dwarfs. So, in our in our So, dwarfs. white of (ancestors) thethat are progenitors by Lipunov et al. in 1995[35]. About half of all white dwarfs are are dwarfs white all of half About in1995[35]. et al. Lipunov by ʘ Kogan and Komberg [26] and consists in the fact that the that in fact the and consists [26] Komberg and Kogan - M 11 , Accretors (P) Accretors , static magnetic field of the white dwarf the radius of the the of radius the dwarf white the of field magnetic static trates the light cylinder and the propeller stage begins. However, in the in the However, begins. stage propeller the and cylinder light the trates - 10 - , Propellers dwarf Ejector could manifest itself as a radio pulsar. The ejector spends the rotational rotational the spends ejector The pulsar. a radio as itself manifest could dwarf Ejector (E) - mass binaries with white dwarfs are experimentally most well most experimentally are dwarfs white with binaries mass - relativistic stellar wind, so that the surrounding plasma does not even fall under the light light the under fall even not does plasma surrounding the that so wind, stellar relativistic frequency rotation the determines radius whose cylinder accretion is impossible because it is prevented b is prevented it because isimpossible accretion a white star, ordinary the of core the of of compression stage the at acquired dwarf the white that energy thermonucle exhausting after [16]) 1992 Lipunov (see equation stages is most easily demonstrated by the example of the evolution of a single magn of a single the evolution of the example by demonstrated easily most is stages is low medium of the 2). density interstellar The Fig. (see fast rotation fairly with dwarfa born (E) stage ejection the at is field magnetic weak with dwarf a white even and surrounding plasma, can manifest themselves as pulsating X as pulsating themselves manifest can plasma, surrounding ordinary ordinary and novae, dwarf novae, of supernovae, class extensive an forming stars, variable to that, in showed fast addition observations stars. An cataclysmic of numerous analysis mega hundred reach several may intensity whose fields magnetic have can BC the rotation, w the 1980s, by established were facts These seconds. few a for gauss of that in as dwarfs of white life the in part important as played field magnetic and rotation of speeds certain with dwarfs white that arose the assumption particular, In stars. neutron values, strength field and magnetic rotation Low in binary systems. in binary radius) magnetosphere, at the same time, exceeds the corotation radius, radius, corotation the exceeds time, same the at magnetosphere, radius) When the white dwarf slows down, the pressure of the relativistic wind decreases and the the and decreases wind relativistic the of thepressure down, slows dwarf the white When pene plasma accreting rapidly rotating quasi rotating rapidly Galaxy the number of neutron stars and black holes does not exceed 3% that of white dwarfs, of that white holes not 3% of dwarfs, exceed stars does neutron the and black number Galaxy 10 at is estimated which tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The M < 8 with stars dwarf continues to slow down. The propeller stage (P) stage propeller The slow down. to continues dwarf 1987 [15] and appears to be observed in the AE Aquarii binary system , discovered by Schenker Schenker by , discovered system binary Aquarii AE the in observed to be and appears 1987 [15] We call this object potential, because it becomes real only in the Accretor mode (A) mode in the Accretor only real becomes it because potential, object this We call state of the rotator and its evolution are determined by the ratio of gravitational and and gravitational of ratio the by determined are evolution its and rotator the of state forces. electromagnetic onto falling the from substance the not prevent does rotator the of field magnetic rotating with a slow in medium a dense Obviously, rotator. thesurface of thegravity rotators, magnetized highly in but grows, y parameter the and large is rate types: of four are dwarfs white Single environment. a dense in even small be can parameter Ejectors 1987 [15]. The idea of this approach goes back to the works of Shvartsman [13], Illarionov, Illarionov, [13], of Shvartsman to works the back goes Thethis approach of idea 1987 [15]. [25]; Bisnovaty Syunyaev This hypothesis naturally followed from the general approach to white dwarfs and neutron stars stars neutron and dwarfs to white approach the general from followed naturally This hypothesis bodies - rotating gravitating, as magnetized PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 ies, - mass binaries binaries mass - s ). New stages are added. The The are added. stages s ). New accretors are widely represented in in represented widely are accretors - Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir . Deceleration continues and the accretion accretion the and continues Deceleration . . Here is the evolutionary track of a single a single of track theevolutionary is Here . that the expected diversity of white dwarfs in in dwarfs of white diversity expected the that 14 GM/ mass binary stars made with the Scenario Machine Machine Scenario the with made stars binary mass - ccreting dwarf DQ Her discovered in the early 1960 early the in discovered Her DQ dwarf ccreting . However, for single white dwarfs with abnormally strong strong abnormally with dwarfs white single for . However, ators Georotators (G) Georotators ators GM/ Ṁ E => P => G =>A (7) E => P =>A G => . We call such rot . We call such y becomes L ~ becomes y low in Types Rotator Gravimagnetic among distribution WD 8: Figure . >> culated by Lipunov and Postnov in 1988 [37]. 1988 in Postnov and Lipunov by culated magnetic fields accretion is remains unaffected even when the rotation becomes very slow. The slow. The very becomes rotation the when even unaffected remains is accretion fields magnetic around flows plasma accreting the and Earth, the of that to similar becomes magnetosphere WD this occurs Formally, surface. not the hit does the solar wind, which like the magnetosphere the magnetosphere: of radius the than less becomes capture gravitational of the the radius when tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The of gravitational power the of order the is on et in The energy al. [36]. peller total 2002 pro L ~ Ṁ the magnetosphere on release energy In binary systems, one more parameter is added: a (semimajor is added: parameter more one systems, binary In axi in in 1987[15], Lipunov by diverse can(calculated be of system a binary more much trajectory White dwarfs in 1992[38]). Nazin Lipunov, 1988[37]; by white dwarf: E => P => Aor stage begins when the plasma completely reaches the surface of the white dwarf and its its and dwarf white of the the surface reaches completely the plasma when begins stage luminosit cal different states is only slightly inferior to that of compact sources associated with neutron stars stars neutron with associated sources compact of to that inferior slightly is only states different Table 3.). 6, (Fig. showed Lipunov and Postnov in by [37] 1988 observations, beginning with the first a first the with beginning observations, seconds. ~ 60 of a period having [34], in 1958 found as Walker low of studies synthesis population first The PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 es not Compact Yes Yes Yes No Yes , calculated by by calculated , the place, where there there where place, the s (9) 1/4 - Propellers , calculated by by calculated , Propellers 42 WR No Yes No Yes No yrs(8) 2 100 P yrs(10) 2 - 7 1/4 - s≈ 200 Y s≈ 200 B 10 4 - 1/2 - - Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir 00.1 m Ṁ 1/4 1/4 1/4 - - M Her m R 6 24 Recycled pulsars scenario " scenario pulsars Recycled - Roche Lobe Overflow DQ Her Yes A No Yes v ρ 1 15 11 - 1/2 6 00.1 v R 1 - 3/2 called " called 7 - ≈ 1.5 10 1.5 ≈ 00.1 B 11 R 1/2 1/2 Yes Yes No Stars Giant Yes Symbiotic 7 ≈ 4 10 4 ≈ E t the number of ejecting white dwarfs in binary systems showed that it it that showed systems in binary dwarfs white ejecting of number the t = (dP/dt) /2P (dP/dt) t = The 1987 situation as calculated by Lipunov,Postnov in [37] Lipunov,Postnov by calculated as 1987 situation The ≈ 200 B ≈ 200 E Yes No Yes Main Sequence Yes Yes < P max P discovery of the first Ejector on a white dwarf in the AR Sco system. Sco AR the in dwarf white a on Ejector first the of discovery – No dwarfs. white with systems binary of states of Matrix 4: Table nov, Postnov in 1988 [37]. The reason for this lies in the fact that WDs have significantly significantly have that WDs fact the in lies this for reason The [37]. 1988 in Postnov nov, G P A M E should not be such types. be such not should and the maximum period of WD, when the pressure of the surrounding plasma at the radius of of radius the at plasma surrounding the of pressure the when WD, of period the maximum and is: WD from wind relativistic the of pressure the than greater becomes capture the gravitational tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The 7. The 7. The The first calculations of of calculations first The variables cataclysmic among represented widely WDs accreting of number the to comparable is type - of white dwarfs another common of the number and exceeds Lipu the and time by is stage determined ejecting of their and the of duration inertia moments higher law: dipole magnetic to the according deceleration Thus, the total time of the ejecting stage is equal to: equal is stage ejecting of the time total Thus, the Thus, single white dwarfs remain ejectors during their entire lifetime, if their field do field their if lifetime, entire their during ejectors remain dwarfs white single Thus, gauss. mega of tens exceed a as is and, possible dwarf white of the rotation the stage, theduring accretion systems binary In so the of implementation the result, PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 - type dwarfs and a a and dwarfs type - Gs. 8 eV (12) eV 8 B is the corotation radius where where radius corotation is the = B/10 - 8 5000 R 1 - 100 (1/3)) 2 nsisting of two M two of nsisting P ω 16 Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir 16 Rc = (GM/ white dwarf radius, B radius, dwarf white energy particles. energy - - (11) , = 0 3 called equilibrium state, when the accelerating moments of of moments accelerating the when state, called equilibrium ly lower. However,the limit is so high that we seeno R/c ) B R ≈ 1.5 10 ≈) R B R/c fact is that disk during (which accretion isin realized low с ω /R 2 μ t ngly resemble classical radio pulsars on neutron stars. neutron on pulsars radio classical resemble ngly ϰ = R/5000km = - where there should not be such types. be such not there should where - 5000 (formula (5)) and the white dwarf is again at the Ejection stage. Ejection the at again is dwarf the white and (5)) (formula ) E A d of the magnetic field lines is equal to the Keplerian rotation speed of the the of speed rotation Keplerian the to equal is lines field magnetic the of d /100s, R /100s, is a dimensionless factor, and and factor, is a dimensionless √(GMR t iated with the angular momentum of the accreting mass is balanced by the the by is balanced mass of the accreting momentum angular the with iated = P is the Alfven radius at which the gravitational energy equals the magnetic energy of of energy the magnetic equals energy gravitational the which at radius the Alfven is 100 A P R , ergy to which elementary particles can be accelerated under such conditions is obviously obviously is conditions such under accelerated be can particles elementary to which ergy = e E R = e (v/c) BR = e ( /dt = Ṁ ω max The recent discovery of a radio pulsar in a system co a system in pulsar radio a of discovery recent The Of course, in reality, acceleration apparently occurs in a small gap at the poles, and the actual actual the and poles, the at gap small a in occurs apparently acceleration reality, in course, Of energy ofthe particles is evident strong megagauss hundred a several with dwarf a white preventing obstacles fundamental ultrahigh accelerating from field magnetic our confirmed only in 2016 [39]) not Marsh al. et by (discovered dwarf white degenerate raised but also dwarfs), and white stars (neutron stars compact of evolution the of understanding by discussion a (see rays cosmic of sources as dwarfs white about questions unexpected [40]). inal. 2016 et Lipunov the in Variability) Spin min 1.97 (Polarization pulsar dwarf white a of evidence Polarimetric we case this in t tha evidence direct provides [41]) et al. Buckley (see Scorpii AR system binary stars! neutron on pulsars of radio analogue a complete with are dealing at stand marks Question dwarfs. white with systems binary of states of Matrix 5: Table stages. undiscovered No The discovery of the radio pulsar shows that ejecting white dwarfs not only exist, but because of but of because exist, only white not dwarfs pulsar of shows that ejecting theThe radio discovery stro also they properties their In this case, it can be expected that the acceleration of relativistic particles occurs near the the near occurs particles of relativistic the acceleration that expected be can it this case, In of limit upper The absolute parallel. are fields magnetic and electric the where poles, magnetic the en to: equal where where mass binary systems known as intermediate polars) on a magnetized compact object, its its object, compact magnetized a on polars) intermediate as known systems binary mass - the so to leads evolution rotational assoc forces the plasma with field the of magnetic interaction the to due of forces moment decelerating radius. corotation the beyond located d I Where tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The The [38]). in 1992 Lipunov,Nazin the plasma; ϰ the plasma; the spee rotation the disk. in plasma Thus, accretion in binary systems can accelerate or maintain the fast rotation of the compact compact the of rotation fast the maintain or accelerate can systems in binary accretion Thus, be period d of perio the dwarf may white rotation the accretion, of end the After star. magnetized P critical the than less E PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 . , , x ʘ ʘ the ray For - . X /2 3 GM/R 1.5 M x 1.5 M Ṁ Yes Compact Yes Yes Yes No = and =BR white dwarfs and μ x L magnetic rotator. We pulsing ULX sources). sources). pulsing ULX 5000 km luminosity luminosity WR No No Yes No Yes ray - ole moment from the observed cyclotron cyclotron observed the from moment ole - a gravity of model Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir Roche Roche LobeOverflow DQ Her No Yes AM Her Yes 17 Yes No Yes Yes Symbiotic Stars Giant nd, we did not clutter the diagram with supercritical modes of of modes with supercritical the diagram clutter not did nd, we or WD discovery Marsh et al. Nature, 537, 374 Nature, al. et Marsh discovery WD or am after 30 year. Y diagram is the only diagram that simultaneously shows not only only shows not that simultaneously diagram the is only diagram Y - jects associated with one particular type of compact star (for example, a a example, (for star compact of type particular one with associated jects Y diagr Y - Yes No Yes Main Sequence AR Sco Yes 2016First Eject 2016First niversal p U . M G E P A make one important remark. We do not show in the figure supercritical regimes and georotator georotator and regimes supercritical figure the in show not We do remark. important one make - parameter additional an on depends geotor a of types these of position the First, mode. magnetic dipole moment. Seco moment. dipole magnetic is there because since plasma surrounding the with star magnetized a gravitating of interaction in discovery M. Hakan Erkut, however, (see, candidates observational confirmed no really non- explaining for model a superpropeller which proposes 2017 [32], (G). stage the Georotator show do not we reasons, For those the p that We emphasize ob astrophysical various neutron star), but also objects associated with various types of compact stars of — types compact various with associated but objects also star), neutron and neutron stars. Let's make some explanations to the universal diagram presented here. presented diagram universal the to explanations some make Let's stars. neutron and to Obviously, the into accretor. of region fall polarw, the as expected, pulsars and intermediate dipole magnetic the and rate accretion the know to need you parameter Y the determine the X observed from is determined rate The accretion moment. The radius and mass of the neutron star is everywhere assumed to be 10 km be to assumed is everywhere star neutron the of mass and radius The 5000 = to Rx equal set we which stars, all for radius the same adopt we f simplicity, the same km tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The respectively, dip magnetic the determine we polars, intermediate For formula the dipole using [42]) et al. (see Suleimanov features spectral and lines 8. The of light in the rotator magnetic a gravity of the model of versatility the demonstrate we Here observational the presents 10 Figure decades. three past the over made the discoveries the in sources astrophysical of types 8 of parameters respectively, and the corresponding quantities for for white dwarfs, dwarfs, white for for quantities corresponding and the respectively, PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 > or ray Ṁ - . the μ X , where obs and > ~ < eq ω , p ≈ p ≈ p donors have an have donors that is, that is, ray activity. In fact, the the fact, In activity. ray - . obs obs Y /p (14) π = 2 eq is much longer than the strong strong the than longer is much ω > = 0 (13) = 0 > agram (Fig. 9) for these sources shows shows sources these for 9) (Fig. agram 3 c (15) Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir with powerful convective layers below the the below layers convective powerful with 6/7 y so that the gravimagnetic parameter of of parameter the gravimagnetic that so y /R Y diY 2 - e cases, the average value of of value average the e cases, ʘ p μ /GM - 42 - eq A 2 18 stars that have disk accretion realized from the the from realized accretion disk have that stars The P 0.7M ω most of the time. This is proved by the fact that the by proved is This time. the of most ray activity. 2 . - > ≈ 300 000 years ≈ 300 000 eq > 0.3- GMR called “catastrophic equilibrium”[43] (see the figure figure the (see equilibrium”[43] “catastrophic called > ≈ 10 ≈> su - √ | min ≈ 20 000 years (calculated by Lipunov in 1987b Lipunov by (calculated years ≈ 20 000 min | eq > > = μ 1 type systems in which optical stars - stars optical which in systems type 1 - is the pulsar period observed at a given time. a given at observed period the pulsar is obs This technique works well for X for Her well works technique This average mass and accretion rate changing only slightl only changing rate accretion and mass average value is the equilibrium the near pulsar the mean acceleration time of a pulsar - (Accretor shaped shells. Over by in Lipunov - parameter at the time of X of the time at parameter - nary nary character of the mass loss of- Be Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir 19 ain in a calm state, interrupted the by release ray luminosity, calculated luminosity, ray - ray accreting pulsars, where the donor is a massive - type main sequence star. Here, huge oscillations of ray pulsars ray we show Y the - type stars may rem e X stationary Be- 3 orders of magnitude) change in the magnitude)3 orders of X change - Figure 9: Catastrophic equilibrium: a weak change in the accretion rate leads to strong leads strong to rate accretion the in change weak a equilibrium: Catastrophic 9: Figure (2 which stars, neutron orbits the of of ellipticity significant the added is shell. this To a of truly picture becomes The rate. accretion the of variability in sharp the factor is another chaotic, and for thes Although in of some activity. reality them, on average, inare a mixed A↔P state Gnusareva, ascalculatedPropeller) by Lipunov in [44]. 1985 1987 [15]). X those for similar is situation The non- rotating rapidly the accretion rate are associated with the nonstatio due star type to the rotational its of instability layers. outer Because their of rapid equator expanding the at disc by surrounded are stars such rotation, several dozen Beyears - tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 30 so (E). , and 1/4 - are located – at the top left left top the at old starsneutron , he estimated the the estimated he , 1 had an abnormally abnormally an 1 had - Gs. Considering that the that the Considering Gs. 12 hich has a similar luminosity, luminosity, similar a has hich first, the envelope goes parallel to parallel goes the envelope first, 1, w one (young neutron (young stars)one born are - ray to pulsars show ray accreting began - Up Line). Up Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir , Lipunov and Shakura in 1976 [48] in[48] Shakura and 1976 , Lipunov ray pulsar Vela X - mostly the millisecond pulsars pulsars millisecond the mostly 20 Gs! Later . 14 15 - ast systems. in binary othersAnd - = ṗ/10 15 - period Pulsars close should be to this equilibrium, was and result - zone, and the second – second the zone, and ars are former old accreting stars lying on the equilibrium line of of line equilibrium the on lying stars accreting old former are ars , where the period is in measured period and the derivative seconds, the the, where of 1/2 ) 15 - n stars were discovered as radio pulsars by Hewish et al. in 1968 [3]. As Hewish in as al. 1968 [3]. pulsars discovered et were As radio n stars by (PE) separating the (PE) this Propellers. Ejectors isand Physically, understandable - Magnetars. Anomal Pulsars (ASP) and soft gamma repeaters (SGR). repeaters gamma soft and (ASP) Pulsars Anomal Magnetars. Neutro 10. fields magnetic the possibility of The ofstrong existence neutron with stars normally ab suggested first was by ShakuraNikolay in 1975 [47]. this Shakura work In pointed out that despite its average accretion rate, the X Most of them are single neutron stars or stars paired with degenerate companions - paired with degenerate stars or stars single neutron Most them are of ṗ = 10 (p but for also radio for ejectors, pulsars by itself line not only be death possible the can by Dmitry Kolosov in noted first 1989 [46]).(this was becomes and notice increases slope edge, that the we upper the along further Moving since This natural is (A). (P) and Accretors Propellers the separating the to line parallel puls millisecond Spin the - (1987a later [15])called was Lipunov (it radius Alfven the of order on the be should radius corotation 10 ~ be to strength field magnetic long that other showed confirmed when, in nextbrilliantly the 5 X years, in [16]). (1992 rotation Lipunov but acceleration, slowing of episodes also not only [49] 1982c measuring the another method for used magnetic of field accreting pulsars, same At the spindown pulsars. of dipole moment magnetic the by determining namely, should be the case, all radio pulsars on neutron stars fall within the Ejectors area radio all within on neutron Ejectors fall the pulsars area stars case, the should be period is dimensionlessperiod ṗ the donorthe here is the interstellar medium for which the average parameters forthe are TheGalaxy adopted. field magnetic of radio was delay by pulsars found in of view dipole μ magnetic the formula: described be by radio can losses of pulsars energy the can be pulsars All radio subdivided into - two types le at periods, small with initially al. et Alpar systems by scenario (recycled in binary accretion of unwind in process the - first the in diagram,: our two areas represent pulsars [45]). These in 1982 part of the Ejectors we Here fields. magnetic weak their because of diagram the of part right bottom the in attention to thepay upper of envelope radio pulsars - line the pto line ~ Y the is parallel diagram on our pulsars radio line of death the X example, Her For 280 seconds. ~ of period long tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The showed a gyroline corresponding to a magnetic field 10 ~ magnetic of to corresponding a gyroline a showed Neutron Stars Radio pulsars. Radio Stars 9. Neutron PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 11 detectedby - Y diagram. The data about (in 2015 [53]).G (in 15 10 - 13 ray satellite Venera satellite ray 10 - Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir tic fields in neutron stars stars confirmed.in neutron tic fields was also showalso and similar period periods, their 21 called wind fed accretion), the accelerating anomalous pulsars (ASP) and soft gamma gamma soft anomalous (ASP) and pulsars - tarding be highermoments much 1999 can (in the so ray burst,ray which , showed withalong short bright a - ray pulsars (ejectors) - - Soft presentedGamma Repeaters) on our p- - anomalous X anomalous - We now know about 20 Magnetars - 20 Magnetars about We know now adopted the Olausen, Kaspi of from [54,55]). work (2014 them are top left the in part of are the them Ejectors of All area. repeaters (SGR Nevertheless, it shouldNevertheless, that in emphasized systems withoutbe accretion disks (direct – wind stellar the from accretion small, moments are and versa, thevice re [50]). So existence question about that the the open, remained situation much became open question remained the complicated untiland more now. Sovietthe 5, 1979, gamma orbital March On tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The magne strong abnormally of existence the time, KONUS detector a bright gamma bright a detector KONUS periodic 8 seconds ~ damped (publishied of oscillations strictly period withflash, a by we left that no doubt with periodicity spectrum [51,52]). Hard 1979 in Mazets al. et neutron similar that out it turned Later star. neutron magnetized a with dealing were stars change corresponds to magnetic field strengths of PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 ray Binary Pulsars were taken ; PSR from Sco from [56]; AR - ating sources in light green; radio sources radio in light green; ating Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir 22 Gravimagnetic diagram rotator most of for circle. Accreting X are in red niversal diagram Period - Magnetars (Olausen Magnetars in2014 Kaspi (Olausen and. [54,55]) The u ray accreting pulsars ULXray puls in ochre; - http://www.iasfbo.inaf.it/~mauro/pulsar_list.html Figure 10: Figure of types dwarfs. white in shown neutron Polars are and observed stars the Intermediate green; X stars on neutron pulsars from [42]; Polars from [57]; from Polars [39] 53, Propeller ; + X0331 Intermidiate - [58];Triangles tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 ray - . 1/3 sharply sharply cted by . At the the . At ) 2 A 0 ω adual weak sequence stars GM/R GM/R с с = (GM/ c (16) state,and the accretion to the 2/3 - p 2 - sequence stars sequence >Rc - sequence stars (by Rappaport, de (by van stars sequence A - Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir ≈ 10 c / R 23 x and the period the is and in seconds! relativistic components, an old problem an components, existedrelativistic - ) = R - maon blue standard with holes the ck , this is the radius of the surface of the star. the of However, surface the of radius the this is , A and back. Note that this transition is accompanied by a = 10 km )/(L(A x /R х P L( ts. The specific angular momentum of the matter captured by an tic pumping effect tic effect to the(see 1992 [16]), leads pumping Lipunov this effect R the enters rotator the state t detect black holes in such systems. However, in systems with rapidly in systems with rapidly systems. in holes such However, t detect black ), in detached systems it is too small to form an accretion disk. In In disk. accretion an form to small too it is systems detached in ), 2 w Propellers G The source X0331 + 53b, which shows episodes of the propeller mode, is mode, depi propeller the 53b, of + shows episodes X0331 which source The . R the formation of formation the accretionan disk! Raguzova and (1999) usedLipunov population the m synthesis addition to magne the Be rotating fact that in such systems spherically symmetric accretion without magnetic field is is field magnetic without accretion symmetric spherically systems such in that fact Thus, accretion. disk of that than lower times of millions is efficiency whose realized we simply canno (catastrophically) decreasing to the luminosity of the Propeller L(P) = Ṁ Propeller of the luminosity the to decreasing (catastrophically) the rate of at transition accretion magnetosphere boundary the the momentthe of X the of amplitude jump the (the of magnitude the therefore and smoothly, changes dip (gap)) is: L(P) /L(A) = R the to corotation equal is approximately Alfven radius the of the transition, time the at of function is period nrotatio a the which of of theradius, rotator (!) R last the we adopt formula In R the lack of black holes paired with massive main two blue dots corresponding to the transitions of the neutron star from the Accretor state from star Accretor the neutron to transitions the the of dotstwo blue corresponding (A) L(A) = the accretor Ṁ of luminosity the total with changes surface inHeuvel 1982 [59], de van Heuvel ,Rappaport in 1982[60]) to According Lipunov and bla of lack [61]), (2000 the Karpov their deep inside lie companions optical the systems in that these fact the to due is As lobes. Roche a result, wind velocity stellar the in orbit is the significantly higher than in the case of supergian star is to known to radius the accreting proportional of be squared gravitational capture ( tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The 11 catastrophic (approximately 100 times) decrease in luminosity with a with a gr 100 times) decrease (approximately in luminosity catastrophic change in the potential accretion rate, for example,due to the changing distance from star donor the moving eccentric orbit.As in an the for timenoted first by Gnusareva, trifugal cen the through barrier. to passage is the due in change 1985 [44], this Lipunov R the From Black holes in binary systems with massive main with massive systems binary in 12. Black holes PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 ray - Bachetti et et Bachetti NGC ears NGC by Reference By By Israel et al. in 2017b[64] By al. in 2016 [65] By Israel et al. in 2017a[63] imit to the accretion of accretion the imit to (18) XMM, XMM, 2/7 - we obtain that the condition of 42 - , ndra Einsten, 18 NuSTAR, Rosat Chandra Nustar, Satelite Swift, XMM, Nustar, Cha erg/s Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir Ṁ 18 erg/s erg/s Y / 7 40 Ṁ 38 24 ) ≈ 10 ) erg/s (17) erg/s x 40 40 41 ≤ 10 30 = 10 /R μ can be written in the form: 42 x - A A 41 Y (R L(erg/s) 2.2 10 1.6 10 3.7 10 2. ron star, the luminosity can greatly exceed the Eddington exceed Eddington the luminosity can the greatly star, ron Edd - ≤ 3 10 . Putting L . Putting x x 2 = L ray pulsar. . Thisray natural l a gives L - x x 30 percritical regime. In this case, the total luminosity of the pulsar pulsar the of luminosity total the case, this In regime. percritical L /μ 18 ray pusars. ray - A: Ṁ p (s) 1.42 0.42 1.37 = us x 42 - 2 - can reach the value: the subcritical mode of the accretor At the magnetic poles of a neut sharply on a go and take character mainly anisotropic can limit. there radiation The the accretionacross disk without mass touching the in flows binary the system, that is, su the affecting without Recall that Y pulsar can significantly exceed the Eddington limit and reach the observed values for observed values the limit reach Eddington the and exceed significantly can pulsar extragalactic objects whose pulsations have been discovered inrecent y 7793 X M82 P13, 5907, NGC Table. X M82 in by noted “Astrophysics inAs Neutron 1992 [16], Stars” of Lipunov is to difficult it scenario luminosity stationary during the inanother accretion which imagine on the the time at the same limit and Eddington the exceed significantly would magnetosphere would be ansource X regimes subcritical 7793 NGC Galaxy 5907 NGC Ultra lumino 13.Ultra newcomersThe in this arediagram pulsating ULX sources. We emphasize that these accretionthe in the luminosity flow of the because not are supercracretors, sources doesmagnetosphere not theexceed Eddington limit the plasma and entire successfully of such As the surface x the of star. result, an neutron a luminosity reaches the tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The with system binary Casares by discovered of for was candidate likely this very type [62]). al. et Brown work recent also this on in topic by 2014 [33] coauthors (see PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 - a g / the 10 zone), positron pair positron pair - type star PSRB 1259 - pulsars, where the accretion by standard radio The pulsars. * exceeds the Eddington limit limit Eddington the exceeds e s (19) 3/2 42 - + v bottom right bottom of right corner E the e (SA). Y Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir 2 - weak (Zeldovich et interaction in al. 1972 → v - - 25 ) ~ 2 10 ~ ) + e A mass binaries, we note that they in thelocated are that they note mass binaries, we + - can expect the discovery of discovery pulsar expect the of neutrino caused a can . This in turn gives rise to two new effects characteristic characteristic effects new two to rise gives turn in This . → e γ /yr ☼ / √ (GMx/R A The sources mentioned above are present are mentioned universal in the above sources The , and not super accretors notsuper , and parameter, which we which demonstrate horizontal with a segment. parameter, M G . 5 - 13 (A) 10 t ~ R in low ray sources - - 6 - (CGS). B>4 10 42 - =Y/10 umn the temperature can exceed 1 Mev. The process of electron 42 - white dwarf AR Sco! including binary binary pulsarsradio with to including components, degenerate as well as Magnetars. This since is understandable, the interstellar medium is donor the for all these objects. exceptionAn is the radio in blue pulsar a binaryBe a system with [31]).63 (Johnston in al. 1992 et case. this in restore[estimate??] difficult to very is difficult very is rate accretion The to leads system this in revolution orbital that each clear qualitatively is it However, - pulsar the radio of ejectors the among "newcomer" the is interest particular Of s. The sames. The applies to millisecond (the pulsars in Y change the periodic Well, in a very distant future, we distant future, we Well, very in a of strong the neutron anomalously with neutrino an stars for anisotropy by production field magnetic Returning to X the Returning This mode is accompanied by significant losses on by significant sinceThis is mode polar radiation, in accompanied the neutrino col with lossenergy production electro through Such a scenario seems to be realizedULX by sources — rate can reach 10 stages, these which observedof be may in future 1992 [16]). the (Lipunov since First, the of luminosity column significantly the polar and column must pulsating, in polar be the in 1975[67]),(Basko,Sunyaev accretion the times [16]): 1992 at in nature transient (Lipunov, that have stars old are neutron region. These Accretor the of part bottom right known periods up to smallest the rotating sped and field lost magnetic their practically in Universe. the objects for As for the ejectors, they are represented in the diagram dipole and periods moments adopted the are from catalog [of??] the and Radio pulsars, accretion rate for all of them is supposed to be equal to the average value of M =10 tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The Y diagram as Accretors [66]): PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 n itical line line itical )3/2 (20) )3/2 ʘ e, if we examine in detail Y diagram. In the process - is inside the white dwarf’s dwarf’s white the inside is . However, unlike situation the . However, called Spinars (introduced by Spinars (introduced called (a/0.1R . Assuming that the sum of the sum the that the of . Assuming ʘ 1/2 2/3 - ) p ʘ 1/3 ields and accretion rate are taken from Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir ) 2 ned by the magnetic synchronization magnetic the of by ned bjects in the p π /0.1M , R =, R 0.1 R )/4 tot it should be equal to 1 solar mass for a polar polar a for mass solar to 1 equal be it should ʘ 26 wd studied magnetized astrophysical objects for for objects astrophysical magnetized studied - [68]) as accreting white dwarfs with magnetic with dwarfs magnetic white accreting [68]) as s (M +M an optical star — 3 o ≈ 10 3/2 ray bursts (see 1997 [70]; ray Lipunov, 1987 [15]; Lipunova, - a Polars should line up the along pM line, which is what the the Magnetors of magnetospherefield This of type was (M). 1/2 - ) However, the Alfven radius is determined by the Y parameter, tot , a = (G(M , 2/7 - ) > a. /(GM A wd R that is, polars, is that is, polars, - axis is double, respectively. axis is respectively. double, - >= 2 π M p ( ( 2Y√2GM = rotating stars or in the mergers of neutron stars, which was directly observed on directly was observed neutron which of stars, in mergers the or stars rotating - A We mainly focused on the most well magnetosphere: R masses is characteristic of binary systems – for Magnetors is Magnetor determi the period with Accretors, red dwarfs and white and equal to is the the exactly of system. period binary orbital In words,other Magnetors- f magnetic of values The in diagram. the happens 15. Conclusion which the Gravity Magnetic Rotator model is fundamental. These are primarily neutro whose moreobjects exoticupon touched have not we Here dwarfs. white and stars so- the are These is likely. opinion inexistence our in 1987 [15]). Lipunov could Such objects arise in process of the collapse massive of fast 17,August 2017 (Abbot 2017 [69]). al., et Here only pay we attention to worksseveral such of of objects point view collapse the of applying to study the the from of devoted to gamma obtained results the in 1998 in 2007 [72] inLipunov 2008 [73]; Lipunova, [71]; Lipunov,Gorbovskoy and 2009 [74]). Lipunova future developmentThe Gravity the of Magnetic model canRotator be viewed from two points view.different of it First, is morea adequate and detailed description the of individual interaction of of modes GMR with the plasma. surrounding this willfact, In result a give only good for classes objects, some of exampl for cataclysmic example, For system. binary a of the evolution in stage particular a and the semi of red consisting and botha Equating notedwarf. white we that values, cr the in al. et. Cherepashchuk 1996 [58]. 14. Polars. o of these class new the at look we will Finally, this preparing report,of it clear became to us that naturallyPolars can be shown on this diagram in a separate area - (by proposed Mitrofanov 1977 al. et so that the strong fields — donor Mtot = 0.5M horizontal a line for We drew tor in the past 30 years 30 past the in tor Rota Gravimagnetic of Ecology The PoS(APCS2018)003PoS(APCS2018)001 1.” - hey remainhey 577 (1966). Ray Emission Sco XR of Ray - 74 (1 968) Vladimir Lipunov Vladimir 80133 52- Reviews of Topical Problems: Relativistic Relativistic Problems: Topical of Reviews - 27 17 ray emission during accretion of the interstellar interstellar the of accretion during emission ray Ray Emission Accompanying the Accretion of the Accompanying EmissionRay - - RFBR grant grant RFBR ray sources.” ApJ, (1972) 281G 178, ray sources.” . J.; Pilkington, J. D. H.; Scott, P. F.; Collins, R. A. A. Collins, R. F.; . J.; J. P. Pilkington, H.; Scott, D. - Kogan, A.M.Friedman, “A Mechanism by Emission Rays X for of A.M.Friedman, “A Kogan, - og of X of og Frequency Emission” , AZh, 41, 807K [1964] 41, 807K AZh, Emission”Frequency , - T. Gold, “Rotating Neutron Stars as the Origin of the Pulsating Radio Sources” of Origin Radio the Sources” Pulsating as the Neutron Stars “Rotating Gold, T. 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