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Stat a Pravo.Indd Štát a právo 1-2 / 2018 1 Editorial Vážení čitatelia vedecko-teoretického Dear readers of the scientific and časopisu Štát a právo. Dostáva sa Vám do theoretical journal State and Law. You ruky prvé vydanie nášho časopisu v roku are holding the first edition of our journal 2018, ktorého vydanie prinieslo niekoľko in 2018, whose release brought several noviniek. Tou najzásadnejšou je zmena vo news. The most important thing is the vydavateľovi. Z doterajšieho vydavateľa, change in the publisher. From the previous ktorým bolo Občianske združenie Štát publisher, which was the State and Law a právo prechádza vydávanie časopisu na Civic Association publishing a journal is Právnickú fakultu Univerzity Mateja Bela being transferred to the Faculty of Law of v Banskej Bystrici a jej vydavateľstvo Be- the Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica lianum. Z tohto titulu dochádza aj k zme- and its publishing company Belianum. ne v redakčnej rade, ktorej novým pred- Due to this there is also a change in the sedom sa stáva doc. Dr. iur. JUDr. Ing. Editorial Board, which will be chaired by Michal Turošík, PhD., dekan Právnickej doc. Dr. iur. Mgr. Ing. Michal Turošík, fakulty Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej PhD., the Dean of the Faculty of Law of the Bystrici. Matej Bela University in Banská Bystrica. Na ostatnom zasadnutí Redakčnej At the last meeting of the Editorial Board rady časopisu Štát a právo nový predse- of the State and Law journal, the new da redakčnej rady vyslovil svoju vďaku chairman of the Editorial Board thanked the doterajšiemu predsedovi, Mult. Dr. h.c. current chairman, Mult. Dr. h.c. prof. JUDr. prof. JUDr. Mojmírovi Mamojkovi, CSc. Mojmír Mamojka, CSc. for Editorial Board za vedenie redakčnej rady, ako aj za jeho leadership, as well as his contribution to prínos pri založení a fungovaní časopisu. the foundation and operation of the journal. Rovnako tak vyslovil vďaku aj ostatným He also thanked the other Editorial Board členom redakčnej rady za ich spoluprácu members for their cooperation with the s časopisom, a vyjadril svoje uistenie, že journal, and expressed his assurance that aj pod jeho vedením bude časopis Štát even under his leadership, the State and a právo vydávaný v takej podobe, kvalite Law Magazine would be published in the a charaktere ako doteraz. Časopis si kladie form, quality and character as it has been so za cieľ udržanie medzifakultného charak- far. The journal seeks to maintain the inter- teru svojho vedeckého zamerania, a rov- faculty nature of its scientific focus and, as it nako ako doteraz, bude prístupný aj pre is now, it will also be available for publishing publikovanie statí a článkov odborníkov studies and articles for foreign law experts. v oblasti práva i zo zahraničia. doc. Dr. iur. JUDr. Ing. Michal Turošík, PhD. doc. Dr. iur. JUDr. Ing. Michal Turošík, PhD. Chairman of the Editorial Board Predseda Redakčnej rady Štát a právo 1-2 / 2018 2 Účasť na štátnej moci a politika štátu v oblasti kultúry a školstva národnostných menšín a etnických skupín Jaroslav Chovanec Abstrakt: Autor v štúdii rozoberá a hodnotí: „Účasť na štátnej moci a politika štátu v oblasti kultúry a školstva národnostných menšín a etnických skupín.“ Pritom zdôrazňuje, že štátotvorný národ (Slováci) tvorí s príslušníkmi národnostných menšín štát, garantujúci im menšinové práva. Ide o politický národ – občanov Slovenskej re- publiky, národ ako politický subjekt, teda občania ako zdroj moci podľa Ústavy SR čl. 1 ods. 2 ako subjekt štátu. Právny poriadok Slovenskej republiky zakotvuje, že každá národnostná menšina alebo etnická skupina má právo v súlade so zákonom o združovaní občanov, združovať sa do spolkov a rôznych politických hnutí a združení. Prostredníctvom politických strán a hnutí sa môže uchádzať o účasť na štátnej moci, a to spôsobom, ktorý ustanovujú volebné zákony do zákonodarného zboru (NR SR) a do samosprávnych celkov krajov. Na základe posledných výsled- kov všeobecných volieb do NR SR, ktoré boli v r. 2016, t.j. funkčné obdobie 2016-2020 má maďarská národnostná menšina pro- stredníctvom strany MOST – HÍD zastúpenie v Národnej rade SR 8 poslancov maďarskej národnosti a 7 poslancov v slovenskej národnosti – spolu 15 a vo vláde SR má 3 ministrov a z toho ministerku spravodlivosti a zároveň podpredsedníčku vlády SR. Národná rada SR ako jediný ústavodarný a zákonodarný orgán si okrem iných výborov zriaďuje i Výbor Národnej rady SR pre verejnú správu, územnú samosprávu a národnosti. Vláda SR ako vrcholný orgán výkonnej moci si zriadila Radu vlády pre ľudské práva, národnostné menšiny a rodovú rovnosť. Ide o porad- ný, iniciatívny a koordinačný orgán vlády SR pre otázky národnostnej politiky. Okrem uvedeného vláda SR zriadila i vládnych splnomocnencov vlády pre rómsku komunitu a vládneho splnomocnenca pre ľudské práva, národnostné menšiny a rodovú rovnosť. Slovenská republika uskutočňuje národnostnú politiku štátu aj v kultúrnej oblasti, dotýkajúcu sa bezprostredne života národnostných menšín a etnických skupín, ktorá smeruje k zachovaniu ich kultúrnej, jazykovej a národ- nej identity, a to predovšetkým finančnou podporou (dotáciami) ich aktivít, najmä v spoločensko-kultúrnom živote. V rámci nej zabezpečuje vydávanie periodickej tlače pre všetky národnostné menšiny žijúce v Slovenskej republike, ktoré sa uskutočňuje prostredníctvom finančnej podpory Ministerstva kultúry Slovenskej republiky. Podporuje vydávanie aj neperiodickej tlače, t. j. vydávanie kníh pre národnostné menšiny a etnické skupiny na základe schválených projektov a gran- tov. V tejto súvislosti sa žiada poukázať na skutočnosť, že vláda SR schválila v marci 2017 návrh zákona o Fonde na podporu kultúry národnostných menšín. Ide Dr. h. c. prof. JUDr. Jaroslav Chovanec, CSc. Katedra právnych a humanitných vied, Fakulta masmediálnej komunikácie UCM v Trnave Štát a právo 1-2 / 2018 3 teda o finančnú podporu profesionálnych organizácií menšinových kultúr – di- vadlá, umelecké súbory, múzeá a pod. Okrem toho z určeného príspevku na čin- nosť príspevkových organizácií alikvótnym podielom (podľa počtu obyvateľov) financuje kultúrne aktivity národnostných menšín a etnických skupín. V tejto ob- lasti môžeme ako príklad uviesť, že v Slovenskej republike pôsobia dve profesio- nálne maďarské divadlá, a to v Komárne od roku 1952 Jókai Sziház a v Košiciach Thália od roku 1969 podnes. Okrem týchto dvoch divadiel maďarskej menšiny pôsobia v Slovenskej republike ďalšie dve profesionálne divadlá. Jedno rusín- sko-ukrajinské, ktoré pôsobí v Prešove, a jedno rómske v Košiciach. V oblasti maďarskej národnostnej kultúry v rámci Slovenskej republiky existuje i maďarské národnostné múzeum, a to Podunajské múzeum v Komárne a dve galérie v Dunaj- skej Strede. Okrem toho existuje a pôsobí i profesionálny maďarský národnostný súbor Mladé srdcia (Iljú Szívek). Ďalej treba poukázať i na skutočnosť, že Ministerstvo kultúry Slovenskej republiky financuje i vysielací čas vo verejno- právnych inštitúciách (Slovenský rozhlas, Slovenská televízia) pre národnostné menšiny a etnické skupiny. Ako príklad môžeme uviesť, že Slovenský rozhlas vysiela v maďarskom jazyku viac ako 40 hodín týždenne a Slovenská televízia vysiela každý deň spravodajstvo a rôzne relácie v stanovenom čase, najmä v jazy- ku maďarskom a rómskom, ale tiež i v jazyku iných národnostných menšín žijúcich v Slovenskej republike. V súvislosti s uskutočňovaním práv národnostných menšín a etnických skupín v oblasti kultúry považujeme za potrebné poukázať i na reali- záciu práv o združovaní sa občanov do politických strán, hnutí a občianskych združení resp. spolkov i občanov patriacich k národnostným menšinám a etnickým skupinám v Slovenskej republike. Toto ústavné právo príslušníkov národnostných menšín a etnických skupín žijúcich v Slovenskej republike sa v plnej miere uplat- ňuje i v spoločensko-politickej praxi. Na dôkaz toho môžeme uviesť, že v Sloven- skej republike je na ministerstve vnútra registrovaných 32 politických strán národ- nostných menšín, z toho 10 politických strán, ktoré reprezentujú maďarskú národnostnú menšinu a 21 politických strán, ktoré reprezentujú rómsku národ- nostnú menšinu a 1 politická strana rusínsko-ukrajinská. Okrem toho sú na Minis- terstve vnútra Slovenskej republiky registrované rôzne spolky a kultúrne zväzy národnostných menšín. Okrem uvedeného treba ešte poukázať, že po Nežnej revo- lúcii v roku 1989 Rómovia založili profesionálne divadlo Romathan, ktoré je do- tované zo štátneho rozpočtu. V tomto období vznikla i stredná umelecká škola pre talentovanú rómsku mládež. Rómovia ako autori vypracovali rómsky šlabikár a čítanky v rómskom jazyku, ako aj jazykový rómsky slovník a učebnice rómčiny. Tieto aktivity Rómov podporoval i financoval štát – SR. Štát začal podporovať i vydávanie periodickej aj neperiodickej rómskej tlače, rozhlasového a televízneho vysielania v rómčine. Záverom tejto podkapitoly môžeme jednoznačne konštatovať, že štát – SR svojou kultúrnou národnostnou politikou zabezpečuje kultúrny rozvoj národnostných menšín, ako aj ich kultúrnej národnostnej identity. Slovenská republika v oblasti národnostného školstva uskutočňuje svoju politiku prostredníctvom Ministerstva školstva, vedy, výskumu a športu SR: „v predškol- ských zariadeniach, základných školách, stredných školách, špeciálnych školách a školských zariadeniach s vyučovacím jazykom alebo vyučovacím jazykom ná- rodnostných menšín“. V tejto súvislosti treba poukázať na skutočnosť, že v súčas- nosti sa uskutočňuje v Slovenskej republike vzdelávanie na všetkých stupňoch škôl v materinskom jazyku národnostných menšín a to maďarskej,
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