Stars and Their Spectra: an Introduction to the Spectral Sequence Second Edition James B

Home , 10 Lacertae, 18 Scorpii, 19 Cephei, 19 Tauri, 22 Scorpii, 26 Canis Majoris

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89954-3 - Stars and Their Spectra: An Introduction to the Spectral Sequence Second Edition James B. Kaler Index More information

Star index

Stars are arranged by the Latin genitive of their constellation of residence, with other star names interspersed alphabetically. Within a constellation, Bayer Greek letters are given first, followed by Roman letters, Flamsteed numbers, variable stars arranged in traditional order (see Section 1.11), and then other names that take on genitive form. Stellar spectra are indicated by an asterisk. The best-known proper names have priority over their Greek-letter names. Spectra of the Sun and of nebulae are included as well.

Abell 21 nucleus, see a Aurigae, see Capella Abell 78 nucleus, 327* ε Aurigae, 178, 186 Achernar, 9, 243, 264, 274 z Aurigae, 177, 186 Acrux, see Alpha Crucis Z Aurigae, 186, 269* Adhara, see Epsilon Canis Majoris AB Aurigae, 255 Albireo, 26 Alcor, 26, 177, 241, 243, 272* Barnard’s Star, 129–130, 131 Aldebaran, 9, 27, 80*, 163, 165 Betelgeuse, 2, 9, 16, 18, 20, 73, 74*, 79, Algol, 20, 26, 176–177, 271*, 333, 366 80*, 88, 104–105, 106*, 110*, 113, Altair, 9, 236, 241, 250 115, 118, 122, 187, 216, 264 a Andromedae, 273, 273* image of, 114 b Andromedae, 164 BDþ284211, 285* g Andromedae, 26 Bl 253* u Andromedae A, 218* a Boo¨tis, see Arcturus u Andromedae B, 109* g Boo¨tis, 243 Z Andromedae, 337 Z Boo¨tis, 185 Antares, 10, 73, 104–105, 113, 115, 118, l Boo¨tis, 254, 280, 314 122, 174* s Boo¨tis, 218* 53 Aquarii A, 195 53 Aquarii B, 195 T Camelopardalis, 112* R Aquarii, 337 Z Camelopardalis, 335 a Aquilae, see Altair d Cancri, 166 g Aquilae, 174* Z Cancri, 166 z Aquilae, 222 38 Cancri, 166 Z Aquilae, 224, 225 39 Cancri, 166, 172–173 V603 Aquilae, see Nova Aquilae 1918 a Canis Majoris, see Sirius Nova Aquilae 1918, 318, 331* b Canis Majoris, 215, 242, 275 y Arae, 272* d Canis Majoris, 218*, 242 Arcturus, 9, 73, 74*, 80*, 88, 162, 163*, ε Canis Majoris, 10 164, 164*, 187–188, 216, 241, 244, 341 o1 Canis Majoris, 168* g2 Arietis, 253 t Canis Majoris, 242 d Arietis, 49* a Canis Minoris, see Procyon

377

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378 Star index

Canopus, 9, 74*, 215–216, 241 b Crucis, 10, 264 a2 Canum Venaticorum, 252 CS 22885-96, 180* b Canum Venaticorum, 188* CS 30493-39, 180* RS Canum Venaticorum, 211, 250, 332 Cyg OB2 No. 12, 265, 267, 276, 283 Capella, 9, 73, 74*, 80*, 162, 185–187, 337 a Cygni, see Deneb a Carinae, see Canopus b Cygni, see Albireo Z Carinae, 216, 276–279, 278*, 279*, 300 g Cygni, 306 l (“el”) Carinae, 224 Z Cygni, 376 S Carinae, 108* w Cygni, 119 RR Carinae, 112* P Cygni, 277, 279*, 300 b Cassiopeiae, 236 16 Cygni A, 195 g Cassiopeiae, 274 16 Cygni B, 195 k Cassiopeiae, 271* 31 Cygni, 177 r Cassiopeiae, 178, 185, 211, 215, 239 32 Cygni, 177 j Cassiopeiae, 246* 61 Cygni, 163, 167, 171 U Cassiopeiae, 112* 61 Cygni A, 109*, 164, 168*, 188* V509 Cassiopeiae, see HR 8752 61 Cygni B, 109*, 168*, 174* Castor, 26, 163 R Cygni, 121 a Centauri, 9, 12, 16, 26, 171, 185, 241 W Cygni, 80* a Centauri A, 9, 195 SS Cygni, 335–336 a Centauri B, 9, 163–164 CH Cygni, 337, 339 b Centauri, 9 CI Cygni, 338* Proxima Centauri, 9, 26, 115, 126, 128, 185 V1057 Cygni, 212 b Cephei, 275 V1500 Cygni, see Novae Cygni 1975 d Cephei, 20, 211, 224 V1974 Cygni, see Nova Cygni 1992 l Cephei, 81* Nova Cygni 1975, 317–318 m Cephei, 118, 177, 265 Nova Cygni 1992, 334 19 Cephei, 294* Cygnus OB2 No. 12, see Cyg OB2 No. 12 U Cephei, 177 Cygnus X-1, 340, 375–376 RW Cephei, 178, 211 VV Cephei, 115, 118, 177 DEN J0255–4700, 132, 134* DO Cephei, see Kru¨ger 60 Deneb, 5, 10, 242–243, 317 k1 Ceti, 188* Dog Star, see Sirius o Ceti, see Mira b Doradus, 224–225 9 Ceti, 195 g Doradus, 236 U Ceti, 108* S Doradus, 90, 300 UV Ceti, 128 s Draconis, 168* ZZ Ceti, 289 AG Draconis, 337, 338* CFBDS J005910.83-011401.3, 160–161, 161* Egg Nebula, 362 a Circini, 215 Electra, see 17 Tauri FK Comae Berenices, 211 a Eridani, see Achernar a Coronae Borealis, 27, 242 b Eridani, 243 r Coronae Borealis, 195 ε Eridani, 168*, 257 R Coronae Borealis, 110, 238*–239* 40 Eridani, 259 T Coronae Borealis, 335 40 Eridani B, 92, 246*, 258–259, 364 b Corvi, 185 40 Eridani C, 109*, 128, 258 Crab pulsar, 372 58 Eridani, 206 Crab Nebula, 373* a Crucis, 9, 25, 264 Fomalhaut, 10, 241, 257–258

Star index 379

a Geminorum, see Castor He2-99, 328, 329* b Geminorum, see Pollux a Herculis, 122 g Geminorum, 251* p Herculis, 168* d Geminorum, 49*, 80* 30 Herculis, 110* ε Geminorum, 189* AM Herculis, 336 z Geminorum, 224 BL Herculis, 229 k Geminorum, 80*, 189* DQ Herculis, 336, see also Nova Herculis U Geminorum, 335 1934 GL 229, 138–139 Nova Herculis 1934, 318 GL 229B, 95*, 138, 141 Herschel’s Garnet Star, see m Cephei GL 411, 109* HH 30, 349 GL 581, 131 HH 34, 347 GL 725B, 109* Hind’s Crimson Star, see R Leporis Guest Star of 1054, 372–373 R Horologii, 108* HR 749 A, 269* Hadar, see b Centauri HR 1029, 269* HD 23585, 245* HR 1040, 87*, 246* HD 35155, 126* HR 3750, 206 HD 36936, 269* HR 3974, 245* HD 37061, 291 HR 4345, 206 HD 46149, 295* HR 5134, 112* HD 46150, 294*–295* HR 5355, 252* HD 46202, 269* HR 8752, 185, 211 HD 46223, 295* HR 8799, 257 HD 52432, 75* HR 8832, 168* HD 64568, 295* HS B, 228 HD 64802, 272* U Hydrae, 111*, 187 HD 69464, 297* a Hydri, 215 HD 73710, 166 HZ 21, 285* HD 73974, 166 HD 93128, 295* IC 351 (nebula), 66* HD 93129A, 276–277, 293, 299* IC 3568 nucleus, 327* HD 93146, 197* ε Indi, 154–156 HD 95735, 168* ε Indi B, 155, 155* HD 97534, 279* ε Indi Ba and Bb, 156, 156* HD 101065, see Przybylski’s Star IRCþ10 216, 125 HD 101190, 295* HD 125248, 252, 252* Kapteyn’s Star, 88 HD 126587, 181* Kelu-1, 144 HD 163758, 297* Kepler’s Star, 366, 369 HD 177175, 112* Kru¨ger 60, 26, 128 HD 190429, 81*, 294* HD 190864, 297* L 970-30, 285* HD 191765, 81* L 1573-31, 285* HD 192103, 81*, 298* 10 Lacertae, 295* HD 192163, 298*, 300 DK Lacertae, see Nova Lacertae 1950 HD 193077, 81* Nova Lacertae 1950, 331* HD 210134, 168* a Leonis, see Regulus HD 215441, 252 b Leonis, 245* HD 226868, 376 Z Leonis, 243

380 Star index

R Leonis, 121 z Orionis, 264, 290 CW Leonis, see IRCþ10 216 y1 Orionis, 26 R Leporis, 119 y1 Orionis C, 290, 305 LHS 2065, 109*, 128 y2 Orionis, 291 37 Librae, 174* l Orionis A, 81*, 290, 313* 48 Librae, 274, 275* p3 Orionis, 215 w Lupi, 273 r2 Orionis, 264 a Lyrae, see Vega s Orionis A, 294* b Lyrae, 20, 233 u Orionis, 269* g Lyrae, 233 BL Orionis, 110* d Lyrae, 233 FU Orionis, 212, 346 ε Lyrae, 233 Orion’s Footstool, see Beta Eridani R Lyrae, 233 RR Lyrae 232–233 51 Pegasi, 213 RZ Pegasi, 126* Merope, 268 a Persei, 219, 219*, 244 Mimosa, see Beta Crucis b Persei, see Algol Mira, 20, 74*, 75*, 80*, 107*, 115, 119, z Persei, 279*, 302 122, 187, 338 x Persei, 302 Mizar, 26, 177, 241, 243, 337 o Persei, 302 Mizar A, 177* r Persei, 80* 13 Monocerotis, 87*, 303 w Persei, 290 15 (S) Monocerotis, 295* 48 Persei, 274, 275* R Monocerotis, 348 53 Persei, 276 V614 Monocerotis, see HD 52432 Nova Persei 1901, 318 V838 Monocerotis, 141–143, 143* PG 1159–035, 289 PG 1533–057, 288* NGC 1501 nucleus, 329, 330* b Pictoris, 257 NGC 2440 (nebula), 322*–323* Nova Pictoris 1925, 318 NGC 6543 nucleus, 327*, 363 a Piscis Austrini, see Fomalhaut NGC 6905 nucleus, 330* 19 (TX) Piscium, 111*, 126*, 187 NGC 7009 (nebula), 47* 54 Piscium, 188* NGC 7009 nucleus, 327* Pleione, see 28 Tauri NGC 7027 (nebula), 324* Polaris, 16, 215, 217, 224 North Star, see Polaris Pollux, 10, 72, 163, 213 Procyon, 9, 80*, 215, 216–218, 218*, 219*, OH 231.8þ4.2, 123, see also Calabash 239, 244, 259, 332 Nebula Procyon B, 92, 239, 259–260, 364 OH 357.3–1.3, 124* Proxima, see Proxima Centauri a Ophiuchi, 243 Przybylski’s Star, 249*, 252–253 z Ophiuchi, 290 z Puppis, 74*, 88, 290, 294 r Ophiuchi, 265, 345 r Puppis, 236 RS Ophiuchi, 335 QX Puppis, see OH 231.8þ4.2 Orion Molecular Cloud, 315* Nova Puppis 1942, 318 Orion Nebula, 307* a Orionis, see Betelgeuse R 136a1, 305 b Orionis, see Rigel R 640, 285* g Orionis, 271* Regulus, 10, 264, 266 d Orionis, 264, 290, 313 z1 Reticuli, 195 ε Orionis, 74*, 80*, 290 z2 Reticuli, 195

Star index 381

Rigel, 2, 9, 16, 271* 2MASS J0036–1821, 134* Rigil Kentaurus, see Alpha Centauri 2MASS J0559–1404, 147* 2MASS J0746–2000, 134* a Scorpii, see Antares 2MASS J1507–1627, 134* b Scorpii, 271* 2MASSs J0850359þ105716, 95* d Scorpii, 274 2MASSW J1146þ2230, 94* o1 Scorpii, 269* 2MASSW J1239þ2029, 94* 18 Scorpii, 195 2MASSW J1632þ1904, 94*, 95* 22 Scorpii, 269* Tycho’s Star, 366, 369 U Scorpii, 335 V635 Scorpii, 112* a Ursae Majoris, 163, 173, 243 d Scuti, 235 b Ursae Majoris, 241 l Serpentis, 207* ε Ursae Majoris, 252 Sirius, 9, 25, 27, 72–73, 74*, 80*, 215–216, z Ursae Majoris, see Mizar 241–242, 244*, 259, 332 Z Ursae Majoris, 243, 266 Sirius B, 92, 242, 259–260, 364 61 Ursae Majoris, 189* orbit of, 261 a Ursae Minoris, see Polaris Sk-69202, 264, 367, 371 b Ursae Minoris, 163, 174* Spica, 10, 264, 266, 276 d Ursae Minoris, 217 Sun, 52*, 72*, 189*, 190*, 202* flash spectrum of, 199* VB 10, 115 Supernova 1979I, 369 Vega, 9, 73, 87*, 162, 215, 222*, 233, 241, Supernova 1987A, 264, 368* 244*, 245*, 250, 269* disk of, 256–257 a Tauri, see Aldebaran g1 Velorum, 290 g Tauri, 163, 165 g2 Velorum, 290 d1 Tauri, 163, 165, 165*, 180, 187 AI Velorum, 236 ε Tauri, 163, 165 a Virginis, see Spica Z Tauri, see Merope g Virginis, 216 y1 Tauri, 163, 165 y Virginis, 246* 17 Tauri, 274 59 Virginis, 207* 19 Tauri, 80* 78 Virginis, 252 28 Tauri, 274 W Virginis, 91, 211, 227, 229, 235 63 Tauri, 250, 251* CS Virginis, see HR 5355 75 Tauri, 165 GW Virginis, 289 T Tauri, 182, 212, 254, 344, 349, 349* vMa 2, 285* RV Tauri, 211, 229, 235, 238 b Trianguli, 80* YM 29 nucleus, 365

Subject index

A stars, 241–243 asymptotic giant branch, 231, 354–355, classification of, 246–247 359–360 rotations of, 250–251 atomic number, 37 spectra of, 243–247 atomic weight, 37 AAVSO, see American Association of atoms, 36–41 Variable Star Observers nuclei of, 36 Abell 21, see YM 29 Auriga, 186 aberration of starlight, 171 aurora, 200, 204 absolute magnitudes, 17 auroral lines, 311 absorption line profile, 52 absorption lines, 48 B stars, 264–266 formation of, 48–50, 58–60 classification of, 268–273 structure of, 51–53 luminosity classes of, 271–273 accretion disk, 333 masses of, 270 AGB, see asymptotic giant branch organization of, 266–268 age of Universe, 357 rotations of, 274 AI Velorum stars, 236 B–V, see UBV system, color index Algol paradox, 176–177 in carbon stars, 112 Alpha CV stars, see Ap stars Baade, Walter, 370 alpha particles, 43 Balmer continuum (limit), 47, 50, 83, 244, alpha rays, 43 310, 321–323 AM Herculis stars, see polars Balmer decrement, 312 Am stars, see metallic-line stars Balmer series, 45, 47 American Association of Variable Star effect of temperature on, 98–99 Observers, 121 band head, 57 Andromeda myth, 8 Bappu, V., 175 A˚ ngstrom unit, 15 barium stars, 179, 332 angular momentum, 31 Bayer, Johannes, 5 Ap stars, see magnetic peculiar A stars Be (B-emission) stars, 274–275 apastron, 31 B[e] stars, 278 aphelion, 30, 31 Beehive Cluster, see Praesepe apparent magnitude, 16 Bessell, Friedrich, 171 Argo, 8 Beta Canis Majoris stars, see Beta Cephei associations, 27, see also OB associations stars asteroids, 158, 255 Beta Cephei stars, 91, 275–276, 359 asteroseismology, 208 beta rays, 43 astronomical unit, 12 Big Dipper, 5, 6, 13, 16, 27, 163, 241, 243

383

384 Subject index

binary stars, 25–26 spectral class development of, 77–78, in classes L and T, 144–145, 153–157 84, 110 in M dwarfs, 130 Carina, 216 masses of, 32 Carina Nebula, 216, 276, 277, 304 BL Herculis stars, 91, 229 Cassegrain spectrograph, 67, 68 black hole(s), 333, 339–340, 375 Cas–Tau, 304 at center of Galaxy, 21 cataclysmic variables, 289, 318, 329–339 blackbodies, 27–30 Cat’s Eye Nebula, see NGC 6543 blackbody curves, see Planck curves CCD, see charge-coupled device Blahzko effect, 233 Centaurus, 27, 267 blazed gratings, 63 center of activity, 202 blends, 56 center of mass, 32 blue loops, 358 Cepheid variable stars, 91, 178, 211, blue sky, 284 224–229, 359 blue stragglers, 366 CH stars, 179 bolometric correction, 19, 115, 117, Chandrasekhar, S., 263 350, 352 Chandrasekhar limit, 263, 360 bolometric magnitudes, 19, 115, 117 charge-coupled device, 17 Bonner Durchmusterung, 10–11 chemical compositions/abundances bound–free radiation, 51 alteration of, 125–126 Bowen, I. S., 311 calculation of in stars, 60, 116, Bp stars, see Ap stars 247–249 Brackett series, 45, 47 of the Sun, 38–40, 192–193 in helium, 53, 293–294 chemical elements, 36–41 brehmstrahlung, see free–free radiation table of, 38–40 continuum chemically peculiar (CP) stars, 223, bright giants, 87 249–254, 273–275 Bright Star Catalogue, 11 chromosphere(s), 58, 174, 197–199 brown-dwarf desert, 145 of M stars, 128 brown dwarfs, 95, 127, 136–141, CIA bands, 147–148, 183 see also L stars, T stars circumstellar disks, see accretion disk, limits to, 139–140 planetary disks luminosities of, 153 Clark, Alvan, 259 and planets, 157–160 cluster variables, see RR Lyrae stars temperatures of, 140 clusters, 26–27, see also globular clusters, buckminsterfullerenes, 314 open clusters Bunsen, Robert, 70 ages and evolution of, 356–357 CMD, see color–magnitude diagram Ca II K line structure, 174 CN anomaly, 179 Calabash Nebula, 122, 123 CN break, 168–169, 187 Canis Major, 5, 215, 242 CN (CNO) cycle, see carbon cycle Canis Minor, 5 Coalsack, 281 Cannon, Annie, 75 collimator, 65, 66 carbon atom, 37 color, 18–19 carbon cycle, 220–221 color–color diagram, 100–102, 283 carbon-14, 43 color excess, 283 carbon stars, 75, 108–113, 124–125, 316, color index, 18 321, 360 along the spectral sequence, 97 colors of, 112 color–magnitude diagram, 100–101 dwarf variety of, see dwarf carbon stars for globular clusters, 173, 231

Subject index 385

for L and T stars, 152 diffuse interstellar bands, 294–295, 314 for open clusters, 173 diffuse nebulae, 59, 281, 304–310 Coma Berenices cluster, 357 distribution of, 267 combination spectra, 337 diffusion of elements, 223, 251, 253, 274, 286 comets, 158, 255 dispersion (of light) comparison spectra, 66–67 by diffraction, 62–63 composite spectra, 337 by refraction, 61–62 conservation of angular momentum, 31 spectrographic, 64 constellations, 5–8 distance modulus, 172 constructive interference, 62–63 distance scale of Universe, 234, 369 continuous spectra, 48, 50–51, Doppler effect, 60–61 see also nebular continuum double stars, see binary stars convection, 205, 208 double white dwarfs, 371 convective envelope, 208, 210, 221 DOV stars, 289 Cordoba Durchmusterung, 11 Draper, Henry, 75 corona(e), 197–201, 204 Draper sequence, see Harvard classes, spectrum of, 200 spectral sequence of stars, 128 Dumbbell Nebula, 318 coronal mass ejection, 204 dwarf carbon stars, 111, 179 coronium, 200, 311 dwarf novae, 329, 335–336 cosmic rays, 43, 344, 374 dwarf stars, see main sequence coude´ spectrograph, 68 dynamo theory, see solar dynamo CP1 stars, see metallic-line stars CP2 stars, see magnetic peculiar A stars early AGB, 360 CP3 stars, see mercury–manganese stars echelle spectrograph, 69 CP4 stars, see helium-weak stars eclipsing binaries, 26, 114 Crab Nebula, 372–375 among giants and supergiants, 175–178 spectrum of, 373 Eddington limit, 276 Crab pulsar, 372, 375 effective temperature, 30 Crux, 22, 216, 264 Egg Nebula, 362 Curtiss, R. H., 81–82 electromagnetic force, 41 curve of growth, 248 electromagnetic radiation, 13 CV stars, see cataclysmic variables electromagnetic spectrum, 13–16 Cygnus, 5, 12, 22 electron shells, 41 diffuse nebulae in, 306 electron temperature(s), 310, 320 Cygnus Loop, 373–374 electron volt, 46 electrons, 36 DA, DB white dwarfs, 260–261, 285–287 orbits of, 44–45 dark energy, 1 ellipse, 31 dark matter, 1 emission lines, 46–47, 50 declination, 10 formation of, 48–51 DEep Near Infrared Survey, 133 energy-level diagram, 45–46 degeneracy, 138, 262–263 Engagement Ring, 217 Delta Scuti stars, 91, 235–236, 359 equivalent width, 248 destructive interference, 62–63 Eridanus, 243 deuterium Eta Carinae, 216, 238, 276–279, 300 in brown dwarfs, 140 evolutionary tracks, 350, 354, 356, 364 differential rotation, 127, 200, 204 extrasolar planets, 130–131, 212–214, 347, diffraction, 62–63 350–351 diffraction grating, 62–63 imaged, 257–258

386 Subject index

extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars, 129, galaxies, 22 180–181, 193 Galaxy, 20–22 extrinsic S stars, 112 age of, 356–357, 365 bulge of, 21, 180 F stars, 215–216 chemical evolution of, 126, 179–181, 193, convection in, 221 321, 350, 360 dwarfs and giants among, 223 halo of, 21, 267 luminosity classes of, 217–219 magnetic field of, 284, 344 nuclear reactions in, 220–221 size of, 20–21, 234 rotations of, 221–223 galaxy evolution, 292, 312–313, 321 spectra and classification of, 216–219 Gamma Doradus stars, 91, 236 faculae, 184–185, 203 gamma-ray bursts, 277, 370, 375 faint young Sun paradox, 353 gamma rays, 15, 43 false dawn, 256 Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 252 fifth type, 73, see also Wolf–Rayet stars gauss unit, 252 fifty-three Persei stars, see slowly pulsating giant H II regions, 304 B stars giant stars, 35, 85, 87 filaments, 203 evolution of, 359–360 fine analysis, 248–249 origin of, 353–355 first-magnitude stars, 9–10 globular clusters, 27, 33, 92, 230–235, fission, 43 356–357 FK Comae Berenices stars, 211 Gould, B. A., 266, 304 Flamsteed, John, 10 Gould Belt, 266–267, 304 Atlas Coelestis of, 12 granulation, 190, 196–197 Flamsteed numbers, 10 gratings, 62 flare stars, 91, 128–129, 205–206 gravitational lensing, 212–213 in class L, 143–144 gravity, 41 flash spectrum, 197, 199 gravity darkening, 223 Fleming, Williamina, 75 gravity waves, 372 FLIERS, 319 Greek alphabet, 11 Fm stars, see metallic–line stars Grotrian diagram, see term diagram forbidden lines, 200, 278, 311–312 ground state, 44 in the corona, 200 Gyllenberg, W., 86 forces of nature, 41 Forty-seven Tucanae, 27, 226, 232 h and Chi Persei, 357 Fp stars, see Ap stars H II regions, see diffuse nebulae Fraunhofer, Joseph von, 70 HAe/Be stars, see Herbig Ae/Be stars Fraunhofer lines, 70–72 half-life, 43 free–bound radiation continuum, 51, 310 Halley’s Comet, 22 free–free radiation continuum, 51, 310 Haro, Guillermo, 345 frequency of light, 13 Harvard classes, 73–81, see also spectral FU Orionis stars, 212, 346 sequence original, 75–76 G stars, 184–185 Hayashi, C., 138 activity on, 205–206 HD numbers, 77 giants and subgiants of, 210–212 helium luminosity classification of, 186–187 atom, 37 mass loss from, 211 discovery of, 191 spectra and classification of, 185–187 energy-level diagram of, 54 supergiants of, 211 flash, 358

Subject index 387

fusion of, 358 Infrared Astronomical Satellite, see IRAS spectrum of, 53, 293 infrared radiation, 15 helium-strong stars, 254, 270, 273 discovery of, 146 helium-weak stars, 254, 270, 273 instability strip, 91, 224, 354–355 Henry Draper Extension, 77 origins of, 237–238 Henry Draper Memorial (Catalogue), 11, interference fringes, 62–63 77, 79 interferometry, 113–114 Herbig, George, 254, 345 intermediate polars, 336 Herbig Ae/Be stars, 254–255, 344, 348 International Ultraviolet Explorer, 272, Herbig–Haro objects, 345, 347, 349 327 Herschel, William, 146, 318, 319, 363 interstellar dust, 280–284 hertz, 13 depletion of metals onto, 280, 314 Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 76, 85 effect on distances of, 280–283 Hertzsprung gap, 86, 223, 355 interstellar extinction and reddening, Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, see HR 281–283, 312 diagram interstellar lines, 313–316 HH 30, 349 interstellar medium, 267, 280–281, HH 34, 347 313–316 high-velocity stars, 25, 129 interstellar polarization, 283–284 Hipparchus of Nicea, 16 intrinsic S stars, 112 Hipparcos numbers, 11 ionization potential, 46 Hipparcos satellite, 171 ionization and temperature, 98 homonuclear molecules, 58 ions, 37, 41–42 Homunculus, 276–277 IRAS, 256 horizontal branch (HB), 229–235, IRCþ10 216, 125 354–355, 358 iron peak, 191, 193, 343 hour circle, 8 irregular variables, 118 HR diagram, 85–92 isoelectronic sequence, 53 calibration of, 171–172 isotopes, 37, 42 classic, 91 isotopic wavelength shifts, 113 distribution of stars in, 92–93 historical, 86 J stars, 113, 125 for L and T stars, 152 Jewel Box cluster, 27 HR numbers, 11 Julian date, 236 Hubble’s Variable Nebula, 348 Hubble–Sandage variables, 228, 238, 278, 300 K stars, 162–165 Huggins, William, 73, 305, 311, 318, 363 classification of, 164–169 Humphries–Davidson limit, 356, 359 luminosities of, 167–169 Humphries series, 47 and the main sequence, 171–172 Hyades, 27, 163, 165, 171–173, 343, 357 variation of, 175–178 hybrid stars, 211 Kappa Crucis, see Jewel Box hydrogen atom, 40 KBOs, see Kuiper Belt energy levels of, 45 Keenan, P. C., 84–85, 87 spectrum of, 45–47 Kepler, Johannes, 30 hydrostatic equilibrium, 208 Kepler’s laws, 30 hypergiant stars, 90, 276–279 as generalized by Newton, 31–32 hypernovae, 277, 375 Kids, 177, 186 Kirchhoff, Gustav, 52, 70 IC 351, 66, 310, 320 Kirchhoff’s laws, 50, 51–53 IC 4997, 319, 320 Kuiper, Gerard, 157

388 Subject index

Kuiper Belt, 157, 255 M 11, 357 Kumar, Shiv, 138 M 13, 27, 232, 234 M 15, 230, 232 L stars, 93–95, 132–133, see also brown M 20, see Trifid Nebula dwarfs M 22, 232 binaries among, 144–145 M 27, see Dumbbell Nebula chemistry of, 100, 135–136 M 31, 22, 25 colors of, 148–151 M 32, 25 HR diagram for, 152 M 33, 228 luminosities of, 135 M 41, 242, 357 numbers of, 136 M 42, see Orion Nebula rotation and variation of, 143–144 M 43, 291 spectra of, 133–135 M 44, see Praesepe temperatures of, 135, 140, 148–151 M 45, see Pleiades Lagoon Nebula, 304 M 51, 292 Lagrangian point, 332–333 M 56, 233 Lambda Boo¨tis stars, 254, 280, 314 M 57, see Ring Nebula in Lyra Large Magellanic Cloud, 90, 137, 216, 225, M 63, 369 264, 301 M 67, 357 lasers, see masers M 80, 28 Lb and Lc stars, 118 M 92, 234 Leavitt, Henrietta, 224 M 101, 21, 24 Leo, 5 M 104, 235 lifetimes of stars, 127, 172, 342 M stars, 104–105, see also red dwarfs light, 13 classification of, 77–78, 82, 105–108 speed of, 13 colors of, 117 light echoes, 141 dimensions of, 113–115 light-year, 13 dwarf sequence for, 109 limb-darkening, 184–185, 195–196 dwarfs among, 126–129 line blanketing, 116, 188 luminosities of, 117 lithium, beryllium, and boron, 191 luminosity classification of, 107 lithium depletion in stars, 141, 206–207, 223 magnetic fields in, 127–128 Little Dipper, 5, 6, 163 masses of, 117 Little Ice Age, 204 spectra of, 105–108 log L–log T plane, 100 temperatures of, 115–117 long-period variables, see Mira variables magnetic braking, 207, 222–223 Lower-Centaurus–Crux association, 304 magnetic field of Galaxy, 284, 344 luminosity classes, 87–92 magnetic peculiar A stars, 249, 251–254 luminosity equation, 30 magnetic white dwarfs, 288–289 Luminous Blue Variables, 238, 276–279, magnitude equation, 17 300, 359 magnitudes, 16–20 lunar occultations, 114 infrared, 132 Lyman series, 45, 47 main sequence 3, 34, 85, 87 Lyra, 12, 233 ages, 206–207 fitting, 172, 234, 268 M1,see Crab Nebula spectral sequence for, 83 M3,232, 234, 357 masers, 122–123 M5,231, 232 mass loss, 121–125, 211, 298–302, 338–339 M7,105 mass–luminosity relation, 34, 220, 342 M8,see Lagoon Nebula mass transfer, 176–177, 333

Subject index 389

Maunder minimum, 205 nebulae, 278–280, see also diffuse, Maury, Antonia, 75 planetary, reflection nebulae Maury classification system, 75–76 nebular continuum, 310 McNaught, Robert, 371 nebular lines, 311 mercury–manganese stars, 254, 273 nebular spectrum, 37, 307 Merrill–Sanford bands, 112 analysis of, 312–313 Messier, Charles 21 formation of, 305–312 metal-deficient stars, 180–181 nebular stratification, 312, 321 metallic-line stars, 249–251, 332 nebulium, 311 classification of, 250 negative hydrogen ion, 42, 195 metastable states, 311 negative luminosity effect, 107 Michelson, A. A., 113 neon novae, 333 micron, 15 neutrinos, 209–210 Milky Way, 20–22, 216, 265, 266–267, 317 from supernovae, 371 diffuse nebula along, 267 neutron capture, 125, 181, 360, 370 dust in, 281 neutron stars, 262–263, 339–340, 370, red supergiants along, 343 372–375, see also pulsars mineral clouds of L and T stars, 100, neutrons, 36 135–136, 144, 151 NGC 205, 25 Minkowski, R., 366 NGC 752, 357 Mira variables, 91, 118–121, 178, 238, 316, NGC 1501, 329–330 359–360 NGC 1647, 165 dust from, 122, 280 NGC 2074, 137 emission spectra of, 120 NGC 2244, 303 mass loss from, 121–125 NGC 2264, 304 MK classes, see luminosity classes NGC 2362, 242, 357 MK process, 92, 151, 287 NGC 2440, 310, 320–323 MK system, 85–93 NGC 3603, 23, 268, 301 chemical variations in, 96 NGC 6543, 318, 363 class in, 89 NGC 6888, 298, 300 luminosity criteria for, 87, 90 NGC 7000, see North America Nebula MKK, see MK NGC 7006, 234 molecular clouds, 281, 315–316 NGC 7009, 310, 319 molecules, 43–44 spectrum of, 47 spectra of, 56–58, 112 NGC 7027, 324 in the Sun, 191 non-DA desert, 287, 366 Monoceros, 303 non-DA white dwarfs, 285–287, 365 Monoceros OB1, OB2, 303–304 non-radial pulsations, 235–236, 275 Morgan, Keenan, and Kellman, see MK North America Nebula, 317 Morgan, W. W., 84–85, 87 North Celestial Pole, 215, 217 moving cluster method, 171–172 Northern Cross, 22, see also Cygnus MS stars, 112 nova(e), 317–318, 329–335 multi-object spectrograph, 69 decay speeds of, 331 multiple stars, 26 distance method for, 334–335 multiplets, 56 light curve of, 330 origins of, 332–334 N star class development, 77, 81, 84 remnants of, 334–335 Nakajima, T., 138 spectra of, 331–332 Nakano, T., 138 types of, 331–332 nanometer, 15 nucleosynthesis, 193

390 Subject index

O II energy-level diagram, 55 periodic table, 191 O VI stars, 329, 330 Pfund series, 47 O-star classification and development, PG 1159 stars, 289, 329 77–78, 82, 293–297 phase space, 262 O-star distribution, 267 photoelectric photometer, 17 O-star luminosities, 302 photoionization, 305–309 O stars, 290–293 photon, 13 OB associations, 27, 267, 302–304 photosphere, 34, 184–185 naming of, 302 photovisual magnitude, 18 objective prism spectrograph, 68–69 Pickering, E. C., 73, 75 oblique rotation, 253, 374 Pickering series, 53, 293–294 observational selection, 87 Planck, Max, 29 Of stars, 88, 294–296 Planck curves, 29, 325 in planetary nebulae, 326–327 Planck’s constant, 14 OH 231.8þ4.2, 123 planet formation, 157–159, 255, 347, 350 OH 357.3–1.3, 124 planetary disks, 255–258 OH/IR stars, 124–125 planetary nebula nuclei (central stars), 318, Omega Centauri, 27 321, 323–329 Oort Cloud, 255 classification of, 326–329 open clusters, 26–27, 223, 356–357 evolution of, 354–355 Ophiuchus, 8, 265 planetary nebulae, 47, 66, 125, 289, Orion, 2, 5, 8, 27, 104, 216, 259, 264, 267, 318–329 346 distances of, 325–326, 335 Belt of, 2, 16 electron temperatures of, 320 Orion Bar, 291 enrichment of, 321 Orion Molecular Cloud, 291, 309, 346, formation and evolution of, 354–355, see also Orion OB1 360–365 spectrum of, 315 spectra of, 66, 47, 320–324 Orion Nebula, 2, 26, 59, 278, 291, 304, structures of, 361 309, 346 planetary transits, 212 protoplanetary disks in, 159 planetesimals, 158, 255 spectrum of, 307 planets, 157–159, see also extrasolar planets Orion OB1, 302, 304 Plaskett, J. S., 82 ozone layer, 15 plasma, 309 Pleiades, 27, 173, 268, 274, 357 P Cygni lines, 277–280, 298–299, 327 reflection nebula in, 268, 280 PAHs, see polycyclic aromatic Plough, see Big Dipper hydrocarbons Pluto, 157 Palomar–Green survey of white dwarfs, polarization of light, 252, 283–284, 288 289 polars, 336 parallax, 11, 169–171 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 314, 321 parsec, 13, 171 Population I, 21 Paschen series, 45, 47 age of, 33 Payne–Gaposchkin, Cecilia, 96, 249 chemical composition of, 33 Pease, F. G., 113 Population II, 21 perfect gas law, 208, 262 age of, 33 periastron, 31 Cepheids, see W Virginis stars perihelion, 30, 31 chemical composition of, 33, 92, 179–180 period–luminosity (P–L) relation, 224–229 positive luminosity effect, 107 calibration of, 227–229 positrons, 209

Subject index 391

Praesepe, 27, 163, 166, 343, 357 RoAp stars, see rapidly rotating Ap stars precession, 10 Roche lobe, 332–333 prefixes, 88–89 Rosette Nebula, 303–304, 309 prominences, 203 rotation, see stellar rotation proper motion, 24 rotation break, 222 proton–proton chain, 208–209, 220 rotational states of molecules, 56 protons, 36 rough analysis, 248 protoplanetary nebulae, 361 r-process, see neutron capture pulsars, 339–340, 372, 374–375, RR Lyrae gap, 231–232 see also neutron stars RR Lyrae stars, 91, 227, 229–235, 359 purity, 64 RS Canum Venaticorum stars, 211, 250, 332 quantitative classification, 169 Rufus, W. C., 81–82 quantum mechanics, 36, 44 Russell, Henry Norris, 85 RV Tauri stars, 91, 211, 229, 235, 238 R 136, 301, 305 R Coronae Borealis stars, 110, 238–239 S Doradus stars, see hypergiant stars R Lyrae, 233 S stars, 78, 81, 112–113, 179, 360 R stars, 77–78, 84, 178–179 saturation, 248 radial velocity, 24 Saturn Nebula, see NGC 7009 radiation pressure, 237 SC stars, 112 radiative envelope, 208, 210 scattering of light, 280 radiative recombination, see recombination Sco OB2, 304 radio radiation, 15 Scorpius, 5, 27, 104–105, 264–267 radio recombination lines, 309 Scorpius–Centaurus association, see Sco radio spectrograph, 69 OB2 radioactivity, 42–43 sdB stars, see subdwarf O and B stars dating by, 43 sdO stars, 326, see also subdwarf O and rapidly rotating Ap stars, 252 B stars rare earths, 39–40, 191, 219, 250 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, ratio of extinction to color excess, 283 214, 257 Rayet, Georges, 296 Secchi, Father Angelo, 72–73, 163 recombination, 51, 307–309 Secchi types, 72–73 recurrent novae, 329, 333, 335, 371 second parameter problem, 233–234 red dwarfs, 104, 126–129 seeing, 113, 187 spectral sequence for, 109 self-absorption, 50, 175 red-giant branch (RGB), 234, 355 semi-forbidden lines, 337 red-giant clump, 354–355, 358 semi-regular variables, 118, 120 red supergiants, 104 Serpens and Ophiuchus, 8 distribution of, 343 SETI, see Search for Extraterrestrial reflection nebulae, 268, 280–281 Intelligence refraction, 61–62 Seven Sisters, see Pleiades resonance lines, 59 Shane, C. D., 84 in brown dwarfs and L stars, 93–94, 133 shell stars, 274–275 in T stars, 147 Shelton, Ian, 371 reversing layer, 58, 197 slit spectrograph, 64 Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud, 265, 345 Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 133 right ascension, 8 slowly pulsating B stars, 91, 276 Ring Nebula in Lyra, 233, 318 Small Magellanic Cloud, 22, 216, 224, 226 ring nebulae, 299, 300 solar activity, 201–205

392 Subject index

solar analogues, 195 compositions of, 32–33, 247–249 solar core, 208–210 convection in, 34 solar cycle, 202, 204–206 coordinates of, 8–10 solar dynamo, 200, 205 corona of, 197–199 solar eclipse, 197, 199 defined, 3 solar evolution, 351–353 dimensions of, 113–115 solar flares, 128, 201, 203–204 distances of, 11–13, 169–174, 281–283 solar magnetic cycle, see solar cycle end products of, 375 solar opacity, 195 evolution of, 34–35, 341–344 solar spectrum, 187–192 first magnitude, 9–10 Solar System, 157 HR diagram for, 85–93 age of, 34 lifetimes of, 127, 172, 342 solar wind, 200, 255 luminosities of, 34, 117, 220, 342 Southern Cross, see Crux masses of, 3, 30–32, 117, 126, 290 space velocity, 24 motions of, 22–25 SPB stars, see slowly pulsating B stars names of, 5, 9 speckle interferometry, 114, 187 rotations of, see stellar rotation spectral nomenclature, 53–56 structures of, 33–34 spectral sequence, 74, 80–81, 83 temperatures of, 27–30, 97, 115–117 color indices along, 97 winds from, 121–122, 211 decimalization of, 76 statistical parallaxes, 227–229 ionization along, 98 Stefan–Boltzmann law, 30 for main sequence stars, 83 stellar atmosphere, see photosphere original Harvard, 74–76 stellar core, 33 physical basis of, 96–100 stellar envelope, 33–34 population of classes in, 92–93, 136 stellar evolution, 34–35, 341–344 temperatures along, 97 stellar rotation, 127–128, 143–144, 205, spectrograph, 64–69 221–223, 250–251, 274 dispersion of, 64 oblique, 253, 374 spectroheliogram, 197 synchronous, 211, 332 spectrometer, 69 stimulated emission, 123 spectroscope, 66 Stro¨mgren, Bengt, 309 spectroscopic binaries, 26, 175, 177 Stro¨mgren sphere, 309, 323 spectroscopic distances, 172–173 strong (nuclear) force, 41 spicules, 198 subdwarf O and B stars, 92, 302, 326 s-process, see neutron capture subdwarfs, 89–90, 92, 129–130, 182, 219, SRa, SRb, and SRc stars, see semi-regular 356–357 variables of class L, 136 SRd stars, see yellow hypergiants subgiant stars, 87, 181, 353 SS Cygni stars, see dwarf novae subordinate lines, 59 star formation, 136–137, 157, 255, suffixes, 88–89 344–350, 374 Sun, 4, 184–185, 193–194 stars activity of, 201–205 activity on, 205–206 chemical composition of, 192–193 ages of, 141, 206–207 chromosphere of, 58, 197–199 chemical compositions of, 59–60 convective envelope of, 208 chromosphere of, 197–198 core of, 209–210 clusters of, 26–27 corona of, 197–201 color indices of, 97 elements in, 191–192 colors of, 18–19, 117 evolution of, 351–353

Subject index 393

flares on, 128, 201, 203–204 thermal pulse, 360 Fraunhofer lines in, 71–72 thermal pulsing (TP) AGB, 360 granulation on, 190, 196–197 thermonuclear fusion, 33, see also interior of, 208–210 proton–proton chain, CN cycle magnetic cycle of 202, 204–206 Thirty Doradus, 301, 304–305, 366–367 magnetic field of, 200 three-alpha process, 358 photosphere of, 184–185, 194 tides, 332 properties of, 3, 9, 193–194 Tololo classes, 331–332 radiative envelope of, 208 Tr 14, 277 rotation of, 127, 200, 204 transverse velocity, 24 spectrum of, 52, 72, 187–192 Trapezium, 26, 291, 304, see also y1 Orionis structure of, 33 Trifid Nebula, 304 sunspot cycle, see solar cycle turbulence, 219 sunspots, 184–185, 196, 201–202 twenty-one centimeter line, 59, 314–315 superbubbles, 304 twenty-two hundred bump, 282 supergiant stars, 35, 85, 87, 104, 126, 356 two-quantum continuum (mechanism), supergiant variable stars, 118 310, 321–322 super-metal-rich stars, 180 Two-Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), Supernova 1987A, 264, 366–368 93, 133 supernova remnants (SNRs), 373–374 Type Ia supernovae, 335, 366, 368, 369, supernovae, 35, 293, 340, 366–372 371–372 origins of, 370–371 Type Ibc supernovae, 366, 370–371 spectra of, 366, 368 Type II supernovae, 366–371 of Type Ia, 335, 355, 366, 368–369, 371–372 U Geminorum stars, see dwarf novae of Types Ibc, II, 366, 370 U–B, see UBV system, color index of Type II, 366–371 UBV system, 19 symbiotic stars, 337–339 color–color diagram in, 100, 102 synchrotron mechanism (radiation), 374 UBVRI system, 19 ultraviolet, 15 T associations, 182 Upper-Centaurus–Lupus association, 304 T stars, 93–95, see also brown dwarfs Upper-Scorpius association, 304 binaries among, 153–157 uranium-238, 42 chemistry of, 100 Uranometria, 5 colors and temperatures of, 148–152 Ursa Major, 5, 6 HR diagram for, 152 Ursa Major open cluster, 27, 241–242, 243 spectra of, 146–149 Ursa Minor, 5, 7 T Tauri stars, 182, 212, 254–255, 344–350 UV Ceti stars, see flare stars Tarantula Nebula, see Thirty Doradus Taurus, 163–164 valence electrons, 41 technetium, 43 Variable Star Section of the BAA, 121 in stars, 125–126, 253, 360 variable stars, 19–20 temperature(s) names of, 20 differences between giants and dwarfs, 99 Vega-type stars, 257 and ionization level, 98 Vela supernova remnant, 290 of L and T stars, 135, 148–151 Vernal Equinox, 8 of stars, 78, 97 vibrational states, 56 term diagram, 54–55 visual binaries, 25 terminal velocity, 280, 298 visual radiation, 14–15 terms, 54–55 Vulpecula, 12

394 Subject index

W Virginis stars, 91, 211, 227, 229, 235 Wolf, Charles, 296 wavelength of light, 13 Wolf–Rayet stars, 81–82, 110, 290, 370 WC stars, see Wolf–Rayet stars of planetary nebulae, 329–330 weak force, 41 spectra, kinds, and classes of, 296–298 Whirlpool Galaxy, see M51 supernovae from, 371 white-dwarf limit, see Chandrasekhar limit Wollaston, William, 70 white dwarfs, 35, 89–92, 96, 138, 182–183, 236, 239–240, 246–247, 258–263, X-ray bursters, 333, 340 265–266, 284–289 X-ray stars, 333 compositions and classes of, 260–261, X-rays, 15 284–287 degeneracy in, 262–263 Y stars, 93, 95, 100, 160–161 in dwarf novae, 335–336 yellow hypergiants, 91, 178, 185, 211–212, magnetic, 288–289 215, 223, 359 in novae, 332–334 YHG stars, see yellow hypergiants origins and development of, 324, YM 29, 365 363–366 in recurrent novae, 335 Z Andromedae stars, see symbiotic stars spectra of, 284–285 Z Camelopardalis stars, see dwarf novae as supernova progenitors, 371–372 ZAMS, see zero–age main sequence in symbiotic stars, 337–338 Zanstra, Hermann, 305, 324 as variable stars, 91, 236–237, 289 Zanstra mechanism, 305–310, 324–326 Wien law, 27 Zanstra temperatures, 324–326 wiggly lines, 190 Zeeman effect, 202, 252 Wilson, O. C., 175 zero-age main sequence, 348, 350 Wilson–Bappu effect, 174–175, 186 Zodiac, 5, 8 wind-blown bubbles, 299 zodiacal light, 22, 256 Winter Triangle, 216 zone of avoidance, 267, 281 WN stars, see Wolf–Rayet stars Zwicky, Fritz, 370 WO stars, see Wolf–Rayet stars ZZ Ceti stars, 289