19978 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE September 19 Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judiciary. PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS spect to promoting international educational S. 3085. An act for the relief of Paul Huy­ radio and television broadcasting as a means gelen and Luba A. Huygelen; without amend­ Under clause 4 of rule XXII, public of achieving better understanding among ment (Rept. No. 2422). Referr~d to the bills and resolutions were introduced and and promoting education of the peoples of Committee of the Whole House. severally referred as follows: the world; to the· Committee on Interstate Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. DINGELL: and Foreign Commerce. S. 3265. An act for the relief of Despina R.R. 13176. A bill to increase the partici­ By Mr. DERWINSKI: Anastos (Psyhop~a); with.out amendment pation by counties in revenues from the · H. Con. Res. 564. Concurrent resolution (Rept. No. 2423). Referred to the Committee national wildlife refuge system by amending providing that certain violations of human of the Whole House. the act of June 15, 1935, relating to such rights by the Government of Poland shall Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judiciary. participation, and for other purposes; to the be brought to the attention of the General S. 3267. An act for the relief of Gunter Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish­ Assembly of the United Nations; to the Com­ Heinz Hillebrand; without amendment eries. mittee on Foreign Affairs. (Rept. No. 2424). Referred to the Committee By Mr. BECKWORTH: of the Whole House. R.R. 13177. A bill to provide for post cards Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judiciary. of a distinctive color for nonbusiness mes­ S. 3275. An act for the relief of Anna Sela­ sages with a postage rate of 1 cent; to the PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS manna Misticoni; without amendment (Rept. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private No. 2425). Referred to the Committee of By Mr. MORGAN: bills and resolutions were introduced and the Whole House. H.J. Res. 886. Joint resolution expressing severally referred as follows: Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judiciary. the determination of the United States with S. 3279. An act for the relief of Yet Gee respect to the situation in Cuba; to the By Mr. BENNETT of Michigan: Moy (Tsze Woo Lai) and Mee Sen Moy (Sau Committee on Foreign Affairs. R.R. 13178. A bill for the relief of Armando Ming Lai); with amendment (Rept. No. By Mr. ALEXANDER: DaLio, his wife Domenica Vescovi DaLio; to 2426). Referred to the Committee of the H. Con. Res. 561. Concurrent resolution ex­ the Committee on the Judiciary. Whole House. pressing the sense of the Congress with By Mr. KING of New York: Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judiciary. respect to the Cuban situation; to the Com­ R.R. 13179. A bill for the relief of Mr. Hong S. 3295. An act for the relief of Mathew mittee on Foreign Affairs. Song Kim; to the Committee on the Judi­ Lengyel (also known as Brother Paul, By Mr. MATTHEWS: ciary. S.V.D.); without amendment (Rept. 2427). H. Con. Res. 562. Concurrent resolution ex­ By Mr. MACK: Referred to the Committee of the Whole pressing the sense of Congress in protecting R.R. 13180. A bill for the relief of Wong House. the freedom of the ·countries of the Western Bing Lin; to the Committee on the Judi­ Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judiciary. Hemisphere; to the Committee on Foreign ciary. S. 3336. An act for the relief of Lazaro Loy­ Affairs. By Mr. O'BRIEN of New York: ola Arinque, Jr.; without amendment (Rept. By Mr. ROBERTS of Alabama: R.R. 13181. A bill for the relief of Esterina No. 2428). Referred to the Committee of H. Con. Res. 568. Concurrent resolution ex­ Ricupero; to the Committee on the Judi­ the Whole House. pressing the sense of the Congress with re- ciary.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Administration of the Davis-Bacon Act Another fallacy in Mr. Lowe's letter is liis Tom C. Clark, Justice, Supreme Court of assumption that residential construction the United States; Hon. Robert F. Ken­ rates would determine construction rates for nedy, the Attorney General~ Hon. Eman­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS nonresidential projects. This is incorrect. uel Celler, chairman, House Judiciary OF Under the Davis-Bacon Act the Secretary of Labor is required to determine prevailing Committee; Hon. Cyrus H. Vance, Sec­ HON. JAMES ROOSEVELT wages from projects of a character similar to retary of the Army; Abram Chayes, Esq., Legal Adviser, Department of State; OF CALIFORNIA the contract work. The Special Subcommittee on Labor has Robert H. Knight, Esq., the General IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESEN:TATIVES heard various criticisms of the Davis-Bacon Counsel, U.S. Treasury Department; Wednesday, September 19, 1962 Act and its administration. Such criticism, John T. McNaughton, Esq., General if constructive, is very helpful. The instant Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I Counsel, Department of Defense; Daniel letter, however, raises some criticisms that, to B. Mitchie, Jr., Esq., president, National wish to refer to a letter from Mr. J. B. me, seem unfounded. I am sure you would Lowe, of Dallas, Tex., inserted in the want to be informed of what the subcom­ Association of Citizens Crime Commis­ RECORD of September 14, 1962, by my col­ mittee has learned to be Labor Department sions. league, the Honorable OLIN E. TEAGUE. practice under this important act. The committee is assisted by an ad­ In his letter, Mr. Lowe makes some fal­ Yours sincerely, visory staff composed of the following lacious assertions about practices of the JAMES ROOSEVELT, Chairman. personnel: Radio and Television Advi­ Department of Labor under the Davis­ sory Subcommittee: Alfred R. Beckman, Bacon Act. In clarification of those as­ vice president, American Broadcasting sertions, I submit the following: Co.; Leon Brooks, Esq.,. Columbia Broad­ Law Observance Committee casting . System; Robert F. Hurleigh, SEPTEMBER 18, 1962. Hon. OLIN E. TEAGUE, president, Mutual Broadcasting System; U.S. House of Representatives, EXTENSION OF REMARKS Howard Monderer, Esq., National Broad­ Washington, D.C. OF casting Co.; William J .. Wheatley, Storer DEAR COLLEAGUE: I read with interest the Broadcasting Co.; public information ad­ letter of Mr. J.B. Lowe, of Dallas, Tex., which HON. HERMAN TOLL viser; Charles R. DeHaven, manager of you inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of OF PENNSYLVANIA public relations, Philadelphia Gas September 14, 1962. Unfortunately, Mr. Lowe IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Works; outdoor advertising adviser: Ar­ made a few erroneous statements concerning thur G. Petry, director of public service, administration of the Davis-Bacon Act by Wednesday, September 19, 1962 the Department of Labor. Outdoor · Advertising Association of The Special Subcommittee on Labor, of Mr. TOLL. Mr. Speaker, in this age of America, Inc.; community relations ad­ which I am chairman, has recently concluded rising crime I think the country should viser: Milton A. Eisenberg, vice presi­ extensive hearings on the Davis-Bacon Act be aware of an important project which dent, Yellow Cab Co. of Philadelphia. and its administration. I would like to ap­ is bringing together the efforts of law This national c'ommittee is arranging prise you of the actual practices of the De­ enforcement agencies, bar associations, to have the 50 local chapters of the partment in contradiction to Mr. Lowe's civic organizations and private industry. Federal Bar Association organize chap­ statements. The Federal Bar Association through ter law observance committees to engage Mr. Lowe's letter indicates that only union in activities to educate the public on the rates have been considered by the Labor De­ its law observance committee is en-· partment in determining prevailing wages. gaged in a program of promoting respect importance of respecting the law and This is not correct. The Department con­ for law and those who enforce it. The law enforcers, raising the morale of law­ siders whatever rate is prevailing in a given committee consists of the following: enforcement agents, attract the best area, whether it be union or nonunion. Harry D. Shargel, Esq., chairman; Hon. personnel to the field, and inform the 1962 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD - HOUSE 19979 public about the fine work that is being dria, NeWPQrt News, and Richmond, Va-.; with whom we are joined in an Alliance for Progress. done in the law-enforcement field. and Washington, D.C. Our aid program is a principal and vital I think we must especially commend Counties using dogs in police work: instrument of our foreign policy for main­ the Pennsylvania District of Kiwanis Montgomery and Prince Georges Coun­ taining the integrity and freedom of the International for underwriting the cost ties, Md.; and St. Louis County, Mo. nations of these regions and for helping them of large outdoor posters bearing the States using dogs in police work: Dela­ ·Jn their own efforts toward economic and Federal Bar Association slogan, "The ware, Maryland, Michigan, and Virginia. social progress. Its significance to our own Law Protects You-Respect It, Uphold Our citizens have a right to be pro­ security and welfare is fully .recognized by It, Obey It." These posters have al­ tected and we have a right to call upon the legislation enacted by the Congress last year and renewed this year. ready been placed on billboards in the our enforcement agencies to use what­ It is important to realize that the appro­ Philadelphia area donated as a public ever means availab1e to decrease the ris­ priations requested by the President for fiscal service by the General Outdoor Advertis­ ing incidence of crime. year 1963 are intended to carry out th-a ing Co. They will make possible a pro­ policy authorized by the legislation and gram pursuant to which such billboards initiated last year. The appropriations re­ will appear throughout the country. In­ quested for fl.seal year 1963, $4,754.8 million, dustry will be asked to cooperate and the The Foreign Aid Program for Fiscal Year including funds for the Alliance for Prog­ ress, are in fact only 1 percent more than the first billboard donated by a large indus­ 1963 appropriations actually made and available trial firm has already been unveiled in last year, including the funds for the Alli­ the Camden, N.J., area through the ance for Progress. They are only 3 percent public-spirited contribution of the Radio EXTENSION OF REMARKS more than was appropriated for fiscal year Corp. of America. OF 1961 (leaving aside the Alliance, which did The Federal Bar Association is cur­ HON. CARL ALBERT not then exist) . rently making arrangements for radio It is obvious that a drastic cut of the and TV participation in the program and OF" OKLAHOMA nature recommended by the Appropriations IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Committee would compel an equally drastic I know that we will soon see and hear change in and weakening of the policy now a great deal about this. Wednesday, September 19, 1962 carried out by the President pursuant to the The Jaw observance committee has Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, under legislation itself. I do not believe that any published a "Manual for Law Observ­ leave to extend my remarks in the REC­ such change in policy is desired or intended ance Committees," to assist in the for­ by the Congress. ORD, I include the following letter ad­ Although the reductions as a whole and mation and functioning of such com­ dressed to Hon. JOHN w. McCORMACK, mittees and these manuals will be made in several categories will impair our ability Speaker of the House, by Hon. Dean as a nation to pursue the central objectives available to any organization which is Rusk, Secretary of State: of our foreign policy, I would like to empha­ willing to participate in the program. THE SECRETARY OF STATE, size the effects of two reductions in partic­ It would be advantageous for Govern­ Washington, September 19, 1962. ular: those in development lending and in ment agencies and private firms to par­ DEAR MR. SPEAKER: I am gravely concerned supporting assistance. ticipate in this program. by the drastic cut of over $1,100 million Development lending was enacted by the · which the Approprlations Committee has Congress last year as the keystone of our aid recommended in the appropriation requested program. The new aid agency was to move by the President to conduct the foreign aid as rapidly as possible from grants for short­ Patrol Dog Teams · program for fiscal year 1963. term purposes under the supporting assist­ That program has a central and major role ance category to dollar-repayable loans for in our foreign policy whose objectives are to long-term development under the develop­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS protect the security and promote the wel­ ment lending category. Last year the Con­ OJ' fare of our country. I know that you and gress appropriated $1,112.5 million for devel­ your colleagues of both parties in the House opment lending for fiscal year 1962 and HON. ALFRED E. SANTANGELO are as deeply devoted to the achievement of authorized $1,500 million for fiscal year 1963. The President has now asked $1,250 million OF NEW YORK these high objectives as I am. I feel im- ·pelled, therefore, to bring to your attention for fiscal year 1963 under this authoriza­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES my deep conviction that those objectives will tion. The increase over last year is in­ Wednesday. September 19, 1962 be greatly endangered if this cut is allowed tended to carry forward the policy of trans­ to stand. ferring aid from grants to dollar-repayable Mr. SANTANGELO. Mr. Speaker, the You are as familiar as I am with the world­ ,loans. The Appropriations Committee has high incidence of crime in housing proj­ wide struggle :for :freedom in which the recommended $775 million-a cut of 38 per­ ects and outlying areas requires the en­ -United States and other nations of the free cent. (The provision of funds for the forcement agencies to use every means world have been engaged against the ag­ Alliance for Progress does not reduce this available to prevent crime and to appre­ gressive power of totalitarian communism cut. Funds of a comparable amount were and of the indispensible role which our for­ provided for the Alliance 1ast year by a hend c1iminals. The District of Colum­ separate act.) This cut would obviously bia has recognized that an effective de­ eign aid program has had in preserving free­ dom in the world. It quite literally saved make it impossible for the President to carry terrent to crime is the use of police-dog Europe from chaos and the spread of com- out the policy established by the Congress teams. I have communicated with the : munism and made possible its regrowth as a of shifting the emphasis from grants to New York City Police Department and strong partner in collective security. It loans. It would reverse that policy. urged that department to use police dogs ' rescued Greece and Turkey from Soviet In fact, the action of the committee would in their police work. The New York City ·domination, maintained stability in Iran, make it impossible to extend any significant preserved the Philippines from Communist new loans beyond those already committed Police Department has indicated that it in the past. Let me emphasize that under­ is taking the matter under advisement. insurrection and made possible the contin­ ued. existence of the Republic of Korea and scored statement. You will recall that last My interest in the matter has caus'ec1. the Republic of China. It has provided the year the Congress provided statutory au~ me to inquire into the use of police-dog military assistance vital to creating the free thorlty to the President to make long-term teams, and I find that dogs are used in world shield of NATO. It has made possible _commitments, subject to appropriation~. police work in the following cities, coun­ the economic survival of Israel and the de- Commitments made under this authority, ties, and States: ·velopment of India and Pakistan where a with others already made and explicitly rec­ ognized last year, will call for loan funds in Cities using dogs in police work: Bir­ ·fifth of the world's people are showing that progress can be made in freedom-in con­ fiscal year 1963 amounting to $700 million. mingham, Ala.; Sacramento, Calif:; trast to the failure and human misery of The committee recommendation would leave Bridgeport, Hartford, and ·Milford, communism in China. only $75 million for additional lending to Conn.; Norwalk, Conn. ..:...... program about The great struggle '.for freedom still con­ such important countries as Greece, :Esra.el, to start; Mi-ami, -Fla.; Indianapolis, Ind:; tinues. Dangers in the Far East are still Turkey, the Republic of.China an-d the Re­ Lexington, Ky.; New Orleans, La.; Balti..; ·present. The importance of progress in public of Korea. more, · CUmberland, Ocean City, and · South Asia is still as great. NATO remaina Such a reversal of established congres­ essential to our safety. The Communist ef­ sional policy would paralyze U.S. leadership Mo~nt Rainer; Md.;· Brentwood, Kansas in this tremendous task of development and City, Overland, and-St. Louis, Mo.; Clif­ . fort to penetrate and control the many new -nations of Africa goes on. Communism has progress in the most dangerously <:rltical ton, Elizabeth, and ·Trenton, N.J.; Santa actually succeeded 1n establishing a beach­ areas of the world. Fe, N. Mex.; Rochester. N:Y.; Cincinnati, head in our own hemisphere, in Cuba. It ls I would urge on. you '9.nd ·au Members of Ohio; Tulsa, Okla. ;'"Lancaster, ahd Read­ attempting to infiltrate and destroy the the Congress the sober necessity of provldlng ing, Pa.; Sioux Fal1s.-s. Dak.; ·Alexan- freedom of our Latin American neighbors, the funds needed to continue that leadership. cvnr--1258 19980 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE September 19 Supporting assistance is needed, · as you dent authority, under certain circumstances with typical prime contractor procure­ know, primarily to help sustain the econo­ carefully spelled out in the law, to provide ment complexities and to encourage the mies of nations heavily burdened by mili­ aid to such nations as Yugoslavia and Po­ tary programs which they maintain as part land. This matter has been extensively dis­ pursuit of all possible avenues to of our agreed free world defense effort. cussed in the Congress and I shall not, there­ strengthen major defense industries' These nations are on the very edge of Com­ fore, repeat the reasons why it is of the small business programs. munist power, living quite literally under highest importance that the authority pro­ With one eye on the long-term future the continuing threat of infiltration, sub­ vided by the Congress in the authorizing growth and the other on the constant version or attack. Supporting assistance legislation be continued. need to develop improved suppliers to also goes to a few nations which provide us Our aid program has always been a great meet the new technological requirements with bases or other special facilities-and to national effort. Over ·the past 14 years, it required by defense and space programs, · others whose internal stability is endangered has always been bipartisan in nature, by serious economic problems and whose col­ springing from the needs of our country, Hughes Aircraft Co. opened a Midwest lapse could set in train consequences po­ not the ambitions of either party. It has procurement office in Chicago to eval­ tentially dangerous and highly expensive to been strongly supported by successive Presi­ uate the potential of subcontractors in our own Nation. dents and by both parties. I trust and am that area. The approach being taken It is our policy to end supporting assist­ confident that support will continue. by this office is to make a full determina­ ance to any country as soon as its circum­ I am sending a substantially identical let­ tion of what Chicago and the Midwest stances and our national interest allow it ter to Mr. HALLECK. States can do to help Hughes on its key in each case. But until that time comes, it Sincerely, · space and defense programs. It is be­ is a. dangerous economy to fail to do what DEAN RUSK. lieved by Hughes that it can obtain more needs to be done. The $415 million the President has requested under the authoriz­ support from its existing subcontractors ing legislation is already well below the in the area, and it is Hughes' belief that $481.5 million for which he asked author­ Awards to California Contractor ·spread there are still more manufacturers in the ization. The further cut to $350 million Midwest region who cannot only help recommended by the committee will make Far Afield the company, but the national defense it impossible for us to act-or to act ade­ effort in general. quately-where we should in our own na­ tional interest. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Hughes spent 13 percent of its sub­ The sum requested by the President for OF contract money in the Midwest last year, development grants, $300 million, is sub­ mostly with manufacturers with which stantially identical with the sum appropri­ HON. JAMES ROOSEVELT it had been doing business for some ated last year. These funds are needed for OF CALIFORNIA time. basic education, technical training, and the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES preparation of the public administration of­ Wednesday, September 19, 1962 ficials, particularly in those nations which Shakespeare: Soul of an Age most recently attained their independence. Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, so They are directed toward developing the often the public gets the impression that human resources which are so fundamental if a California firm is awarded a Govern­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS to the firm establishment of these new na­ OF tions and their growth in freedom. The ment contract, the amount of money an­ committee cut of $75 million-or 25 per­ nounced for the contract will all be used HON. JEFFERY COHELAN cent--would seriously imp::;,ir our ability to and spent in California. This is not at OF CALIFORNIA provide fundamental help at a most critical all true. I recently had occasion to look IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES time. into this with one of the companies in The contingency fund provides the es­ my district, and I believe some of my Wednesday, September 19, 1962 sential margin of safety in our cond1·.ct of a highly complex aid program in support colleagues will be interested in just ex­ Mr. COHELAN. Mr. Speaker, the of our worldwide foreign policy. The de­ actly what happens to amounts awarded 400th anniversary of the birth of Wil­ mands on this fund which have arisen since to a large and prominent company in liam Shakespeare, the fabulous "Bard the legislation was originally submitted have California. of Avon," takes place on April 23, 1964. already been heavy. The President's request Hughes Aircraft Co. awarded subcon­ Observance of this event is expected to of $300 million is well below the $400 million tracts to 5,632 companies in 35 States take place in free countries the world authorization originally requested. The during the first 8 months of 1962 for over in honor of one of the most gifted further cut of $75 million recommended by subassemblies, components and services the committee narrows the margin danger­ literary talents of all time; a talent ously below the level of safety. needed for the company's space, defense, whose impact has been felt wherever I warmly welcome the action of the full and civilian programs. Hughes subcon­ books are published and read. Appropriations , Committee in partially re­ tract allocations for the first 8 months It is significant to note at this time storing the military assistance funds cut so of 1962 totaled $87 million, of which 48 that one of our leading television net­ heavily by the subcommittee. Nevertheless, percent went to small business concerns. works-the National Broadcasting Co.­ the $1,500 million which the President has Hughes has been very active in small has anticipated the 400th anniversary requested-and which is below both the ap­ business participation in support of of Mr. Shakespeare's birth with an NBC propriation for last year and the authoriza­ their prime contracts and has partici­ news production titled, "Shakespeare: tion for this year-is in fact needed. pated in Government-industry small The reduction in the Alliance for Progress, Soul of an Age." This production will though less severe than the cuts I have dis­ business ad hoc committee work to be broadcast in color for a full hour over cussed, does not support our call to the gov­ afford small business the greatest pos­ NBC-TV's nationwide network on Fri­ ernments and peoples of this hemisphere to sible opportunity to assist in defense and day, November 30, 1962, from 7: 30 to 8: 30 moblllze to defend the freedoms of our own space work. p.m., eastern standard time. It will be, continents. On November 10, 1961, the Hughes I understand, no ordinary presentation The sharp reduction in the sum requested Aircraft Co. was host to 45 representa­ of Shakespeare's works, but a scholarly for administration of the program can have tives of the defense industry and Gov­ as well as entertaining undertaking de­ costly effects far greater than the apparent ernment in reviewing the role of small signed to show what remains on earth saving. In our aid program, not only are we engaged in the expenditures of very sig­ business in modern procurement. Par­ that recalls Shakespeare's life. Through nificant sums, but the wisdom with which ticipating were representatives of the the eyes of the TV color camera, audi­ we use them can have effects on the future SBA, DOD, NASA, AEC, Navy, Air Force, ences will visit the places which have of our Nation far beyond the immediate Army, General Services Administration, come to be traditionally associated with value of the funds involved. The admin­ with participants of the U.S. Chamber many of the characters of Shakespeare's istrative funds reqµested are needed to em­ of Commerce, National Security Indus­ tragedies, histories, and comedies. ploy the most capable personnel to man the trial Association, Aerospace Industries The presentation will re-create the most effective organization we can devise. Association, Electronic Industries As­ mood of these literary landmarks and We cannot do this with the reduced funds recommended. sociation, Machine and Applied Products hear Shakespeare's words in their Finally, I understand the effect of section Institute and American Gear Manu­ proper geographical settings. In dedi­ 109 of the appropriation bill, as recommend­ facturing Association. The meeting at cated research for authenticity as well ed, would be to undo the work of the Con­ Hughes fallowed a similar meeting held as entertainment, NBC-TV camera crews gress only a few weeks ago in the foreign aid at Martin and North American, and the journeyed in the footsteps of Shake­ authorizing legislation to give the Prest- purpose was to acquaint all participants speare to England, Wales, Scotland, and 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 19981 France. Many of the charaeter.s of his Under leave gr.anted., I insert in the not be allowed to purge the honest judgment RECORD my testimony: of history. Genuine-scholars are thoro~hly plays, filmed in color, comprise the il­ acquainted with the historic struggles of luminating and exciting sequences to b~ TESTIMONY OF HON. MICHAEL A. FEIGHAN, these nations against the imperial encroach­ seen and heard on this program. CONGRESSMAN., 20TH DISTRICT, OHIO, BE­ ments of Moscow. Those who are not in­ SirMichae1Redgrave, voicing excerpts FORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON EUROPE, COM­ clined toward or do not have the time for from Shakespeare's plays, will star in MITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAms, HOUSE OF genuine scholarship in regard to these na­ this NBC News production of "Shake­ REPRESENTATIVES, SEPTEMBER 19, 1962 tions, can find a quick summary of the his­ speare.: Soul of an Age," and Sir Ralph Mr. Chairman, I appreciate receipt of your tory and aspirations of these nations in the Richardson will be its guest narrator. letter of July 25, 1962, inviting Members of reports of the House Select Committee To the House to submit testimony concerning Investigate Communist Aggression, 83d Con­ These :are two of the most eminent actors the captive nations. gress. Eyewitness testimony taken under in the British theater, and both are well I am delighted to have this opportunity to oath and supported by reliable documents known for their interpretation of Shake­ present my views on the issue of captive na­ establish the facts concerning the rights of spearean roles. In addition to Redgrave, tions because I have long been an advocate these nations to be regarded as captive na­ a group of prominent English actors will of the rights of all nations and all peoples tions. Popular ignorance concerning the be seen in scenes from the poet's his­ to self-government and national independ­ history of these .nations is no excuse 'for our tories, tragedies and comedies. ence. Such views accord with the basic failure to give them equal consideration in Reconstructing Shakespeare's life, the traditions of our country, with our political any deliberations relating to the issue of ideals, with our moral principles, and with freedom versus human slavery. television cameras will explore existing our oft-stated intentions toward all the na­ Turning to the captive nations of Europe, landmarks in Stratford-on-Avon and the tions and people of the world. I raise the question as to why the Ukraine surrounding countryside, as well as the I observe from your communication of nation and the 13yelorussian nation have not other places connected with many of his July 25 that the subcommittee has ta,ken been considered within the immediate pur­ plays. testimony from persons having expert v.iew of the Subcommittee on Europe of the The program's title comes from Ben knowledge of conditions in Albania, Bul­ House Foreign Affairs Committee as expressed Jonson's lines: garia, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Lat­ in the letter of July 25" 1962, of Hon. JOHN S. via, Lithuania, Poland, and Rumania. It MONAGAN. Shakespeare, Sweet Swan of Avon struck me as peculiar that testimony before What a sight it were These two nations .have long been con­ this subcommittee would be limited to a se­ sidered a part of Europe by competent his­ To see thee in waters yet appear­ lect few of the captive nations held by force Soul of the age. torians. As far back as the 13th century within the present day Russian Communist European cosmographers and cartographers Lou Hazam, noted television producer, Empire. It may be that geographical limita­ have identified Ukraine as part of the Euro­ produced and wrote the program, and tions placed upon the Subcommittee on Eu­ pean geographical area. Noted in this re­ Guy Blanchard is director-cameraman rope result in this condition. I trust this gard is the work of a Frenchman, Beauplan, is the case, because any other reason could whose maps and charts of Ukraine were pub­ for this noteworthy artistic effort. not survive the honest test of what consti­ Mr. Speaker, I believe it is appropriate lished in 1651. I admit that the work of tutes a captive nation, expertly defined in early cosmographers and cartographers may for us to express appreciation to the Public Law 86-90, known as the Captive Na­ be difficult to include in hearings of this National Broadcasting Co., which~ tions Week Resolution. type, but I submit that any scholarly ex­ through NBC News, will bring into the Let me make this clear, Mr. Chairman, I amination of the issue of the captive nations homes of millions of American families stand for the freedom.. and national inde­ requires an understanding and appreciation this important television program, a pendence of all the nations and which this in depth of geography. - subcommittee has taken testimony. But The world atlas of the Encyclopaedia Brit­ program which marks still another of let me make this equally clear-I stand the important contributions to news, without reservation for the rights of all the tannica divides the U.S.S.R., the contempo­ rary land mass of the Russian Empire, into public affairs and the arts that this net­ nations spelled out in Public Law 86-90 ln work has presented through the years. their quest for freedom and national in­ its European and Asian parts. Both the dependence. Freedom is indivisible. The Ukrainian nation and the Byelorussian na­ worldwide movement toward national in­ tion are listed as European parts of that dependence is equally indivisible. I main­ Empire. tain that the unity of freedom's cause is Mr. Chairman, I maintain that it is a Time for Realism on the Captive .Nations vital to the .survival of freedom anywhere dangerous exercise in folly, lf not political in the world. 'I maintain ·with equal con­ suicide, to disregard the long history and 'EXTENSION OF REMARKS viction that any effort, accidental or inten­ the contemporary aspirations of the people of Ukraine, a nation inhabited by some 42 OF tional, to divide the cause of freedom­ expressed through the desires of all the cap­ million people, among the great European HON. MICHAEL A. FEIGHAN tive nations to regain their national inde­ powers, and holding unbreakab1e attach­ ments to the history and culture of Europe. OF OHIO pendence is divisive, dangerous in the ex­ treme, self-defeating and a black mark upon The same may be said for the Byelorussian IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the historic traditions of our Nation. nation whose population today approxi­ Wednesday, September 19,.1962 It will be a sad day for the peoples of Asia mates 15 million people, but which ha'S no if, by these hearlngs, the impression is cre­ less an attachment to the 'history a:nd to Mr." FEIGHAN. Mr. Speaker. it was ated that our Government is concerned only the future of Europe. · my privilege to appear today by invita­ with those captive nations which fall within Mr. Chairman, I now come to the reason tion of the chairman, Mr. MONAGAN, be­ the purview of the Subcommittee on Europe which compels me to appear before thls fore the House Foreign Affairs Commit­ of the House Foreign Affairs Commltte:e. A subcommlttee. My purpose is best expressed tee, Subcommittee on Europe, on the casual examlnatlon of geography revea1s that in a series of questions which I present for the 600 mlllion or more people of mainland the consideration of the members of the burning public issue of the captive na­ China are captives of the mytho1ogy of Marx­ House Foreign Affalrs Committee. Those tions. ism supported by the imperial power of Mos­ questions are as follows: The purpose of my appearance was to cow. Such an examination will also reveal 1. Does "the committee be1ieve that the raise eight basic questions related ,to the that the people of ancient Tibet are no less only captive nations within the present-day national security of the United States captives of this tyrannlcal scourge--as are Russian Empire worthy of our consideration in the context .of this vital but neglected the people of North Korea and North Viet• and solicitude are those which, by an .arbi­ area of our foreign policy, I raised these nam. trary decislon, are considered a part of It wm be equally damaging to the cause Europe? I trust this is not the case because questions because I am convinced that or American leadership if, as a consequence no one but imperial Russia could be served Congress, in these trying times, must of these hearings, word goes out that our by such a decision. be more than the voice of the American Government ls not interested in the aspira­ 2. Does the committee, in its considered people. Congress must, in my consid­ tions or the future of the captive nations judgment, agree that captive nations, re­ ered judgment, be the conscience of the in the central Asian part of the modern day gardless of their geographical location, merit American people in the development and Russian Empire. I have particular reference equal concern and solicitude by the Govern­ execution of a foreign policy that ac­ to such ·anclent nations as Armenia, Georgia, ment of the United State.s? I trust this is cords with the great traditions of our Azer.baiJan, Turkestan, Cossackia, and Idel­ the case. because any other approach to this Ui:al. All of these nations dec1ared and won vital issue will divlde freedom's cause. sup-:. country. Nothing more is needed to pull their nation.al independence -and complete port the propaganda of imperial _ Russia, us out of the depths of our dilemma, but separation from imperial Russia during the spread despair among multitudes of captive nothing less will suffice to meet ·. the period 1917-21. Acts of Russian Communist people, and in the end, ·earn npthing but global challenge of. imperial Russian aggression which robbed these nations of eon.tempt for our purposes among the·su1fer­ communlsin. their newly won national independence.must ing masses of the non-European parts of 19982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE September 19 the present-day Russian Empire. We must Turkestan, the Caucasus and others?' It ls 87th Congress. If the House Foreign Affairs not permit these things to happen. · time that we flushed up the truth on this Committee is to be held responsible for a 3. Has the Subcommittee on Europe been chapter of history. What motivated in ex­ full, objective, scholarly, and purposeful ex­ limited in its purview of this Eurasian prob­ cess of 2 million Red army soldiers to lay amination of matters relating to the captive lem in any manner which prohibits an hon­ down their arms in the thick of battle? nations, it must take steps properly to as­ est and open examination of the captive non­ Were these soldiers Russians or nonRussians? sume this responsibility. Otherwise there is Russian nations within the Union of Soviet What proposition did these soldiers make no other course .open to Members of Con­ Socialist Republics? There is current public to the German commanders and what pre­ gress who are informed on and concerned suspicion that these hearings seek to avoid vented the German commanders' accepting about the cause of the captive nations, as an objective and deliberative examination the proposition? How did the civilian popu­ identified in Public Law 86-90, but to advo­ of the non-Russian nations of the Soviet lations of Byelorussia, Ukraine, the Baltic cate the establishment of a select committee Union, either because of the feelings of the States, and the Caucasus react to the Ger­ of the Congress on the captive nations. State Department expressed in the letter of man armies in the early months of conflict I urge that this problem be resolved before Secretary Rusk to the chairman of the House on the eastern front and what caused them the adjournment of the 87th Congress. The Rules Committee in connection with the to change their attitude as the war wore on? power of decision on this question rests pending resolution-House Resolution 211- Answers to these questions have a vital within your committee. It is time that or because an open examination of the rights bearing on the question of which is and action was taken. of those captive nations would interfere with which is not a captive nation. It would be a or impair delicate negotiations now under tragedy of immeasurable magnitude if we, way with the leaders of the U.S.S.R.? I in the conduct of the cold war, made the trust this is not the case, because any con­ same ideological mistakes as those made by cealment or delay of freedom's cause, acci­ the fanatic Nazis in their conduct of a hot "Iliopsoas" -Muscles and Power dental or deliberate, can only increase the war. For the cold war with the Russians prospects of war over the long run. holds no less a danger for our country than EXTENSION OF REMARKS 4. Is the committee aware of the special a hot war. OF interests in the Department of State which 7. Is the committee aware of the organized hold that there is nothing wrong with the assault being made by Russian emigree or­ HON. ALFRED E. SANTANGELO ganizations in the United States against Pub­ Soviet Union that a change in Moscow from OF NEW YORK a Communist government to a non-Com­ lic Law 86-90 and the parallel which exists munist government would not cure? These between their propaganda line and that of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES special pleaders appear to be completely un­ the Russian commissars on this issue? Is Wednesday, September 19, 1962 aware that the Russian Empire under the the committee aware of the. enthusiastic sup­ czars was a constant threat to the survival port for Public Law 86-90 given by all the Mr. SANTANGELO. Mr. Speaker, of Western civilization, as it is today under non-Russian emigree organizations in the last week I was thrilled to be appointed the commissars. Russian imperialism­ United States? A worthy public service by Mr. CLARENCE CANNON to the House whether red, black, or white-is out of tune would be rendered by this committee if it Appropriations Subcommittee on Health, with the rising tide of self-determination so probed fully into the similarity of position Education, and Welfare. These are sub­ well described by President Kennedy in his on this issue assumed by the Russian emi­ jects in which I have been keenly and address before the United Nations. More­ grees, the Russian commissars, and the State over, any action, statement or omission on Department doctrine of Russia, the sacred vitally interested, not only by reasons of the part of our Government which tends to cow. Such a probe conducted within the . early ip.isfortunes, but because of the favor or support a Russian Empire, under any framework of what policy position best serves sensitivity to the needs of my fellow man name, brands us ·as ignorant reactionaries the security of t,he United States and what and the youth of our country. in the eyes of our proven allies behind the policy position best serves Russian imperial I owe a great deal to the medical Russian curtain. I urge a thoroughgoing ambitions would be a most rewarding exer­ profession. I admire those who follow public investigation of what I have called cise. the vows of the Hippocratic oath. Their the doctrine of Russia, the sacred cow, and 8. Has the subcommittee sought testimony its practitioners in our Department of State. from responsible representatives of the Amer­ profession is one of the noblest of all. 5. To what extent has the committee ican Committee for Liberation, which spon­ Few violate their great responsibilities probed into the policy conflicts within the sors "Radio Liberation," a powerful radio and few pursue the golden calf to the Department of State with regard to the polit­ signal beamed to the U.S.S.R.? I raise this detriment of their patients. ical principle of self-determination and its question because I observe in the letter of In my present congressional district is application to the global problems of colo­ Mr. MONAGAN of July 25, 1962, that testimony the New York Medical College Flower­ nialism and imperialism? For example, a has been taken from the president of the Fifth Avenue Hospital, which for the policy of Africa for the Africans heralds our Free Europe Committee. I urge that repre­ past hundred years has made, and is support for the full application of self-deter­ sentatives of the American Committee for mination for all of Africa. What prevents Liberation be brought before an appropriate still making, numberless contributions our announcing a policy of Russia for the committee of the Congress to testify as to to advancement in medical science, in Russians as an expression of our support for its political aims and objectives with respect which field lies the primary responsibil­ the aspirations of the people in the captive, to the captive non-Russian nations of the ity of determination and maintenance of non-Russian nations of the Soviet Union? Soviet Union. Such a quest for information, physical fitness. We have invited the charge against our if properly conducted, would be most reveal­ Dr. Arthur Michele, professor and country of discrimination on a massive scale ing in terms of Public Law 86-90 and the chairman of the Department of Ortho­ for failing to give universal application to basic question of the indivisibility of human pedic Surgery, New York Medical Col­ the principle of self-determination. This freedom and national independence. lege, has written a book, published just policy conflict is underscored again by the Mr. Chairman, I am well aware of the opposing points of view expressed by Secre­ problem which engages the leadership of the recently by Charles C. Thomas, of tary Rusk and Ambassador Stevenson. At House with regard to the establishment of Springfield, Ill., in which he presents the United Nations Ambassador Stevenson a Select Committee of the House on the the results of 5 years of intensive re­ properly charges the Russian Communists Captive Nations, as proposed in House Reso­ search, study, and experiment, culmi­ with colonial aggression for robbing Ukraine, lution 211. Strong public support favors nating in the establishment of unequiv­ Georgia, Armenia, and other once free na­ action by the House to establish such a com­ ocal criteria of physical fitness. The title tions of their national independence in the mittee. The trend of the times underscores of the book, "Iliopsoas," does not connote years immediately following World War I. the need. I have favored the establishment the discussion of a muscle per se, but Here in Washington Secretary Rusk lends his of such a committee because I believe that signature to a letter which holds in effect the geographical limitations inherent in the rather of an intrinsic force harbored by that these same captive nations never had present subcommittee structure of the House man within his own body and which in their national independence, and worse, they Foreign Affairs Committee would make it a maladapted individual is capable of are regarded by our Government as tradi­ unduly cumbersome, if not impossible, to do bringing into activity a host of disorders tional parts of the Russian state. This con­ justice to this vital issue. I submit that if and bodily deformities. Incredible as it fusion at the highest policy levels of our the House does not establish a Select Com­ may appear at first glance, this force or Government indicates someone needs a few mittee on the Captive Nations, it is incum­ power represents a potential of destruc­ basic lessons in history-and I do not mean bent upon the House Foreign Affairs Com­ Ambassador Stevenson. tion to the human race far beyond that mittee to establish a subcommittee on the of the H-bomb. 6. To what extent is the committee in­ Captive Nations, which should not be limited terested in establishing the connection be­ by geographical considerations and which When I venture the opinion that the tween the collapse of the Red army before should concern itself with all the captive significance of Dr. Michele's accom­ the invading German armies during World nations identified in Public Law 86-90. plishment is immeasurable, I know War II and the aspirations for freedom and My appearance before this subcommittee whereof I speak, for I have suffered independence long held by the people of today, I hope, will contribute to a resolution greatly by reason of a childhood dis­ Ukraine, Byelorussia, Georgia, Armenia, of on~ of the most burning issues before the order, whose infirmity and blemish re- 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 19983 main with me. And I can well testify Greater attention should, however, be the reverend clergy, to Congressman to the efficacy of the doctor's work, for directed toward eradication of those Thaddeus Dulski, to Senator Walter he is my orthopedic surgeon. maladies that follow maladaptation, lag Mahoney, to Mayor John Ogarek, mayor of the city of Lackawanna, to Mr. Frank The need for the White House Con­ in or failure of readjustment during the Luchowski, representative of mayor Chester ference for the Study of Physical Fit­ rapid growth period in the development Kowal, mayor of the city of good neighbors, ness, stemming from the status as de­ of our youths; adjustment made manda­ Buffalo, who unfortunately cannot be with termined during mobilization of our tory by man's achievement of his self­ us, for reasons known to all of us, to Mr. forces in World War II, is in itself a appointed goal, the erect post,ure. Ac­ Stanley Turkiewicz, president of one of the challenge to all workers in the field of cording to Dr. Michele errors of posture largest Polish Roman Catholic organizations man's physical well-being and to the are but reflections of maladaptation, and in America, to the representatives of our brother and sister organizations, to the dele­ medical profession in particular. It one must be competent to recognize gates and members of our organization and goes without saying that in a situation circumstances and situations favorable to all our friends, who have honored us by where survival of a nation may depend to the incipience of malposture; further­ their presence here tonight, the opening of upon the activities of its defensive more, that the first to be considered are the 25th quadrennial convention. forces, there must not be even the shad­ hip dislocations in infants and their I also want to thank Mr. John Krysinski, ow of a doubt as to the fitness of the classification, for the doctor believes our national vice president who has labored, members of those forces. that any program for physical fitness of most earnestly and most cheerfully, to make this banquet a success. Discovery of the sulfonamides and the future citizen should commence with Ladies and gentlemen, anyone who lives antibiotics has done much toward eradi­ the mother-to-be. fully and makes a contribution to the com­ cation of specific infectious diseases; In his book, "Illiopsoas," Dr. Michele munity in which he lives, is a success. steroids have been effective in arresting offers his concept of the formation of This motto, can be applied to the fullest the devastation caused by rheumatoid deformaties in man, a plan for the extent, to the Polish Union of America, a diseases, and vaccines have erased se­ earliest detection of physical unfitness fraternal as well as a beneficial, organization vere poliomyelitis epidemics. There re­ or its potential, and a rational approach of American citizens of Polish extraction. mains with us, however, an ever ex­ Its worth reflects the wisdom of the to management and correction of in­ founders of the Polish Union of America, the panding group of youths who inevitably firmities revealed. He is confident that late John Pitass, pastor of St. Stanislaus will fall into the category of the physi­ any fitness program formulated in the Parish, Buffalo, N.Y., and the late Reverend cally unfit. The burden of responsibil­ light of a complete comprehension of Dominik Majer, of St. Paul, Minn., who ity inherent in the task of classifying the principles expounded in his book built this organization on the enduring and preparing the military and other may be undertaken with the assurance foundation, and religious principles, to sup­ services for possible active combat. is a that it will achieve its goal, a physically port its purposes and religious practices, on heavy one; there must be cognizance of the part of its membership, to insure its fit individual in perfect balance with perpetuity. the repressions, progressions, and ad­ his environment, capable of a full and Through their guiding genius, the stupen­ justments of the human biological or­ productive life and of service to his dous undertaking, was launched as the ganism incidental to the demands of country should the need arise. Polish Union of America. ever changing environmental condi­ The Polish Union of America, was a product tions, so that their reflective manifes­ of historic necessity, it helped to preserve, tations may be discerned, and identified what is be.st in the Polish background and and interpreted and their significance Buffalo, N.Y., Host to Polish Union of tradition, of its members and incorporate weighed in arriving at a true evalua­ it, into the American way of life, of which America's 25th Quadrennial Convention they are an integral part. tion of fitness. Ponderous as the bur­ The members of the Polish Union of den may be, it may be assumed with America contributed, to American industry, confidence in the light of total compre­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS commerce, education, religious and charity. hension of the vital, pivotal factor in­ OF It may not be widely known, but cannot be volved, the kinesiology of the human ignored and minimized. body. HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI America to some of us, may be an adopted The White House Conference on OF NEW YORK land, but to most of us, born here, is a home Child Health and Protection defines IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the free and mighty, in the championship of freedom, to all peace-loving countries of body mechanics as "the mechanical cor­ Wednesday, September 19, 1962 the world. relation of the various systems of the While some of us despair about the future body with special reference to the skele­ Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, during of the Polish American status, and point out, tal, muscular, and visceral systems and the week of August 19, 1962, the city of that the Polish language is spoken less and their neurological association. Normal Buffalo, N.Y., was host to the Polish less, that the Polish American press is losing body mechanics may be said to obtain Union of America on the occasion of support and our fraternal organizations are when this mechanical correlation is the their 25th quadrennial convention. not gaining enough new members, and gen­ The highlight of the convention was a erally claim, that our Polonia is doomed, I most favorable to the function of these say, have faith systems." This again implies a study banquet held on Sunday, August 19, at Work and work hard, because Polonia is of kinesiology, both physiological and the Hotel Statler-Hilton in Buffalo, un­ not wasting away, falling apart and sliding pathological, and recognition of the sig­ der the careful guidance of Mr. Alfred into an abyss, but on the contrary, it is liv­ nificance of "Illiopsoas" influence. F. Wolinski and Mr. John Krysinski, the ing a healthy normal life, based on strong Too · often deformities which Dr. reception chairman. and enduring principles, principles which Michele has perceived to derive from The toastmaster for the evening was have guided the life of the Polish Ameri­ nothing more than maladaptation by the Honorable Chester C. Gorski, presi­ can community in its religious, family, so­ cial, intellectual, economic, cultural, polit­ the individual to his environment have dent of the city council of Buffalo. ical and fraternal manifestations. been found causes for rejection by the The invocation was given by the Right It is based, on positive established prin­ military, as well as deterrents to the Reverend Monsignor Peter J. Adam­ ciples, so well embodied in the Polish Union full enjoyment of life and chosen voca­ ski, P.A. of America, for the past 72 years, in this tion. A fundamental knowledge of the Greetings were extended to the dele­ motto: "Unity is Strength." principles of kinesiology and their ap­ gates and gt.ests by Mr. Walter J. Lohr, Again I repeat, let us have faith, and up­ plication in given situations would have keep, what our forefathers built, and as long president of the Polish Union of America. as we have organizations, such as the Polish expedited early detection of maladapta­ His message follows: Union of America and others, we will suc­ tion and its correction, with consequent Mr. Toastmaster, as president of the Polish ceed and benefit. As I said at the very out­ restoration of the nonvulnerable indi­ Union of America, it gives me more than set of my address of welcome, anyone who vidual to a status not only acceptable usual pleasure, to extend a hearty welcome lives fully and makes a contribution, to the by military standards, but also enabling to His Excellency Bishop Leo R. Smith, our community in which he lives, is a success, him to follow his life's normal pattern honorary chaplain of the Polish Union of and the Polish Union of America is a success. insofar as physical well-being is con­ Ani.etica, ·whose friendship, is one of the most In conclusion, it is our hope, that you will precious possessions one can hope to enjoy, enjoy the program arranged by the commit­ cerned. always interested in the good of our organiza­ tee, but perhaps, more than that, we hope There is no doubt that much can be tion and the welfare of its members. I also that all our thinking will be provoked, so done to rectify in some measure the want to extend our welcome to the right that we will renew our efforts to promote results of abnormal body mechanics. reverend, the very reverend monsignories, fraternalism in its purest form. 19984 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE September 19 Fraternalism, has a definite mission. Fra­ gutshed contributions in the arts and 1)1"ofes­ parishioners. The ·parish church in Amer­ ternalism, is a patriotic and democratic in• sions; and when the call to arms has been ica took on the form of a. Poland in minia­ stitution, founded on the principles of sounded, Americans of Polish origin ha-re ture. With the establishment of the parish, democracy. customarily responded in numbers far be­ new institutions,, especially the parochial It has alway/ii been a strong and beneficial yond your proportion in our population. school came into being. The purpose of the influence in our Nation's history and is sorely You have been :freedom fighters, not only parochial school was, not only to impart needed today, when we are beset on every when freedom was threatened by tyrants but Christian education but to acquaint the side, by other concepts of life-isms, wnich · also in the day-to-day struggle to ·keep it child with. its Polish heritage. would destroy our Government, of, by, and viable and strong. Since the Polish parishes were the centers for the people. My best wishes for a happy convention. of all community activities, an informal Sincerely, federation of parish leaders joined Father The Honorable' Walter J. Mahoney, NELSON A. ROCKEFELLER. Gieryk to promote unity among the Ameri­ New York State senator, delivered the can Poles. The first convention met in De• following address: Greetings were extended by the Hon­ troit; the name "Polish Roman Catholic orable Chester Kowal, mayor of Buffalo,. Union" was adopted. In a few days, September 1, we will mark who was represented by Mr. Frank Thus, the Polish Roman Catholic Union the 23d anniversary of the infamous day of America became a fraternal organization when Poland was invaded by Hitler's Nazi Luchowski. Choral selections were offered by the which not only insures its members, but hordes and World War II began. The gal­ alrn gives help and assistance to them in lant defense by Poland will go down in his• Kalina Singing Society No. 221 P.S.A., commercial and educational endeavors. It tory as one of the most heroic chapters in under the direction of Mr. Peter Gorecki. helps its handicapped and unfortunate mem­ the never-ending :fight for freedom. Today, Greetings were also extended from the bers in the spirit of brotherhood. that :fight is still going on against an equally Polish Clergy Association by the Rever­ From the beginning, the Polish Roman vicious tyranny, the forces of atheistic com­ Catholic Union of America has contributed munism. The Polish people are still in the end Joseph Stelmach, president. It was a pleasure for me to address to the founding, building, and expansion of forefront, and they deserve our prayers and the Polish-American school system. Vari­ encouragement. I · am confident that one the delegates and guests and my text o.us schools tllroughout the United States day they will throw off the chains of dic­ follows: have been recipients of this aid. They in­ tatorship. It is an honor and a great personal pleas­ clude St. Stanislaus Kostka College in Chi­ The great contribution the Polish Union ure to address this great convention of the cago, and St. John Ca~tious College in Erie, makes in providing insurance for its mem­ Polish Roman Catholic Union of America. Pa. Every convention of the Polish Roman bership is well known outside your com­ As I am sure you are all aware,, the Polish Catholic Union in America has shown a munity. This is, of course, vitally impor­ contribution to American life extends back strong interest in eduoation. tant. But you are to be congratulated also to the time of the earliest voyages of ex­ The union, by using funds from assessed for the lesser known social-service aspects ploration. Poles have participated in every dues., also laid the foundation for the Polish of your organization. In these days when American conflict. They made notable con­ Semtnary at Orchard Lake, Detroit, Mich., the concept of family life is under attack tributions to the American Revolutionary the oldest Polish institution of higher learn­ from all sides, and when people more and effort. At the time of the Civil War there ing in the United States. more are being encouraged to depend on were same 30,000 Poles in the United States. The fifth convention of the union devoted government for the things which might bet.. Of this number, 4,000 fought in the Union itself to the problem of Polish orphans. ter and more properly be done by themselves Army and 1,000 in the Army of the Con­ The plans then ma.de were realized in 1885 and their neighbors, this is indeed a heart­ federate States. When President Lincoln with the establishment of an orphanage in ening thing. made his appeal for volunteers, typical of Chicago under the direction of the Sisters America's greatness has been its ability those who responded was General Kryzan­ of the Holy Family of Nazareth. In 1891 the to draw upon the cultures of all of the many owski who distinguished himself at the bat­ union helped establish in New York City peoples who have come to her shores, pre­ tles of Cross Keys, Bull Run, Chancellors­ the Polish Emigration House of Saint Joseph, serving the best of each while uniting all ville, and Gettysburg. He was appointed the a social agency for the protection of Polish under a common devotion to their adopted first Governor of Alaska, served in Panama, immigrants. In 1894 it helped build a land. We must strive to retain the interest and died in 1887. In 1938 his remains were Polish-American pavilion at the Polish Na­ of our young people in their respective herit­ transferred to the Arlington National Ceme­ tional Exposition in Lwow, Poland. In 1901 ages, so that while we all fuse in the great tery. .Polish-Americans have fought in the and again in 1903, at Pittsburgh, the union melting pot, we do not lose sight of the great Spanish War, both .World Wars, and the took a leading part in the second and third contributions each national group has Korean war. Their heroism is one of the Polish Catholic Congresses which strove for made. great parts of the tradition of the Polish Polish representation 'in the American Cath­ people in America. But an important part olic hierarchy. In 1904 the union contrib­ Senator Mahoney brought the fol­ of that same tradition is, the history of the uted to the Chicago monument to Gen. lowing message from the Honorable Nel­ organization met in convention here today, Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the American Revolu­ son A.Rockefeller, Governor of the State the great patriotic, religious, fraternal, tionary War hero. of New York: Polish Roman Catholic Union of America. In 1918 the union established its juvenile STATE OF NEW YORK, The founding, growth, and tradition o! department whose primary purposes were to ExECUTIVE CHAMBER, service of the Polish Roman Catholic Union insure the future growth of the organization Albany, August 17, 1962. of America grew naturally out of the history and the training in character of Polish Mr. WALTER J. LoHR, of the Polish people in the United States. youth born in the United States. In 1935 President, Polish Union of America, In 1870 there were some 50,000 Poles and the sports department was formed; in 1937 _ Buffalo, N.Y. 10 Polish parishes in America; in 1875 there the yout];l department replaced the sports department, DEAR MR. LoHR: The 25th quadrennial were 200,000 Poles and 50 parishes. By 1889 convention of the Polish Union of America there were 800,000 Poles in 132 churches led In 1908 the library was established; today affords me the welcome opportunity of send­ by 126 priests. At that time Wisconsin had it is a nationally know institution having ing my cordial greetings to all present at the the largest number of Polish settlements, the largest collection of Polonica in English, preconvention dinner. and Chicago had the largest Polish popu­ The union has published a series of books lation. Today there are more than 1,000 dealing with the history of Polish-Ameri­ The Polish Union, thanks to able leader­ churches with Polish parishioners. Most cans. These annals are the organ of the ar­ ship, has done a remarkably good job. It Polish Americans live in the regions of the chives and museum of the Polish Roman has maintained the ideals of ancient Polish Great Lakes, lower New England, New York, Catholic Union of America. In 1897 the traditions. It has preserved among the and Pennsylvania. Chicago, with a popu­ union established Narod Polski as the official Americans of Polish origin respect for Polish lation of over a half million Poles is the organ of the organization. Issued on the history and Polish customs. has contrib­ It second largest Polish city in the world; first and third Mondays of every month, it uted to the happiness and welfare of its Warsaw is the :first. - is free to members; members. It has encouraged fidelity to Po­ This great tradition of service and achieve­ land's passionate belief in man's right to The first Polish mutual aid society es­ tablished in the United States was that of ment deserves commemoration here today, his own soul and his own integrity. God did and I am well aware that all in attendance not make the Poles to be slaves. St. Stanislaus Kostka, in Chicago, in 1864. In time, Polish parishes were established at this convention intend that the Polish Among the finest of our citizens are those which became the centers of social and cul­ Roman Catholic Union of America Will add of Polish origin. Your great generals, Pu­ tural activities. The tendency toward con­ new and further triumphs to its splendid laski and Kosciusko, helped us win our free­ centration grew stronger. At the turn of record. dom, and those who came after have de­ the century, for example, two Polish parishes. fended, expanded, and enhanced it. You alone were larger than many dioceses. In The convention was honored by receiv­ helped to build our railroads. You helped 1899, St. Stanislaus Kostka parish of Chi­ ing a message from the President of the clear and till our fields; you helped man our cago had a membership of over 50,000 pa­ United States, the Honorable John F. factories; your thriftiness helped finance our rishioners, and the Buffalo parish of St. Stan­ Kennedy, which was read at the opening economic growth; you have made distin- islaus Bishop and Martyr numbered 30,000 meeting on Monday, August 20. 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 19985- The President's message follows: of concern throughout the history of the that were formerly enforced by religious con­ United States. viction. Today there is rather wide accept­ It ~s a pleasure to send warm _greetings to An essay, attributed to Alexander Hamil­ ance among philosophies of the relativism of the members of the Polish Union of America ton, in the "Federalist Papers" in 1788 states: morality. We should not be surprised, there­ on the occasion of your 25th quadrennial "The aim of every political constitution ts, or fore, to find some government officials and convention. I am delighted to convey these ought to be, first to obtain for rulers men businessmen making up rules which, al­ words through Congressman DULSKI. who possess most wisdom to discern, and though convenient to their own purposes, As Americans of Polish descent, you may most virtue to pursue, the common good of are not based upon traditional or reasoned be proud of the contributions made by Gen­ society; and in the next place to take the standards of right and wrong, truth or false­ erals Pulaski and Kosciuszko, so many oth­ most effectual precautions for keeping them hood. ers of your countrymen, and you of this virtuous." The level of strength of the virtue pre­ generation to the American way of life and to One hundred and fifty years later, Peter vailing among citizens will inevitably be the ideals of freedom and democracy Odegard, in an article on corruption written reflected in the conduct of officials-since throughout the world. for the "Encyclopaedia of the Social Sci­ they are drawn from the body of citizens and With every good wish for a successful con­ ences," observed that among the great mod­ are formed and influenced by the moral vention and for continuing progress in the ern nations the United States had hac\ the standards which are generally accepted and important work you are doing. least enviable record with regard to the mo­ observed. JOHN F. KENNEDY. rality of its public officials. The conduct of public officials is likely Fourteen years later, Senator J. W. FuL­ to be affected particularly by the standards The principal speaker was Dr. Stephen BRIGHT, in commenting on the investigations of conduct preva1ling in business and in A. Graczyk, K.S.G., medical director, of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, the professions that touch most directly upon Care of the Aged, Catholic Charities, dio­ said: "As our study of the RFC progressed, government. It is significant that, in many cese of Buffalo, who gave a very interest­ we were confronted more and more with cases in which public officials accused of ing address on medical care, a topic on problems of ethical conduct." He asked wrongdoings have attempted to defend which he is well qualified to speak. Dr. these questions: "How do we deal with those themselves, they have argued that their ac­ Graczyk is an authority on this subject; who under the guise of friendship accept tions were fully within the bounds of ac­ favors which offend the rpirit of the law, but cepted practice in the business or profes­ because of his vast experience and the do not violate the letter? What of the men sional world from which they had come. many positions he holds. outside Government who suborn those inside Disclosures of dishonesty and misrepre­ The concluding speaker was his excel­ it? Who is more at fault, the bribed or the sentation in the fixing of radio and tele­ lency, the Most Reverend Leo R. Smith, bribers?" How, he asked, do we deal with vision programs a few years ago turned the D.D., who lifted us spiritually by stressing the disturbing problem that "among so many spotlight of publicity on those associated our obligations to God and our country. influential people, morality has become with the communications and entertain­ identical with legality." ment industry. These findings, however, The findings of congressional and execu­ have significant bearing upon other fields tive investigations, reports of State and local of business and professional activity and governments--official and unofficial-indi­ especially upon politics, in which the temp­ Inquiry Into Political Morality and cate that the moral and ethical standards of tation to oversimplify and misrepresent is always strong. Lobbies public officials have not improved much since 1951. Congressional committees are now In our society falsification is universally looking into not only the Estes case but also condemned, yet the practice in greater or EXTENSION OF REMARKS scandals in the national highway-construc­ lesser degree is widespread and to some ex­ tent condoned. The problem is complicated. OF tion program, price fixing, and excessive profit taking on Government contracts, even Carl Sandburg, in "The People, Yes," asks on those vitally related to national defense. the searching question: "What kind of a HON. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY liar are you?" OF MINNESOTA It is not important to determine whether present conditions are better or worse than "People lie because they don't remember IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES those of the past; what is, is bad enough. It clear what they say. "People lie because they can't help mak­ Wednesday, September 19, 1962 is important that two questions be asked and answered, if possible. ing a story better than it was the way it ·Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I First, what are the causes of the present happened. ask unanimous consent that there be state of morality or lack of morality; and, "People tell white lies so as to be decent printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD to others. second, what can be done to bring about a "People lie in a pinch, hating to do it, but two excellent articles by my colleague, change for the better? lying on because it might be worse. Mr. McCARTHY, which appeared · this The explanation of the present state of "And people lie just to be liars for crooked summer in the New York Times maga­ public or political morality or immorality is gain. zine. not to be found in simple one-cause state­ "What sort of a liar are you? ments such as in a recent Senate report "that "Which of these liars are you?" The first one is entitled "An Inquiry corruption is the inevitable result when one Into Political Morality"; and the sec­ Carl Snyder, in his book, "Capitalism the party or one faction remains too long in Creator," observes that despite our preju­ ond is entitled "A Senator Looks at the power." Neither is it to be found in sweep­ dices we must acknowledge that avarice and Lobbies." ing generalizations regarding the inevitable greed have been the great · forces in the I know that all who are interested in corruption of democratic government; nor building of America. This is too harsh a government and in the legislative process can it be explained away in terms of tech­ judgment, but certainly it is true that the will find these articles of great interest nique, codes and procedures of government. opportunist and the sharp dealer are not and value. We must look for more fundamental causes. unknown in the business world. There are, I think, at least three distin­ They may not sit at the head of the table, I wish to commend my colleague for guishable ones: first, the general level of_ but often the high-pressure artist, the dealer the fine quality of these two articles. morality preva1ling in the United States; in influence, the public-relations man skilled There being no objection, the articles second, the level of morality in business and in expanding doubt or contracting truth as were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, in the legal profession, as well as in those the case demands, and the disciples · of as follows: other professions that directly bear on gov­ Hermes, sit at the right hand. ernment and politics, and, third, the lack The term, "free enterprise," which has (From the New York (N.Y.) Times magazine, of a strong tradition of political responsibility July 1, 1962] a good and defensible meaning, has been and of the honor of public office in the abused. For many it has been the excuse AN INQUIRY INTO POLITICAL MORALITY: A SEN­ United States. for sweeping rejection of social justice and ATOR EXAMINES THE REASONS FOR THE Too Let us look first at the general level of responsibil1ty, for the rejection of traditional FREQUENT LAPSES IN PUBLIC ETHICS AND morality in the United States. Americans conceptions of right and wrong. "Legality" SUGGESTS WHERE RESPONSIBILITY LIES FOR by and large are concerned about the ethica~ for many has become the watchword; they CREATING AND ENFORCING HIGHER STAND• aspects of politics and business. There is see little wrong in avoiding legal obligations, ARDS widespread protest against clear cases of as indicated in the Internal Revenue Service (By EUGENE J. MCCARTHY) bribery and graft and outright theft. estimate that something over $25 billion of (NOTE.-EUGENE J. MCCARTHY is a former "Throw the rascals out" is a popular cam­ taxable income goes unreported in the United professor of economics and sociology who paign slogan. On the other hand, it is a States each year. took office as Senator, Democrat, from Minne­ matter of common knowledge, sustained by John Cassidy, who argued the question of sota in 1959. He wrote "Frontiers of Amer­ reports and statistical records, that the level political morality with Mr. Dooley at the turn ican Democracy.") is not so high as we would like it to be. of the century, insisted that he "niver knew WASHINGTON.-The morality of men who Why? a pollytician to go wrong ontil he's been con­ hold public office-a matter being brought Ideas do have consequences. There is less taminated by contact with a businessman." forcibly to public attention in the case in­ respect today for old-fashioned morality and This oversimplifies, but it does point to volving Billie Sol Estes-has been a subject for the hard-and-fast principles of honesty the fact that there is in nearly every case of 19986 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE September 19 corruption a double responsibility or a shared demand but also to create a supply of men It was derived from the medieval Latin word responsibility. who view Government as a professional "labium," a monastic walk or cloister. In the long run, the indirect and more career and who are liberally educated and . Three hundred years later the word was subtle influence resulting from the transfer professionally trained for such service. in politics. It was used both to identify a of an exploitative and self-seeking philosophy Lindsay Warren, as Controller General of hall or corridor in the British House of Com­ can be more destructive of morality in pub­ the United States, testified in 1951 before mons and as a collective noun applied to all lic office than the direct influence of bribery. a special subcommittee to study ethical those who frequented these lobbies. It cov­ The third general cause bearing on standards in Government: ered those who sought to influence men in morality in public service in the United "For a long time I thought that no code office as well as newspapermen and others States is the lack of any strong tradition of of ethics or morals would insure a high looking for news and gossip. the responsibilities and special obligations­ standard of conduct of the Government's Today the word "lobbyist" is used both and the honor-of public office. business. I have felt that moral integrity in its narrow legal sense and, more broadly, In the beginning of our national existence, is something innate, the result of a per­ as a description of all attempts to influence we cut ourselves away from the aristocratic son's conscience, upbringing, and education not only the legislators, but also any agency traditions of the Old World and adopted an and not something controllable by regula­ or officer of Government. Registered lobby­ egalitarian political philosophy. Every tion, no matter how rigid. • • • Without ists in Washington number approximately citizen was given a share of the political good administration the best written codes 1,100, but the number of persons and agen­ power which, in the old order, had been re­ will fail. cies involved in efforts to influence the Gov­ stricted to the aristocracy. "However, the things I have seen in my ernment is much greater. In transferring political rights to each 25 years in Washington, especially the shock­ Some lobbyists represent big interests and citizen we failed to transfer a corresponding ing disclosures of the war and postwar pe­ well organized groups. The chamber of sense of responsibility which the old tradi­ riod, have made me more receptive to an commerce and the National Association of tions and institutions had imposed and in­ official moral code. In the first place, I no Manufacturers have registered lobbyists stitutions had imposed upon the nobility. longer feel that we can rely on the moral along with the AFL-CIO; so do the Amer­ We failed to develop new institutions or a training of all those who come into or deal ican Petroleum Institute, the Association new tradition attaching obligations and re­ with the Government." of American Railroads, and nearly all major sponslbllity to position and to office directly, We must not expect perfection. It will industrial and financial interests. The so­ as a substitute for a system that fixed such not be possible to eliminate all abuses called little people and the unorganized or responslbllity through birth or class. through changes in rules and procedures. .less organized also have lobbyists. For Montesquieu declared that that honor was But there ts a continuing need for reexami­ example, the American Committee for Flags the basis of monarchy and virtue the basis nation of the methods and processes through of Necessity, the Hualapai Tribe of Hualapai of democracy. History has demonstrated which the great powers of Government are Reservation, and the Arthritis and Rheuma­ that honor without virtue is an insufficient exercised, and a need, also, for penalties and tism Foundation are among those groups or basis for monarchy, so history is demonstrat­ punishments which are adjusted to the new organizations represented by lobbyists. ing that virtue is also inadequate unless sus­ and varied ways in which public officials Some lobbyists are well paid; some get tained by honor. today may violate public trust. little more than expense money. Some op­ What can be done to bring about an im­ erate directly on Government officials, others provement in public morality in the United [From the New York (N.Y.) Times magazine, primarily by indirection through appeals to States? Aug. 19, 1962] constituents or voters. Some are profes­ First, there must be a broad effort to trans­ A SENATOR LOOKS AT THE LoBBIES: GROUPS sional, others amateur. Some lobbyists rep­ form the whole social and cultural environ­ THAT HAVE STAKES IN PENDING LEGISLATION resent only one position or program, While ment--that ls, to transform it by eliminat­ CLAMOR To BE HEARD IN CONGRESS-THIS others are available as free lancers on an ing whatever pushes man toward evil or IT Is ARGUED, Is THEIR RIGHT, AND THERE issue-by-issue or client-by-client basis. leads him into error, and whatever estab­ ARE SAFEGUARDS AGAINST THEIR ABUSING IT Some lobbyists are quite open-they seek lishes or sustains conditions which encour­ (By EuGENE J. McCARTHY) their own gain, the protection of an eco­ age man to easy response in action that is nomic advantage, or the elimination or re­ morally objectionable and wrong. (NOTE.-EuGENE J. McCARTHY has served duction of advantages held by their com­ Government has a clear responsibility in as a Senator, Democrat, from Minnesota petitors. These cry more often for equity this field, but it a residual and sustaining since 1959. He wrote "Frontiers of Ameri­ than they do for justice. Others speak for responsibility; the primary and principal re­ can Democracy.") the arts, for morality, for aid to the sick sponsibility rests on all persons and on all WASHINGTON.-The word "lobbying" has and for the oppressed among the family of institutions that affect moral judgment and a derogatory ring. This is not surprising, for man. actions, primarily those whose work is good or bad lobbying occurs in the processes What do lobbyists do in order to affect religious and educational. of democracy at the point of rough transi­ Government decisions? tion where interests conflict and judicial Second, ethical standards in business and processes fall short. Lobbying ls a test-­ The methods used by the lobbyists are in the professions must be raised primarily sometimes a raw test-of the Judgment and almost as varied as their causes. Some ap­ for the sake of businessmen, but also be­ integrity of political officeholders, both peal on a purely personal basis, as friend cause of the effects such Improved standards to friend. Some undoubtedly use monetary will have on public morality and morality in elected and appointed. or material appeals, but there is little evi­ public service. Who are the lobbyists? What do they do dence of direct payoff in lobbying activities in order to affect the course of Government? affecting the Congress. In some 14 years of We have come to accept that only a few How effective are they? Is lobbying a threat fields of activity are truly professional-for to democracy? Do Government officials need membership in the Congress, I know of no instance, medicine and the law-and that all more·protection.from lobbyists? What can case in which a Member was moved to sup­ others are, somehow, nonprofessional or un­ or should be done about lobbying? It is port or to oppose a position in response professional. It is essential that other groups important that these questions be asked to any kind of direct financial or material be indentified, like professions, with special and that an attempt be made to answer reward. The indirect influence of campaign public responsibilities, and consequently be them. contributions is more difficult to assess but expected to develop self-discipline and in­ This has been a most active year for it is, I believe, more important. dividual codes of ethics-a true sense of pro­ lobbyists in Washington. They were drawn The most common method of lobbying is fession. especially by the tax bill, the Trade Expan­ that of simply appearing before a committee I cite as examples physical scientists in sion Act, the medical insurance program and of Congress or speaking to individual Mem­ some fields, certified public accountants, by the Sugar Act. bers in an attempt to bring them to under­ public-relations personnel and others acting The activities of lobbyists on the Sugar stand one's position or to influence them to as consultants and advisers on matters Act, which involves foreign countries, have support that position. touching directly on the social and public moved the Senate Foreign Relations Com­ How effective are the lobbyists? good. mittee to make a special study of lobbying­ Some are wholly ineffective but take credit Third, we must take immediate action to or, as the committee described it, of "non­ for what happens without, in fact, having in develop in the United States a code of ethics diplomatic activities of representatives of any way influenced events. for men in public office, for those with re­ foreign governments or their agents in pro­ Among the regular lobbies, the postal em­ sponsibilities for making laws, interpreting moting the interests of those governments." ployees' organizations are usually very active laws and administering the affairs of Govern­ Investigation or inquiry into the operation and, whenever postal pay legislation is be­ ment, and to lay the foundations upon which of lobbyists in other fields has been sug­ fore Congress, they are listed at or near the we can build a tradition reflecting the high gested by some Members of .congress. top in terms of total expenditures. In order honor and responsib111ty of Government By statute, the lobbyist today ls any per­ to raise wages or to change working condi­ service. son who solicits money or anything of value tions significantly, the spokesmen for the The responsibility rests first with the to be us~d principally to secure or tnfi.uence postal workers of the country must influence Congress and the President, who have the the passage or defeat of any legislation by either the Congress or the administration­ authority to set standards for Government the Congress of the United States. or both-for Government employee unions service. In a more general way it is a re­ Lobbying has a long history. The word are not recognized and dealt with In the sponsibility of the colleges and universities. "lobby'' appeared first in the English lan­ same way as other labor unions are by pri­ They should be willing not only to fill the guage about the middle of the 16th century. vate employers. There ls little doubt that 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 19987 the existence of this Washington lobby has the Eisenhower and Truman administra­ and influence of lobbyists. One safeguard influenced the Congress and successive ad­ tions Washington lawyers, and public rela­ is that usually there are organized lobbies ministrations to raise salaries and to im­ tions' men. Their agreements with their on both sides of controversial issues; pro­ prove working conditons not only for postal principals varied from flat fees to contin­ tectionists on the one hand versus free­ employees. but for all Government workers. gency agreements, depending upon th~ traders on the other; the AFL-CIO opposed . The major farm organizations in the coun­ action taken by Congress. by the National Association of Manufac­ try m aintain regular lobbies in Washington. The massive lobbying activity this year turers; growers' associations against those The American Farm Bureau Federation and arose from the fact that the administration seeking to improve working conditions of the National Farmers Union usually take op­ recommended that the Cuban sugar quota of migratory farmworkers; anti vivisectionists posite sides on farm legislation. The ap­ some 3 million tons, withdraw from Cuba against those who favor medical experimen­ parent success of the two organizations because of Castro, be purchased in the world tation with animals. parallels closely the success of the two maj<;>r market at something like 2.8 cents a pound Sometimes the opposition is not direct political parties. The Farmers Union posi­ rather than on a quota basis from desig­ but involves competition for a larger share tion is favored when the Democrats are in nated countries at traditional premium of a quota or a subsidy, or for greater par­ power, and the Farm, Bureau position when prices. At the premium price the supplying ticipation in advantageous tax concessions. the Republicans are in power. country would receive approximately $54 a Political party positions and programs, too, One of the most interesting and continu­ ton more than it would receive at world tend to eliminate large areas of political ac­ ing lobbying efforts of recent years has been prices. The administration's counterpro­ tion from the influence of lobbyists. The that in support of a bill which is known as posal was an open, almost demanding invi­ political compaign in the United States is a H.R. 10. This bill proposes to change exist­ tation to every sugar producing country in­ rather severe testing. Most of the impor­ ing income tax laws to allow members of terested in getting a share of the premium tant national issues are raised during po­ professions and other sel!-employed persons market to seek representation. Most of them litical campaigns, and most men who are a limited income tax credit on money in­ did. elected to office have made firm commitments vested in private pension or retirement pro­ we now come to the basic question: Is on most issues. grams. Starting almost from scratch, the lobbying a threat to de:rnocracy? The President of the United States is supporters of this legislation have secured The effects of lobbying can be good or bad, called to account and judged by the people the approval of the House of Representatives helpful or harmful to democracy, depending every 4 years; Members of the U.S. Senate and of the Senate Finance Committee. Vic­ upon two things: the purposes or objec­ must run for reelection every 6 years, Mem­ tory in this case-if it comes-must be tives of the lobbying effort, and the methods bers of the House of Representatives every credited in great measure to the efforts of or devices by which the lobby seeks to 2 years. a lobby registered as the American Thrift accomplish its objectives. The activities of Members of Congress are Assembly, a kind of holding company or There are some who take the extreme view watched closely by colleagues, particularly organizing lobby, which was supported in that lobbies are by their very nature power by those of the opposite party. They are testimony by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, blocs and therefore inconsistent with demo­ watched by newspapermen whose reputations the National Association of Manufacturers, cratic government; that since lobbies rep­ in many cases are based upon their ab111ty the Farm Bureau, the American Medical resent special or limited interests, their ob­ to ferret out and report any action and con­ Association, and others. jectives are of necessity not directed to the duct unbecoming Government officials. In this session of Congress, lobbies have general welfare and, therefore, they should In addition, of course, everyone who holds been most active in four major areas: taxes, be abolished. office must assume that there are at least trade and tariffs, medical aid for the aged There are some who see nothing wrong two or three people-perhaps in his own with lobbies except when they represent party and certainly in the opposition party­ and extension of the Sugar Act. Undoubt­ economic interests. edly the lobbyists did have or will have some who are quite willing to replace him and con­ e'ffect on action in each of these areas. There are some who hold that the dangers sequently are likely to give more than ordi­ in lobbying arise from secrecy and behind­ nary attention to his conduct in public office. Any significant change in tax laws attracts the-scenes operations and from the amount What can or should be done about lobby­ the attention of those who may be affected. of money that may be spent by lobbyists. ing? The changes being considered this year were There are regular demands that more pub­ Members of Congress cannot be fully pro­ significant and controversial and the lobby­ licity be given to lobbying activities, that tected from lobbyists by regulation. They ing effort extensive. lobbying be more closely regulated, and that cannot be expected to keep a checklist of Industries likely to be affected by trade the amount of money which can be spent by registered lobbyists or demand proof of reg­ and tariff policies are always well represented a lobbyist or lobbying groups be limited and istration or defense of nonregistration before in Washington. Whenever an issue even fully reported. responding to a request for conversation or remotely bearing upon trade is brought up Positively, the activity of lobbyists is often for a conference. Yet, Members of Congress for consideration, the representatives of these very helpful. Lobbyists can help maintain a and other Government officials can be given industries seek permission to testify. The balance between Congress and the executive some protection by ·law. hearings on the President's new tariff and branch of the Government. The executive The present Lobby Registration Act should trade program have attracted them in great branch has a prepared case, usually sustained be fully enforced, and financial reporting numbers. Members of the House Ways and by expert witnesses. The Congress can of­ should be checked carefully. Fees contin­ Means Committee and the Senate Finance fer in opposition the knowledge and experi­ gent on successful lobbying should be out­ Committee, which ordinarily hold trade and ence of its own Members and that of the lawed. Care should be taken to remove from tariff hearings, are generally familiar with committee staff or congressional assistants. direct legislative determination those ques­ the testimony of these witnesses. They have Often this is an unfair contest. The expert tions which should be settled by other been described as somewhat like professional testimony of lobbyists or witnesses from out­ branches of Government: by the President, soldiers who regularly go to battle, seldom side may help to bring the contest closer to by special commissions, by departments and win wars and suffer few casualties. balance. agencies of Government or by international One of the most active Washington lobbies Congress, of course, does not depend en­ agreement. this year, and through the years, is that of tirely upon lobbyists for its information. It Much of the agitation over the Sugar Act the American Medical Association-better is the usual practice to call upon govern­ could have been prevented if the adminis­ known in Washington for what it is against mental experts and also on independent ex­ tration, acting directly or possibly in co­ than for what it is for. The spokesmen for perts drawn from groups directly affected by operation with the Organization of American the AMA have effectively opposed the inclu­ the legislation under consideration or from States or the signatories to the International sion of doctors in the social security retire­ related fields and from the academic profes­ Sugar Agreement, had determined the way ment program. They were strongly opposed sion. in which the Cuban sugar quota was to be to amending the social security law to pro­ For example, in special hearings on unem­ allocated. There would have 'been some vide for the payment of social security pen­ ployment in 1959, invitations to testify were congressional protest, since in a broad way sions to people who are permanently or to­ sent to these organizations; the National Congress has determined sugar allocations tally disabled after they pass the age of 50. Association of Manufacturers, the U.S. Cham­ since the Sugar Act was passed in 1934. And in the present session of Congress, the ber of Commerce, the National Coal Policy But the protest would have been limited and AMA lobby led the opposition to the estab­ Conference, the AFL-CIO, the United Mine the compromises so minor that extensive lishment of a medical insurance program for Workers, the National Small Businessmen's lobbying activities, brought on when the the aged as a part of the social security pro­ Association, the Railway Labor Executives whole question of reallocation was left open gram. Action in this congressional session Association and others. Representatives of by the administration, would have been dis­ has been a real test of the power of the AMA the U.S. Departments of Labor, Commerce, couraged. lobby. and Defense were called. Leading labor econ­ Better salaries for Government officials and Lobbying activities with reference to the omists were asked to submit papers, to sounder methods of financing campaigns Sugar Act revision this year involved lob­ testify, and to meet with the members of the would also lessen the likelihood of undue byists in greater numbers than ever in the committee. Hearings were also held in the financial influence on public officials by lob­ past, and the lobbying activities were more field. These hearings were open to the testi­ byists and others. intensive. At least 22 lobbyists testified be­ mony of anyone who wished to speak on the There is always the risk that public of­ fore congressional committees in behalf of subject. ficials may be unduly subject to outside in­ the countries they represented. The list of . Apart from laws and regulations, there are fluence. But it is hard to imagine a meet­ lobbyists included former members of both some built-in protections against the power ing of a national legislature today that could 1 '"19988 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE September 19 or should be insulated from public pre.ssure of existence, this dedicated organization, It is not surprising that this first strike in or demand. The practice of some primitive which has chapters in virtually every America was by Poles and that it was staged tribes, in which the wise men or elders with­ State in the Union, has written an im­ in the name of freedom. drew from society periodically to consider The Polish love of freedom served this Na­ laws and practices, is not likely to be revived. pressive record of contributions toward tion well then and in the Revolution. The The whole concept that lobbying opposes helping Americans of Polish descent be­ names of Pulaski and Kosciusko brighten the majority, that it seeks to manipulate come better versed on the strength of the pages of our history. and subvert the majority will and the pub­ the democratic process and also to be­ Pulaski died in an attack on the British at lic interest, is unrealistic. Lobbyists sel­ come better American citizens. Savannah after distinguished service at the dom manufacture a problem. They call at­ It is most reassuring to know that the Battle of Brandywine and at Valley Forge. tention to an existing problem and try to Attorney General of the United States But Kosciusko lived to serve the cause of guide the course of events. Action in Wash­ freedom both here and in Poland long after ington sometimes supports the judgment of would take time out from his very busy the war. J.B. S. Hardman, the philosopher and intel­ schedule to meet with this very worth­ A large cash award and a valuable tract lectual mentor of industrial trade unionism while organization and discuss with of land were bestowed upon him by a grate­ in America: "Majorities never rule, they them the problems which confront free­ ful Congress, but he never used this bounty merely give credentials to contending mi­ dom-loving people throughout the world. for himself. Before leaving to fight again norities." I might add, Mr. Speaker, that Attorney for Polish freedom in 1794, he placed his will Although lobbying does not usually involve General Kennedy was given one of the in the hands of Thomas Jefferson. a. physical assembly-such as the 1932 veter­ greatest ovations ever accorded a guest That last testament, as did his entire life, ans' bonus march on Washington or current struck a blow for freedom and human dig­ picketing of the White House-it does in­ of the Polish Roman Catholic Union nity. It directed that his estate be used to volve organization, a bringing together of cit­ Convention in its 89 years of existence. buy Negro slaves and set them free. izens seeking a common objective. Thus, the Attorney General Kennedy's eloquent Down through the years, Americans and act of lobbying is basically an exercise of the message follows: Poles have shared the burden of fighting right to petition the Government--a right set ADDRESS BY HON, ROBERT F. KENNEDY, ATTOR­ for freedom. Several years ago, I climbed forth in the Constitution. Lobbying also NEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES, AT THE that steep, rocky Italian hillside where Pol­ involves, in a way, the exercise of the right POLISH ROMAN CATHOLIC UNION CONVEN• ish troops, under General Wladyslaw Anders, of assembly. TION, LORD BALTIMORE HOTEL, BALTIMORE, took Monte Cassino from the Nazis, climax­ In a democratic society there must be a MD,, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1962 ing some of the hardest fighting of the Sec­ point at which influences, both good and bad, ond World War. are brought to bear upon government. The Mr. Chairman, Reverend Fathers, officers, I shall never forget the inscription on the point at which these influences meet finally and delegates to the Polish Roman Catholic memorial to the Polish soldiers buried there : is in the elected and appointed officials of Union Convention, the one characteristic "We Polish soldiers, for our freedom and t):le country. They are supposed to be men which distinguishes us as Americans in the yours, have given our souls to God, our bodies skilled and experienced in politics and pos­ world today is that in the United States we to the soil of Italy, and our hearts to Po­ sessing the character to withstand improper have a land of 180 million people whose land." pressures and improper demands. cultures and background come from virtually On the day the Poles captured Monte Cas­ Until a clear case can be made against the every nation in the world, and yet we live sino, American GI's were moving forward lobbyist, his voice should be heard in Wash­ virtually as one people. through the hills on their left and the Ameri-, ington. But his voice must be identified and, I am particularly happy to be with you cans who died in that battle are buried a insofar as possible, restricted to that influ­ here today to participate in the opening few miles from their Polish brothers. ence which is justified by the fa,cts and the session of your convention because Ameri­ This has been the theme of the relation­ conclusions to be drawn from those facts. cans, regardless of ethnic background, will ship between the Polish and the American agree that the Polish Roman Catholic Union, THE BIG ONES peoples-working and fighting together in through its 89 years of existence, has made the cause of freedom. As reported, according to law, to the Olerk an indelible contribution to the growth of Time after time, Americans have been in­ of the House of Representatives and the Sec­ America. spired by the stubborn courage of the Poles. retary of the Senate, the 10 biggest spending Over the years you have assisted Polish We cannot forget that at the outset of the lobbies in Washington in 1961 were: immigrants make an orderly transition from Second World War, Polish cavalrymen American Medical Association _____ $163,405 the customs of the Old World to those of AFL-CIO ______139,919 charged their horses against Nazi tanks. our country. Your efforts have helped these Nor can we forget General Bor's uprising American Farm Bureau Federation_ 111,364 people become dedicated Americans and made against the Germans in Warsaw, holding out American Legion______103, 566 your communities across the country better for 63 days against the might of the German U.S. Savings & Loan League______101,801 places in which to live. occupation force. National Committee for Insurance Although Poland is a much older nation Taxation ______· 90,058 We have been able to make partial pay­ than the United States, our destinies have ment on the debt we owe to the sons of National Farmers Union______88, 273 been closely and profitably intertwined. Pulaski and Kosciusko. National Housing Conference______88, 141 A few years after its founding, Jamestown, Nor have we forgotten our friend in the American Trucking Associations, the first permanent settlement in America, troubled days since the Second World War. Inc______84,986 was in trouble. The gentlemen adventurers We welcome and support the advances that International Brotherhood of who formed Capt. John Smith's company had have taken place in recent years. Teamsters______81, 918 little taste for the hard task of building a We will continue to be concerned for the colony in a hostile wilderness. They were welfare of the Polish people and to maintain more interested in vain searches for gold our traditional close ties of friendship with .than in clearing stubborn forests or plow­ them. ing fields. I am happy that this Government has Attorney General Robert Kennedy's Ad­ Smith sent to London for help. He asked been able to extend over a half billion dol­ dress to the Polish Roman Catholic for men who would work and who had the _lars in assistance to the Polish people in the skills necessary to create a civilization in the -past 5 years, and I am happy that this pro­ Union Convention wilderness. gram is going to continue. This aid has The next ship brought help, not more gen­ been supplemented by the fine work of pri­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS tlemen seeking a quick fortune, but six vate organizations and citizens who have skilled craftsmen-Lowicki, Stefanski, Mata, OF been sending generous assistance since the Bogdan, Zrencia, and Sadioski. war. HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI These first six Poles in the new world · American private and Government aid and went to work. They established a glass assistance joined to build the new children's OF ILLINOIS furnace-the first industry in America-and hospital which is nearing completion in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES helped the Colony to start a soap works and Kracow. Wednesday, September 19, 1962 a sawmill. John Smith credited their ex­ We have invited leaders of the Polish Gov­ ample of skill and industry with saving ernment and leaders of thought and opinion Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, last Jamestown. in Poland to visit America and see this land Monday, Attorney General Robert F. A few years later, when the Colony was for themselves. Kennedy addressed the Polish Roman to elect the first representative legislature Cultural exchanges are continuing to in­ Catholic Union convention in Baltimore. in America, the Governor ruled that only crease. The Warsaw philharmonic and the I should like to call his inspiring remarks those born in England could vote. The Poles Polish folk dance groups have toured this promptly put down their tools and pro­ country. A band from Warsaw played at to the attention of my colleagues. claimed "No vote, no work." The Governor the Washington, D.C., and Newport jazz fes­ The Polish Roman Catholic Union is relented and the annals of the Jamestown tivals this summer. the oldest Polish American fraternal or­ Colony !or 1619 note that Poles were ex­ Our program of exchanging students, ganization in America. In its 89 years tended the full rights accorded other settlers. teachers, and technicians is continuing and 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 19989 I hope it wlll grow as both nations can. bene­ Oliver Wendell Holmes, speaking on Me­ This bill has an absolute prohibition fit from it. morial Day, 1884, in Keene, N.H., said: against any Federal control, interference, Each year, more and more American tour­ "It ls required of a man that he should or monopoly in education. Since it fol­ ists are going to Poland. I hope that trend share the passions and actions of his time will increase and will flow both ways so at the peril of being judged not to have lows the same pattern of distribution as that more Poles will visit us and see America. lived." the GI bill after World War II and the These exchanges are but tangible evidence I can think of no other people who have Education Act for the Pages of Congress, of the close bond between the people of Po­ shared the passions and actions of their time it is modeled on constitutionally unques­ land and the people of the United States. as have the Poles. tioned legislation which has worked well Today, more than ever before, we need the I hope you will have a successful confer­ and is nondiscriminatory. The bill does courage .and dedication to freedom which ence and that you will return to your homes not provide aid for teaching religious have made Americans and Poles such good with renewed dedication to our common friends through their history. ideals of freedom and human dignity. subjects and it is therefore not subject to We face a resourceful foe who seeks to And I know you share with me the con­ objection under the First Amendment. impose his totalitarian way on free men viction that Poles everywhere are dedicated The "GI bill for junior" is in keeping everywhere. The threat takes many forms. to these ideals and that they will triumph, with the concept of distributive justice in It may be a wall in Berlin, occupied domina­ for imbedded throughout the pages of Polish that every parent has an equal right to tion of proud old nations, guerrilla warfare history and our own is the slogan which is share in the proceeds of tax funds allo­ in southeast Asia, military aid to Cuba, or apt today-"Polak nie sluga"-a Pole-and cated to education. I believe that at ev­ espionage in our own country. I might add an American-will never be a We are alert to this threat and as Presi­ serf. ery level of government, Federal, State, dent Kennedy said last week, we intend to and local, that the parent should not be do everything within our power to meet it­ compelled to forfeit his right to freely and our power is very great. "We Asked and Now We Answer" Re­ choose a school and direct the education We are making a consistent, carefully of his children as a condition to re­ planned effort to turn the arms race into a sults of District Poll by Representative ceiving an equitable share of his own peace race to spread respect for the rule of Hugh L. Carey taxes. Parents rights in education are law, and dedication to man's God-given right paramount and inviolate and must re­ to be free. main so. This was recognized in the We are convinced that a supreme effort EXTENSION OF REMARKS Universal Declaration of Human Rights must be made to halt the arms race, but OF until some progress is made, we are and will of the United Nations General Assembly remain prepared to do what is necessary to HON. HUGH L. CAREY at article 26 which reads: protect our own interests and the security OF NEW YORK Parents have a prior right to choose the of our friends and allies. kind of education that shall be given their As we face this challenge through the diffi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES children. cult years ahead, another of the great Wednesday, September 19, 1962 attributes of the Polish people-their loyalty It is significant that when this resolu­ and devotion to the Roman Catholic Mr. CAREY. Mr. Speaker, I am tion was passed in the General Assembly Church-will serve us well. pleased to report the results of a survey the Communist bloc nations abstained Poles are now celebrating their 1,000th o:r- Federal issues which I recently con­ from voting. Under their system of edu­ anniversary as a Christian people. Think of ducted in my district. The response, in cation the parents have no control over it-40 generations of faith. the tens of thousands, speaks well for Ten centuries of Christianity have given the education of their children and they the Polish people a collective dynamism and the public interest of the people of become creatures of the state. To avoid a sense of great continuing national purpose. Brooklyn. that in our Nation it is essential that Indeed, the birth of Poland as a nation is The questions I asked and the results we recognize and preserve parents' rights closely tied to the arrival of Christianity and arc as follows: in education. This is particularly im­ its long and proud history has continued 1. Medical care for aged under social se­ portant in the light of the further secu­ this close bond to the church. curity: Yes, 62 percent; no, 35 percent; no larization of the schools in our State re­ We have a rich heritage of our own-revo­ opinion, 3 percent. sulting from the decision of the Supreme lution, toughness, industry, and unswerving 2. Aid to education in some form for pupils Court in the New Hyde Park regents belief in the fundamental rights of the indi­ of all schools: Yes, 60 percent; no, 37 per­ vidual-but we are a young nation. We cent; no opinion, 3 percent. school prayer case. Children must not look back to many lands for our basic beliefs 3. Authorize the President to negotiate be forced to attend a school where prayer and traditions. tariffs with trade blocs such as Common is forbidden. We must move on twin The Poles brought to this country strength, Market and other countries: Yes, 65 percent; fronts to restore the right of prayer courage, faith, and perseverance-and Amer­ no, 25 percent; no opinion, 10 percent. to the public schools and serve the right ica ls indebted to its Polish citizens for 4. Federal subsidy or financing of ( 1) fam­ of the parent to choose education with helping to forge our national character with ily fallout shelters, (2) community fallout religion added through a fair plan of this steel. shelters: Yes, 41 percent; no, 52 percent; no A thousand years of history shows beyond opinion, 7 percent. assistance. That plan is the bill for a doubt that the spirit of freedom and 5. My bill to revise tax deductions to af­ which I urge consideration as vital to our human dignity is so ingrained in the Polish ford greater allowances for student depend­ junior citizens--the "GI bill for junior." soul that no tyrant will ever succeed in ents to cover education expenses: Yes, 82 These junior citizens are voiceless and destroying them. percent; no, 12 percent; no opinion, 6 per­ voteless but they have a right to educa­ I know from my own experience, for on cent. tional excellence and I will continue to the same trip that I saw the monument at In addition to publishing the results work in their interest. Monte Cassino, I also visited Poland. I ! came there fi"om the Soviet Union, and it was of this survey I have decided to live On the other issues have supported inspiring to enter a country where the peo­ dangerously and adopt a new wrinkle. a plan of medical care for all our citizens ple yearn for the principles of freedom and The practice among some Members who over 65 and I intend to work for a solu­ meaningful democracy. It was like emerg­ conduct these surveys is to ask questions tion which will provide that care with ing from darkness into the sunshine. but seldom to answer them. I submit adequate safeguards against any threat During those thousand years, Poland has that since I am now aware of how the of socialized medicine. been conquered and partitioned six times. residents of my district feel they have an I strongly supported the Trade Ex­ Yet Poland has never lost its · concept as a pansion Act, a legislative blue ribbon nation. Stubbornly and passionately, the equal right to know my position. Ad­ Poles have clung to their determination to dressing myself first to the question of the 87th Congress. New York City be free. They have refused to quit. They which generated the most comment and clearly depends on trade for jobs and have always come back. controversy-No. 2, I favor a fair share well-being and that trade could only be This is the strength and tradition of the in any educational assistance for every increased by effective interest in the Polish character. This is your heritage. child in every school. As a sponsor of Common Market. This legislation So, it is a privilege to be here for not only the "GI bill for junior" with my dis­ passed by a vote of 298 to 125. do I feel a close bond with the Polish people, tinguished colleague, · Representative I am in accord with the recent action but the. Presiden,t shares this regard and feel­ of the Armed Services Committee in de­ ing. His sister-in-law is married to a Pole. JAMES J. Dl!:LANEY, of Queens, I advocate The President has visited Poland.as has my that :financial assistance to preserve the leting $460 million allocated to the fall­ mother. my . brother, Ted, and my sisters. right of fre.edom of choice in education out shelter program. With virtually no other group has my family be extended through .the States and to Our strong defense effort, the largest had a closer affiliation. the parents of all children in all schools. in peacetime history, is the best approach 19990 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE September ·19 to deterring Communist aggression. I day President Eisenhower withdrew rec­ Budapest, time has worked against the free ognition of Cuba. Recognition has not world. favor continuing surveys to maximize Yet I submit that the reason for this weak­ the use of existing shelter facilities. been withdrawn from other Communist ening of the free-world position is not that My bill to increase the tax deduction controlled nations and by not withdraw­ which Soviet propaganda and dogma would for children from the present unrealistic ing recognition, a nation can always have us believe. Our power has not receded amount of $600 to a gradually higher maintain a foothold in a country by because the march of communism is inexora­ figure, based upon the age of the child maintaining an embassy, even though ble, but because we did not learn the lesson and therefore his needs has received uni­ small. of Budapest. versal support. The deduction would :fi­ In short, the history of the cold war since I know my colleague, the gentleman 1957 is not so much that of Communist suc­ nally rest for all dependents at a new from Alabama [Mr. SELDEN], will help to cess as of free world failure-let me quote level of $800. The other provision of keep the spark of liberty alive in the again from the subcommittee report-to this bill allowing deductions to covered­ hearts of the peoples of the captive na­ "formulate and implement policies of ac­ ucational expense has been similarly well tions throughout the world and I hope tion, courageously and :firmly executed." received. we will all see the day when we will again Incredibly, there remain policymakers in Unfortunately, until the residents of see them a free people. the free world who still cling to illusions re­ our district express themselves further garding the true nature of Soviet imperial­ I am happy to insert in the CONGRES­ ism. These people continue to urge on the on these questions as only constituents SIONAL RECORD the address of our col­ free world a policy based on their illusions­ can, I will not know how many disagree league, the Honorable ARMISTEAD SEL­ a policy not of action, but of inaction. with me. If the majority do, then I will DEN: We therefore have witnessed in the past 5 not be around to run this risk again, years the emergence of a cold war policy but while I am here at least my stand is REMARKS OF REPRESENTATIVE ARMISTEAD SEL­ which denies the existence of the cold war, DEN AT PLENARY MEETING OF THE ASSEMBLY the so-called policy of coexistence. clear so that, while some may question OF CAPTIVE EUROPEAN NATIONS, CARNEGIE the prudence of stating my views on the "Coexistence," "accommodation," "relaxa­ ENDOWMENT INTERNATIONAL CENTER, NEW tion of tensions"-these are the current questions I have asked, it must be con­ YORK CITY, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1962 words and phrases of the free world's diplo­ ceded that the policy is positive. Five years ago, following the Hungarian matic vocabulary this autumn of 1962. They Revolution, the Subcommittee on Europe of are words which gloss over the essential the House Committee on Foreign Affairs un­ truth of the world in which we live today. dertook a special study mission. In Paris, The value of the Assembly of Captive Assembly of Captive Nations Vienna, Munich, Bonn, London, Warsaw, European Nations lies in your continuing and Belgrade, members of the subcommittee efforts to cut through these illusory words sought to determine the effect of U.S. pol­ and phrases-to lay bare for the people of EXTENSION OF REMARKS icy toward Soviet satellite nations, in the the free world the grim realities of Soviet OJ' wake of the massacre of Budapest. power. As a member of the subcommittee I Your organization is not simply a symbol HON. EDNA F. KELLY learned firsthand, from Hungarian refugees, of hope for the captive peoples. It is also OF NEW YORK the grim results of the failure of the United an instructor and guide for the people, as IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES States and the free world to meet the chal­ well as the policymakers, of the free world. lenge of Budapest. This assembly understands, from the harsh Wednesday, September 19, 1962 Five years have passed since our subcom­ experience of recent history, that Soviet Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Speaker, one of the mittee, in its report to the Congress, said: communism allows for only one kind of co­ most capable Members of the House of "The forces of communism are com­ existence, the coexistence known by the cap­ Representatives, and I assure you one mitted to making colonies of all nations tive peoples of Russian imperialism. by any means available, with no recognition This assembly knows, from the cruel of the most capable members of the of any standard except that might makes lessons inflicted upon your nations and your Committee on Foreign Affairs of the right. In any consideration of policy, it compatriots, that Soviet communism per­ House of Representatives, gave an ad­ must be remembered that peace will not be mits only one form of accommodation-the dress at the plenary meeting of the As­ secured by any evidence of weakness in the accommodation forced upon captive peoples sembly of Captive European Nations in free world's struggle against Soviet power by Russian brutality and deceit. New York. His address is of note and and Soviet propaganda. And this assembly can see through the I feel that all should read it with care. "The survival of Western civilization," cloud of illusion to reject the foolish and said the 1957 subcommittee report, "de­ dangerous notion that there can be any true He emphasizes the grave mistake of relaxation of tensions in a world half slave Hungary. This mistake was reported by pends on the influence exercised by the United States, not alone upon the nations to the Kremlin. my committee in this manner: which are free today, but, more important, No, the cold war continues relentlessly, The Hungarian revolution which broke out upon those nations which yearn for freedom and those who counsel coexistence, accom­ October 23 was catastrophic in nature and now-the satellite nations. We have modation, and relaxation of tensions do not caught the free world totally unprepared. reached a turning point in history where, understand our adversary. As a strategy for unless we formulate and implement poli­ survival of our civilization, any policy based In this address he referred to one of cies of action, courageously and firmly exe­ on such illusions must fail. It can only the reports made by the Subcommittee cuted, scholars might someday read the his­ hasten a time when, and I quote again from on Europe of the Committee on Foreign tory of t he decay of Western civilization the subcommittee report of 1957, when Affairs. I am the chairman of this Sub­ under faltering U.S. leadership. "scholars might someday read the history of committee on Europe and at the time the As a member of that subcommittee and as the decay of Western civilization under fal­ report was written, I was fortunate to a Member of Congress, as well as an Ameri­ tering U.S. leadership." can concerned about the future of freemen As chairman of the House Subcommittee have the gentleman from Alabama on Inter-American Affairs, I am especially [Mr. SELDEN] as a member of my com­ and men who would be free, I regret to say that these words are as true today as they aware of the free world's failure during the mittee. were in 1957. past h alf deca de to learn the lesson of Buda­ He was a member of the special study Indeed, the subcommittee report has pest. For during this period we have seen mission to Europe following the Hungar­ proven prophetic- tragically so. the arm of Soviet imperialism extend, from ian revolution which was the subject of the bloody streets of Budapest to the bloody Today, Soviet power subjugates not only prisons of Fidel Castro's Cuba. the study mission's report. His contri­ the people of Eastern and Central Europe, but the people of a nation a mere 90 miles From Kadar to Castro--from the enslave­ bution to the study mission is now ment of Eastern and Central Europe to the equaled by his reports on Cuba and the from the shores of the power center of the free world. enslave1nent of a people neighboring the enormous problems involved in the Com­ United States-that is the tragic summary Today, Soviet propaganda works unceas­ munist takeover with the assistance of of our failure to act, courageously and firmly, Fidel Castro, of these peoples by the ingly to corrode not only the will of captive against Soviet aggression. leaders of the Kremlin. nations, but the power and will of free na­ Cuba today is a captive nation in every t ions as well. sense. All the implements and apparatus I regret that the aggression and sei­ Today, the Soviet threat to the survival zure of the peoples of eastern Europe which enforce Soviet domination of Central of civilization is greater than ever before in and Eastern Europe, including Russian mili­ was not a lesson and fore warning to us history. tary personnel and equipment, are today and to the nations of the Western Hemi­ This is not alarmist talk. It is not de­ present on that island. sphere in meeting the subversion of featist talk. It is simple historical truth, But while the American people are imme­ Cuba by the U.S.S.R. and to ignore it is to compound the errors diately concerned about the Soviet threat 'Ne must meet the problem of Cuba of the past. For the bitter fact is that dur­ in Cuba, and while our attention is focused with calm deliberation. I regretted the ing the half decade which has elapsed since there, it would be well to trace the policy 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 19991 steps leading to this crisis ot the Western Europe are not Communist-dominated be­ Here the United Nations faces one of its Hemisphere. c~use of political inevitability, but because longstanding challenges, a challenge that In my opinion, the free world's failure to the forces of Soviet tyranny have been per­ cannot be evaded. For the repression of the formulate a purposeful and sustained policy mitted a free hand by vacillating and in­ European captive nations cannot be ignored concerning the captive nations of Europe is decisive western policies. by the United Nations if its pronouncements a direct cause leading to the establishment If we begin by accommodating ourselves concerning self-determination are to be of the first captive nation in the Western to Rusian domination in Eastern and cen­ taken seriously. Hemisphere. A policy which grants and tral Europe, we inevitably must end by ac­ Self-determination of peoples and nations permits the Soviet Union's subversion and commodating ourselves, whether we like it is not subject to two definitions, one for the overthrow of legitimate governments in or not, to this same domination in the underdeveloped parts of the world and the Europe has resulted in the Kremlin's chal­ Western Hemisphere. other for Soviet captive peoples and nations. lenging the United States on our own But this the people of the United States, Let the moral finger of the United Nations frontier. who bear the greatest share of responsibil­ point accusingly at Communist repression­ This course of events is really not surpris­ ity for free world policy, will never permit. and let the free world exert its influence in ing. For although there are those policy­ And that is why I am hopeful that we may the United Nations toward that end. makers in the free world who think in terms yet learn from Havana the lesson of Buda­ Lastly, let the lesson be learned that the of so-called spheres of influence, the Com­ pest. greatest hope for world peace and the se­ munists neither know nor respect any limita­ Let us hope that these points are now curity of the free world lies in carrying the tion on their world aspirations. brought home, to our policy framers as well cold war battle to the enemy-in extending "The forces of communism," declared our as our people. the boundaries of freedom. Communism congressional report 5 years ago, "are com­ First, that we cannot cede or abandon and Soviet imperialism will not recede or mitted to making colonies of all nations by any people or nation anywhere to Soviet soften or· mellow of its own accord. History any means available, with no recognition of tyranny, but must hold as a tenet of our shows that only the unremitting pressure of any standard except that might makes world policy and faith the ultimate self­ freemen, and men who would be free, can right." determination of all peoples. subdue tyranny. Predictably, when the free world assures To believe or to act otherwise is not simply Can we then look ahead to "policies of the Communists that they need fear noth­ immoral-it is irresponsible to the interests action, courageously and firmly executed?" ing from us in their own so-called sphere, of Western civilization. We may hope that the swift pace of events the Communists intensify their efforts to Second, that Communist ambition is in this hemisphere in recent weeks may spur extend that sphere. Their goal remains global in scope and must be met by global courageous and firm action. Two years ago, world domination, nothing less. counterstrategy. almost to the day-on September 28, 1960- In 1956, when Khrushchev declared "hands Our failure has been that we continue to a program for such action was put forward off Hungary," the West accommodated. We meet the Communists on cold war battle­ in simple and direct language. heard much expert talk then about so­ fields, within the bounds and upon the terms "I am tired of reading what Khrushchev called spheres of influence and the alleged which their interests dictate. Berlin, Viet-· is doing," said John F. Kennedy to an au­ political and military realities of Eastern nam, Cuba, these are the stakes in the world dience at Erle, Pa. "I would like the people and Central Europe. The result is that to­ struggle today. Significantly, they are all of the world to be reading what the Ameri­ day the Soviet dictator is emboldened to Western stakes. can President is doing, and what the United tell us, in the same strident tone, "hands A global counterstrategy for the West States is doing, not merely what Castro is off Cuba." would mean that Khrushchev would not be doing or Khrushchev is doing or Kadar or Where now are the experts who ceded the given a free hand to pick and choose pres­ Gomulka is doing." freedom of 100 million Europeans on the sure points convenient only to the Soviet These words of a man who is now Presi­ basis of their inhabiting areas within the timetable. The vulnerable segments of the dent of the leading Nation of the free world so-called Soviet "sphere"? Surely these au­ Soviet empire can and should be targets for reflect the feeling of the people of the United thorities must now recognize that Soviet im­ Western political strategy. States and of anti-Communist lovers of free­ perialism is not satisfied by concessions, nor Third, that we take the lead in extending dom everywhere. is it derived from or limited by geography. the meaning of anticolonlalism to include The time is overdue for this country and Cuba, we may be assured, is not a Soviet the nations of Eastern and Central Europe, its allies to be up and doing. We must seize satellite because of its geographical prox­ as well as those in other parts of the world. the initiative in the cold war through poli­ imity to the Soviet Union. I submit that If the principle of self-determination cies aimed at the ultimate elimination of the same can be said for the captive nations means anything, it must be universal and Soviet imperialism-not only in the Western of Europe. Subversion, force, denial of the unqualified. Our policymakers speak of Hemisphere, but throughout the globe. right to self-determination, these are the taking the lead in the so-called revolution We live for a day when there need be no political and military realities which support of rising expectations. Let us not overlook assembly of captive European nations. Only, Soviet domination over Budapest and Ha­ the expectations and hopes of the suffering however, when the lesson of Budapest and of vana. peoples of Eastern and Central Europe, and Havana is truly learned by freemen-and The point is clear, if only our experts will let us not forget the brutal suppression of acted upon by the forces of freedom-can see it. The nations of Eastern and Central their revolutionary goals. we be assured that this day will come.

our lot is cast, if really in our hearts we pel the production of documentary evi­ SENATE draw near to Thee, then at Thy fire our dence required in civil investigations for little candle will blaze as we bring Thy the enforcement of the antitrust laws, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1962 light to every shadowed area of human and for other purposes. The Senate met at 10 o'clock a.m., and need. Even so, send us forth in the Spirit was called to order by the Vice Presi­ MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE dent. of the Master whose we are and whom The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown we serve. Amen. A message from the House of Repre­ Harris, D.D., offered the following sentatives, by Mr. Maurer, one of its prayer: reading clerks, announced that the House THE JOURNAL had passed, without amendment, the fol­ Oh God, in whose strong hands are On request of Mr. HUMPHREY, and by lowing bills of the Senate: the threads of every life which seeks its unanimous consent, the reading of the S. 3475. An act to provide further for co­ pattern on the loom of Thy righteous Journal of the proceedings of Wednes­ operation with States in administration and will, back of all our thinking and striv­ day, September 19, 1962, was dispensed enforcement of certain Federal laws; and ing we are conscious of something di­ with. S. 3529. An act to amend the Manpower vine that haunts us and will not let us Development and Training Act of 1962 with .go-something at work behind our regard to reimbursement of the railroad un­ fallible minds. Sometimes in the still­ MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT­ employment insurance account. ness we hear it like soft bells at evening APPROVAL OF BILL The message also announced that the pealing; sometimes in hours of mystic Messages in writing from the President House had agreed to the amendments of insight we feel it, and rising above the of the United States were communicated the Senate to the bill (H.R. 11 71) to as­ trifles which so often clutter our days, to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his sure continued fish and wildlife benefits our hungry and empty hearts cry out, secretaries. and he announced that on from the national fish and wildlife con­ ''Nearer, my God, to Thee, nearer to September 19, 1962, the President had servation areas by authorizing their ap·­ Thee." If that petition is but answered approved. and signed the act (S. 167) to propriate incidental or secondary use for in these stern, strange times in which authorize the Attorney General to com- public recreation to the extent that such