" LE T US C A LL A TRUCE T O TERROR "

Addr e ss b y

PR E SIDE NT KENNEDY

Befo re t h e United Nation s G e neral A ssem bly

Septemher Z5. 1961

T h is addr e 9 S is pr i nt e d a nd di s trib ute d by s pecial permission by the WOR LD PEAC E B ROADCASTING F OUNDATION, 3005 High Street, Des Moines, Iowa, and tape rec ordin g s of the talk a r e also a vailable. See m a terial at conc lusion of the talk for details. A SPECIAL MESSAGE TO YOU:

This address by Pre sident Kennedy has received w ide a ttent i on. It is being read and studied by c itizens int e rest ed in prom oti n g world p e a c e and a c hieving ultima te dis­ armaJnent. We believe you c a n b e o f help by obtainin g copies of this address and dis­ tr ibuting them to y our fr iend s and oth er s who you t hink -might be o f help in leading and forming public opin ion. You can also help by circulating a petit ion which is attached to this addr e s s . We hope you will c arefu lly read this addre S5. We b elieve you will t h en perc eive fully the great c hallenge it presents, and will wish t o respond personally. On October 2, 1961 a f ull page advertisement appea red in t h e N ew York Times which was signed by twenty-two prominent citiz e ns. It carried the caption: " A n Open Letter to the President: WE JOIN YOU IN THE PEAC E R ACE . " It c a r r ied a response to this addr ess of Presid ent Kennedy. On Oct ober 20 , 1961 the same advertisement appeared in the Washington Post and c onta ined t he names of the same s ign e rs and an additional group of 12 oth er sign e r s. T he Un ited World Federalist s, Inc . in Washington, D. C . the n r eproduced thi s a d v ertisement with a spac e below s o tha t oth er citize n s could sign their name s to the Open Letter, u sing it a s a p etit ion. Below the advertise­ ment as reprod uced appear e d the following statement: " We, t he undersigned, de s ire to assoc i ate ourselve s with the above, and pledge our s upport to t h e President 's 'Race for Peace ' . " The Unit ed World Fede ralist s h a v e insti tuted a p etitio n campaig n with t his reproduction. (See reproduction of portion o f the Fede r a lis ts New s Letter of D e cember, 1961 at the conclusion of this address). At about this same time a group of citize ns in Minneapolis , M i on e sota f o r med what is known as The Peace Race C ommittee . T hey r epr oduced the Wa shington Post advertisement in petitio n for m and began its distribut ion. At the e nd of thi s address we have reproduced a copy of their petition form whic h you can use t o obtain signatures to demonstrate s upport. Additiona l copies can be obtained f r o m the P eace Race Com­ mittee, 5812 South Lynda1e Avenue, Minneapolis 19, Minnes ota. In order to be kept advised of developme nts w ith regard to t h ese p e tition campaigns and similar actions, w e suggest you subscribe t o Federa.list News Lette r which i s issued monthly. Subscription for one year for non-members of t hat orga n ization is $1. 00. Address United World Federalists, Inc., 820 T hirteenth St. N . W., Wash ington 5, D. C. The World Peac e Broadcasting Foundat io n has r e ceived a c opy of this addr ess by President K e nnedy in t a pe r eco rded for m from his offic e w ith permi ssion t o a d d it t o our libr ary of tape recordings available o n loan to radio s tations a nd to c ivic and r eli­ gious g r oups. At the end of this address by Preside nt Kennedy , you w i ll find a coupon which you can use to obtain additiona l c opies of thi s address in p rint e d form and to ob­ tain tape recordings o f the addr es s on l oan. In a democracy we feel it i s vit al for citizens to rea d the m e 3 s ages o f p olitical leader s and to expres s t h eir views in turn to such l e a der s a nd t o other s w h o are charge d w~th the responsibility of r epresenting them in the h a lls of Congres s , and elsewhere. We a re pleased t o have a part in the wide c irculati o n of thi s impo r t ant addr e s s by P r esident K ennedy and we aTe hopeful that you will gi v e your support to this venture by borr owing our tape recording of it and getting civic and r e ligious group s t o listen to it and by obtaining copies of the addre ss a nd d ist ributing t h e m to th o ught leaders everywhere.

William N. Plyma t, P r esid e n t World Peac e B r oadca sti n g F ounda t i on " L E T US C ALL A T R UCE TO TERROR "

We meet in an hour of grief and challenge. Dag Hammarskjold is d e ad. B ut the Un ited Nations live s. His trag edy is deep in our hearts, but the task for whi c h he d i ed is at the top of our agenda. A noble servant of p e ace is gone . But t he quest for peace lies before us.

T h e problem i s not the d e a th of one man -- the problem is the life of this organization. It will either grow to meet the challenge of our age -- or lt will be gone with the w ind, without influence, without force, w i.thout r espect. We re w e to let it d i e -- to enfeeble its vig or -- t o cripple its powers - - we woul d cond e mn the future.

F or in the d eve lop m ent of this organization r ests the only true alternative t o war -- a nd war appeals no lo nger as a rational alternativ: e. Uncond ~ tional war c an no longer lead to unconditional vlctory. It can no longer serve to s ettle disputes. It can no l o n g er concern the great powers alone. For a n uclear disaster, spread by w inds and water s and fear, could well eng ulf the great a nd t h e small, the rich and the poor, the committed and the un c ommit t ed alike. Mank ind must put an end to war -. - or war w i ll put an end t o m ankind.

So l et us here re s olve t h at D ag Hammar skjold did not live -- or d i e - - in vai n . L et us call a truce to t error. Let us invoke the blessing s of peace. And. as we b uild a n international capac ity to keep peace, let us join in d ism antling the national c apac it y to wage war.

DEDIC A TION T O U. N. CHARTER AND WORLD LAW

T his w i ll requir e n e w strength and n ew roles for the United Nations . For d i s a rmame n t without c hecks is but a shadow -- and a community without law i s b ut a s h ell. Already the United Nations has bec ome both the measure and the v ehic le of man' s most generous impuls e s. Already it has provided -­ in the M i d d le East, in Asia, in Africa this y e ar in the Cong o -. - a m e ans of holding v iolenc e wit hin bounds.

But the gre at q uestion which c onfronted this body in 1945 is sUll before us - - whether man' s cherished hopes for progress and peace are to be destr oye d by t e rror a nd disruption -- whether the "foul winds of war" can be tamed in time to free the cooling wind s of reason - - and whether the p l edges 0 our Charte r are to b e fulfilled or defie d : pledg es to secure peace, pro gre s s, human rights and world law. 2.

In this Hall, there are not three forces, but two. One is composed of those who are try~:.ng 1:: 0 build the kind of world descr ~ bed in Articles I and II of the Charter. The other, seeking a far dIfferent world, would undern1ine this organization in the proc e s s.

Today of all days our dedication to the Charter must be ma :·. ntained. It n1ust be strengthened first of all, by the selection of an outstand:.ng cIvi.l servant to carry forward the responsib ~.JiLe s of the Secretary General - ­ a rnan endowed with both the wisdom and the power to make meaningful the nlOral force of the world community. The late Secretary General nurtured and sharpened the UnIted Nation's obligation to act. But he did not invent it. It was there in the Charter. It is still there in the Charter.

H owever difficult it n1ay be to Ell Mr. Hammarskjold's place J It can better be filled by one man rather than by three. Even the three horses of the Troika did not have three driver s, all going :·.n different directIOns. They had only one -- and so must the United Nations executive. To install a tri umvirate, or any rotating authority, in the United Nations administrative offices would replace order with anarchy, action w:.th paralysis, and confidence with confusion.

The Secretary General, in a very real sense, is the servant of the General Assembly. Diminish his authority and you dimini sh the authority of the only b o dy where all nations, regardless of power, are equal and sovereign. Until all the powerful ar e just, the weak will be sec ur e only in the strength of this Assembly,

Effectlve and independent executive action is not the same question as balanced representation, In view of the enormous c hange in membership in this body since its founding, the American delegation will join in any effort for the prompt review and r e vision of the composition of United Nations bodie s.

But to give this organization three drivers -- to permit each great power to decide its own case -- would entrench the Cold War in the headquarters of peace. Whatever advantages such a plan may hold out to my own country, as one of the great powers, we reject it. For we far prefer world law, in the age of self determination, to world war, in the age of mass extermination.

PLAN F O R GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT

Today, every inhabitant of thIS planet must contemplate the day when t his planet may no longer be habitable, Every man, woman and chUd 3.

lives u nd e r a n uclear s w o rd ofDamo c le s, hanging by the slenderest of t h r e a d s, capable o f b eing cut at any m oment by a c c ident or m ~scalc ula.. tion o r by madne ss. T h e w eapons of war must be abolished before they a bo lish us.

Men no long er debate whe t her armaments a re a syn,p tom or a caus e of tension. The mere e x istence of modern weapons - - t e n n,illion tin1e s m ore powerful than anythmg the world has ever seen, and o nl y m inutes a way from a ny t ar g et on Earth - - i s a source o f horror and discord and d i s t r u st. Men n o l onger maintain that disarman1ent must await the settle ment of all d ispute s -- fo r disarmam e nt must b e a part of any permane nt s ettleme nt. And men n,ay no longer pretend that the quest for disarmament is a sign of weakne s s -- for in a spiraling arms race, a n atio n' s s ec ur ity may w ell be shrinking even as its arms i ncrease.

For 15 year s this organiza tion has soug ht the reduct ion and d estruction of arrn s. Now that goal is no longer a d r eam -- it is a practical matter of hfe or death. The risks ~ nhe re nt in d isarmament p ale in compar ison to the r . s k s inherent in an unl imited arms race.

It is in this s p i r it that t he recent B elgrade C onference r e cognlzIng that t his is no longer a Soviet p r o blem o r a n An1eric a n probl e n" but a human p r oblem -- endorsed a pro gram of "ge n era l, complete and str ic tly a n internatio nally contr o lled d isarmament". It is in this same s pir:t that w e in t h e Unit e d States have labo red tIllS year , with a new ur gen c y, and with a new, now- s t a t ut or y agency fully endor s e d by the C ongre ss, t o find a n approach t o dis a r m a m ent whi c h w o uld be so far ­ reaching yet realistic, so rnutually balanced a nd benefiCIal, that it could b e a ccepted by every natio n . A n d it is in thi s spirit that w e have pre ­ sented w ith t h e agreeme nt of the Soviet Un IOn -- und e r the label both nations now a cc e pt of " general and c ompl e te d isarmament" -- a new sta t e ment of n ewly- a g reed pr inc iple s for n egotiation.

B ut we ar e w e ll aware t ha t all issue s of prInciple a r e not settle d -­ and that pri n c ip l es alone ar e not e nough. It is the refore our intentio n t o c halle n ge the So v i e t Uni on, not to an arms r ac e, but to a peace rac e · t o a d vanc e t ogether s t e p b y step, stage b y stag e, until general al~d complete d :".sarmam e nt h a s been achieved . We inv ~te them now to go beyond agr eement in principl e to reach agree ment on actual plans.

T h e p rogr am to be presented to this assembl y - - for g eneral a nd com plete d isarm a m e nt under effect i ve international control -- m ove s to b r :... dge t h e gap betwe e n th o s e w ho insist on a gradual a pp r oac h a nd those who talk only of the final and total achievement. It woul d c r e a te machin­ ery to k.e e p the p eac. e as it de stroys t he m a c h ine s of w ar . It w o uld proceed 4 . t hroug h b a lanced and safeg uarded stages designed to give no state a ITlllitar y advantage over another . It wo uld place the final re sponsibiiity for verification and control where it belongs - - not with the big powers a lone, not with one l s adversary or one's self -- but in an international organizaLon withl n the framework of the Unit ed Nations. It would as sure that indispensable condition of disarmament -- true inspection -- and a pply it in stage s p roport ionate to t he stage of disarmament. It would cover deliv ery systems as well as weapo ns. It would ultin1ate ly halt their production as w e ll as their testing, their transfer as well as theIr possess ·.on. It would achieve, under the eye of an international dIsarm ­ ament organiz ation, a steady reduc tion in forces , both nu l ear and con ventlOnal, until it has abolished all a rmie s and all weapons e x c ept tho se needed for .nternal o rde r and a new United Nations Peac e Force. And it s tarts that process now, toda y , eve n as the talk s beg j.n.

In sho rt, general and complete disarmarnent must no longer be a slogan, used to resist the first ste ps. It is no longer to be a goal without means of achieving it, without m eans of verIfying its progress, without means of k e eping the peace. It is now a realistic plan, and a te st a te st of those only willing to talk and a te st of tho 5e willing to act.

Suc h a p lan would not br ing a w o r ld free fr01Tl conflict or g r e ed but it would b :'ing a w o rld free from the terror s of mass destructlOn. It w ould not usher in the era of the super state -- but it would usher m an era in which no state could annihilate or be annihilated by another.

In 1945, this Nation propos ed the B a r uch Plan to internatlOnaIize the atom before other nat ions even possessed t he b omb or demihtariz e d their troops. W e pro p o sed with our allies t h e Disarmament Plan of 19 5 1 w hile still at war in K orea. And we make our proposals today, while b uilding up o ur defenses over Berlin, not becau s e we are incons i stent or ins inc er e or intimidated, but because we know the rig hts of free m e n will prevail -- because w h ile we are compelle d a g ainst our will to rearm, w e look confid ently b e y ond B e r lin to the k md of disarmed w rId we a ll pr efer.

I therefore propose, on t he basis of this Pla n, that disarmament neg ot ia ~. tions resume promptl y, and continue without interruption until an entire p r ogr a m for gene r a l a nd complete disarmament has not on ly bee n agreed but has been actua lly achieved. 5.

PHOPOSALS TO HALT TESTING AND NUCLEAR ARMS R AC E

T Ie logical plac e to beg in is a treaty assuring t h e end of n uclear tests of all kinds, in every environment, under w o rkab le c ontr ols. T h e Unit e d ~tates and the United Kingdom have proposed such a treaty tha t is both reasonable, effect ive and ready for signature. We a re sti ll p repa red t o sign that t reaty today.

We also proposed a mutual ban on atmosp heric t est ing , without inspe c t ion or control s, in order to sa v e t h e human r ac e from t h e pois on of rad :' o ­ active fallout. We r egret that that offer w a s not acce pted.

For 15 years we have so ught to m a ke the atom an instrument of pea c e f u l growth rather than of war. But f o r 15 year s our c oncessio ns have b e e n matched by obstr uction, o u r patience by intran s igenc e. And the ple as of mankind for peace have m e t w ith d i srega r d.

Finally, as the explo s ions of other s b eclo uded t h e s kies, my countr y w as left with no alternat ive b ut t o act in t he int e rests of its o wn and the Free World's security. We c ann ot endanger t hat s ec urity by r e fr a i n ing from testing while oth r s improve t hei r ar senals. Nor c a n w e e ndanger it b y another long. Lln inspected ban o n testing. For thr e e years w e accepted those risks in our open society w h ile seek ing a greement on ins pection. But this year, while we were negotiatin g in g ood fa ith in Geneva, other s were secretly preparing new experiments in destr uction.

Our tests are, not polluting the atm o s phe r e . O ur d e t e r r e nt w eapons a re guarded against ac c ldental explo sio n o r use. O ur d oc t or s and scie ntist s stand ready to help any nation meas ure a nd Inee t the hazard s to health which inevitably result fr om t h e t e s t s i n t h e atmo s pher "

But to halt the spread of t h e s e t errible w e a pons, t o ha lt the c o ntaminatio n I the <.li.r, to halt the s p iraling n uclear a r m s rac , we re111 a in r eady t o seek new aven ues of af, 'eement, o ur n e w D i sar malnent Prog ram thu s in lLld _ 5 the fo llowmg p r 0 p o sal s :

First, signing t he T e s t- Ban T r eaty b y a ll Nat ions . This can be done now. Test b a n n egot ia t' ns n eed n o t a nd s ho uld n o t :.twalt general disa rrna m e nt.

Second, stopping the productio n of fis siona b le m ater ials for us in. weapons, a nd prev ent ing th e ~_ r t r ans f e r t o a ny na tion n ow

la- king in nue lear weapons o 6.

-- Third, p rohib itin g t he t ransfer of contr o l over nuclear weapons t o sta t e s t hat d o not ow n the m.

-- F o urt h, keeping nuc l ea r weapon s from seeding new battle­ ground s in o uter s pace .

-- F ifth, gra d ually d e s t roy i n g existing nuclear weapons and c o nverting t heir m ater ials to p e ace ful uses; and

-- F inally, halting the unlimited testing and production of strat e g ic nuclear delivery vehic les, and gradually destroying them as w e ll.

WORLDWIDE LAW A ND LAW ENFORCEMENT

To destroy a rms, howev er , is not enough. We must create even as we destroy -- creating wor l d -wid e law and law enforc ement as we outlaw wor ld- w fde w ar and weapons . In the world we seek, the United Nations E merge n c y F orces which h ave be e n h a stily assembled, uncertainly supplied and ;_nadequa t ely financed will never be enough.

Therefor e, t he Un ited States recommend s that a ll member nations e armark spe c ial peac e -keeping units in their armed forces -- to be on call of t h e United Nat ions -- to b e specially trained and quickly available-­ a nd w ith adv ance pro vision for financial and logistic support.

In addition, t h e Ameri c an deleg ation will suggest a series of steps to improve the United N ation' s machinery for the p eaceful settlement of d l s putes -- for o n - the - spot factfinding, mediation and a djudication, for extending the rule of internati o nal law. F o r peace is not solely a matter of military or technical problem s; it is pr imar ily a problem of politi c s a nd people . And u n le ss man can match his strides in weaponry and techno l o g y with e qual str i de s in social and p olitical development, our gre at s trength, like that o f the d i nosaur , w ill become incapable o f proper cont rol a nd, like t he dinosaur, vanish fr om the earth.

EXTE NDING T H E R U L E O F LAW T O OUT E R S P AC E

As w e extend t h e r ule of la w o n earth , s o must we also extend it to manls n w dom ain --o uter spac e .

A ll o f us s a l ute the brave c osmonauts of the Soviet Union. The new hor iz o ns of outer space m ust not be d r iven b y t h e old bitter concepts of imper ialism and sovere ign claim s . The cold reaches of the univer se m u st not becoITl e the new arena of an e v en colder war. 7.

T o this end, we shall ur ge propo s als extend ing the United Na tions C h a r t e r to the limits of manls ex ploration in the Universe, reserving o uter spa ce for p e a c eful use, prohibitin g weapons of mas s de struc tion 111. p ace or on cel estial bodie s , and opening the myste ries and benefits of space t o every nation. We sha ll further p rop o s e cooper ative effo rts bet w een a ll nations in weathe r pr e dic tio n and eventually in weather control. W e s h all propose, f ina lly, a glo bal system of c ommunication s s atellites linking the whole w o rld in telegrap h a nd telephone and radio and t elevisio n . T he day need not be far away when such a system will televise t he p r oceed ing s of this b o d y to every corner of the w o rld for t he b enefit of peac e.

UNITE D NA T IONS D E C A D E O F DEVELO P MEN T

B ut the m y steries of outer spac e must not divert our e yes o r our energies fr om the harsh realit ie s that face our fellow men. Polit ica l sovereignty i s b ut a mockery w it h ou the means of meeting poverty a nd illiterac y and disease. S elf-determinatio n is b ut a slogan if the future hold s no hope.

T h a t is why my Natio n, w hich ha s fr e e ly shared its cap ital a nd its t ech­ nology to hel p others help them selves, now proposes officially designati ng t h is d ecade of the 1960 l s as the United Nations Deca d e of Development. Unde r the fram ew ork of that R e solution , the Unit e d Nations! exis t5.ng efforts in promoting c o nomic gr owt h c a n be ex pa nded and coor dina t ed. Regional sur v eys and trainin g institute s c an now p ool t h e t alents of m any . New researc h , t chnical assistance and pilot pr ojects can unl o ck the wea lth of l ess d evelope d lands and untapped w ater s . A nd d e vel opm ent can become a cooperative and no t a competitive enterp ris e, to ena ble a ll nat ions, h ow ever d iverse in the ir systems and beliefs, to bec ome in fac t as w e ll as in law free and equal nations.

COLONIALISM A N D THE P RINC IPLE OF FREE C HOICE

M y c o untry favor s a world of free and equal state s . W e agree w ith t hose who s a y that c olonialism is a k e y issue in t h is Assembly. B ut let the full fact s of tha t issue b e d i scussed in full.

On the o n e h a nd is t h e fa ct that, sinc e the 10 se of Wor ld War II, a war Id ­ wide declar atio n o f independe nce has transfor med nearly I billion people and 9 m i llion squar e miles into 42 fr e e a nd independent state s. Le s s than 2 per cent of the world' s population n ow lives in "depend e nt " t e r r itorles. 8.

I d o no t ignore the r e maInIng prob lems of trad itional colonialism whi ch s till conhont this body. Those p r o b lems will be solved, with pat ience, good will and deter mination. Within the limits of our responsibility in such m att ers, my Country inten d s t o b e a participant and not merely an o b serve r , in the pea ceful, exp edit ious m ov e ment of nations f r om the s tat us of colonies to t h e partne r s hip of eq uals. That continuing tide of self-deter m ination, w h ic h r uns so s t rong, ha s our sympathy and our support.

B ut co lo n ialism III its ha r shest forms is not only the ex p loitation of n ew nations b y old, of dar k s k ins by light -- or the subj ugation of the poor by the r ich. My n a tio n was once a colony, and we know w hat colonialism means ; the ex p l o itat i o n a nd subj ugation of the weak by the powerful, of t he m a n y b y t h e few , o f the go v e rned who h ave given no consent to be governe d, w h atev er t heir c o ntin ent, their clas s o r t heir c olor.

And that is why there is no i gnoring the fact that the tide of self­ determinat ion h as not reached the C ommunist empire where a popula­ t i on far larg er than t h at officially termed "dependent" lives under go vernments installe d by fore ign troops instead of free institutio ns, und er a s ystem whic h k now s o n ly one party and one b eli ef~ which suppresses free debat e and free elections and free newspapers and f r ee b oo ks and free tra de un ions, and w h i c h builds a w all to k eep tr uth a st r ang e r and its ow n citizens priso ners. Let us debate colo ­ nialism i n full and a p p l y t h e p r inciple of free choice and the practice o f f r e e pleb i s cites in every c o r ner of the globe.

T W O T HREATS TO T HE PEA C E

Finally, a s P reside nt of the United States, I consider it my duty t o report to t his Assen1 bly on t wo threats t o the peace w h ich a r e not on y our crowded a ge n da, but which cause us, and most of you, the deep e st concern.

T h e first thr e a t o n which I w i s h t o report i s w id ely misunderstood : t he s mold e ring c oals of w ar in Southeast Asia. South Vie tnam is already und e r a tta c k - - s o m etimes by a single assassin, sometimes by a band of g ue rrillas, rec ently b y f ull bat talions. The peaceful border s of Burma, Cam bodia and Ind ia h a ve b e e n repeatedly v iolated . And t h e peaceful people of Lao s a re in da n ger of losing the independence they g ained not so long ago.

No one can call these "wa rs of liberation". For these are free countries living under gover n ments. Nor are these aggressions any less real because men are knifed in their homes and not shot in the fields of battle. 9.

The very simple question confron ting the world community is whether measures can b e d evised to p rotec t the small and weak from such tact ics. F or if they are s ucce ssfu! in I..aos and South Vietnam, the gate s will be opened wide.

The Unit ed Sta tes seeks for itse lf no base, no terr itory. no s p e c ial position in this area o f any ki nd. W e support a t ruly neutral and independent Laos, its peop le fre e from outside interfer enc e , living at p e ac e w ith the mselves and with t heir nei ghbor s, assured tha t their territ ory w i ll not be used for attacks o n othe rs, a nd unde r a government c omparab l e (as Mr. Kh r ush chev and I a greed at Vi enna) to Cambodia a nd B urma.

But now the negotiations ov er Laos are reaching a cr ucial stage. The ceasefire i s at best precarious. T he r ainy s e ason i s c oming t o a n end. Laotian t erritory i s bein g u sed to infilt r a te South V ietna m . The w orld c ommun ity m u st recogniz e -- all those who a re involv ed -- that t h is potent threat to Laotian peace and freedom is indivisible from a ll othe r threat s to the ir own.

Secondly, I w ish to report to you on the cr isis o ver G e rmany a nd B e rlin. Thi s is not the t ime or the place for im m oderate t o n es, but the w orld community is entitled to know the v e ry. sim ple issue s a s w e see t h em. If the e i s a cris is it is because an existing peace is unde r threat -­ because a n existing i sland of free p e ople is und e r pres s ure -- b ecau se sol emn a greements are being t reated with indiff e rence. E s tablish ed international r i ghts are b e ing threat ened w ith unila teral u surpa tion. Peaceful circulation has b een inte rrupte d by bar b ed w ire and concrete blocks.

One r ecalls t h e orde r of the Czar i n Pushkin1s Bor is Godunov : "Take steps a t t h i s v ery hour that o ur frontiers be f enc e d in b y b ar r iers ... That not a s ingle s o ul pas s oler t he bor der, tha t not a hare b e a b l e to run or a c row to fly . "

It i s absurd to allege that we a re t hrea teni ng a war merely to prevent the Sovie t Un ion and East Germany from s igning a so-called "treaty of peace." The We s t e r n Allies a re not conce r ned w ith any paper arrangemen t the Soviet s m ay wish to make w ith a regime o f their own creation. on terr itor y occ up ied by t hei r own troops and governed by their own age nt s. No such action can affect eith e r our r ights or o ur r e sponsibilities. 10.

If there is a dangerous crisis in Berlin - - a nd ther e is -- it is because of threats against the vital interest and the deep c o mmitm e nts of t he Western Powers, and t he freedom of W e st B e rlin. We c a nnot yield these interests. We cannot fail the se commi tment s . We c a nnot surre nder the freedom of the se people for whom we are re s ponsible . A "pe ace treaty" which car ried with it the provisions which destroy t h e peac e would be a fraud. A "free Cltyll which was not genuinely free w o u ld suffocate freedom and would be an i nfamy.

For a city or a people to be truly fr ee, they m u st have the sec ur e right, without economic, polit ical or police pressure, t o m ake their o w n choice and to live their own lives. And as I have s aid before , if a n yone doubts the exte nt to which our presenc e is de sired by t h e peopl e of West Berlin, we are ready to have that question subm itted to a fr ee v ote in a ll Berlin a n d, if pos sible, among all t h e Germ an p e ople.

The elementary fac t about thi s cr l s i s is tha t it is unnecessary. T he elementa ry tools for a peaceful s ett lement a re to be fo un d in the C har t er. Under its law, agreements are to be kept, unles s c hanged by all tho se who made them. Established rights are to be respec t ed , The p o litical disposition o f peoples should rest upon their own w i she s, fr e e l y express d in plebiscites or free elections. If there a re l e gal p r o bl e n l s , t h ey c a n be solved by legal means. 1£ there is a threat of force, it m ust be rejected. 1£ there is desire fo r change, it m u s t be a s ub ject for negotiation and if there is negotiation , it must be r ooted in m utual respect and concern {or t h e rights of oth ers.

The Western Power s have calmly re solve d to defend, by whatever mea ns are forced upon them, their obligations and their acces s to the f r e e c iti­ zens o f West Berlin and the sell-determination of those citi z e n s. T his generation learned i rom bitter experience that e ith er bra n d i sh ing or yielding to threats can only lea d t o war. But fir m n e s s and rea son c a n lead to the kind of peaceful solutio n in w h i c h m y c ountry profoun d ly b e ­ lIeves.

We are committed to no rigid formula. We see no perfect s olut io n . We r e c ognize that troops and tanks can. for a time, keep a nat ion divid e d against lts will, however unWlse that policy may s e em to U E. B ut we believe a peaceful agreeITlent is pos s ible which protec t s t h e fr e e dom of We st Berlin and allie d presence and acce s s, w h ile r eco gniz in g t h e h i s­ toric and legitimate interests o f other s in assuring E uro pean sec urit y .

The possibilities of negoti ation are now being explored ; it is too early to r e port what the prospects may b e. For o ur p a r t, we w o uld be glad t o 11. r eport a t the a ppropriate time t hat a s olutio n has b e e n found. For there is n o nee d fo r a cris i s ove r Berlin, threatening t he pea e, and if tho se w h o created this c r i s is de sir e peace, there will be peac e and fre e dom in B e rlin.

RESPONSIBILIT IES OF U. N . GENERAL ASSE MBLY .

The eve nts and d e cisions of th e nex t t e n m onth s m ay w e ll d e c ide the fate of man for the nex t t e n ho usand year s. T h ere will be no avoiding those e vents . There w i ll b e no a ppeal from the se d ecisi o ns. And we in this ha ll shall be remembered e it her as part o f t he gen e ratio n that turned this planet into a flam ing fune ral pyre or the gene r atio n that met it s vow " t o sav e s ucceed ing g enera t ions from the s courge of w a rrl.

In t h e e n deav or to meet t h at v ow, I pledge yo u every effort this nation p os s esses. I p ledge yo u t hat we s h all n e it her commit nor p r ovoke aggres s ion, tha t w e s hall neither fle e nor inv oke t he threat of fo rce, that w e s hall neve r negotiate out of fear, we sha ll never fear to nego ­ tia te.

T error is not a new weapon. Throughout histor y it has been use d by t hose who coul d not prevail, e ither by per s ua sion or exa m ple. But inevitabl y they fail, e ith er becau s e m en a r e not a fraid to d i e for a l ife w o r th living , or beca u se t h e ter r o r i st s the m selv e s c am e to rea lize t h a t f ree men cannot be frightene d b y threats , and that a g gre s ­ sion woul d meet its own response. And it i s in the light of that h i story t hat every nat ion toda y should know, be he frie nd or foe, t hat t h e United State s has b oth the will and t h e wea pons to join free men in stan ding up to t h e ir re s ponsibilities.

B ut I come her e today to look acr os s this wor ld of threats to t h e world of p e ac e . In t h at sea rch w e cannot ex p ect any final tr iumph, for new prob l e ms w ill a lways ar ise . We c annot e xpect that all nat ions will adopt like systems, for confo rmity i s t he jailor of freedom, and the enemy of g rowth. Nor c an we expec t to reach o ur goal by contrivance, by fiat or even by the w i s h e s of all.

But howe ver close w e sometimes seem to tha t d a rk a nd final abyss, let no m an o f p e ac e and freedo m d e spair. F o r h e does n o t stan d alone. If we all can per s evere , if we c a n in every l and and office look b e yond our own shores a nd a m b it i'Jns, t hen s ur ely the age w ill dawn in which the strong are just a nd the weak secure and the p e ace p re ser v e d.

Ladies a n d g entlem e n of this a sse m bly. th e d e cision is ours. Never have the n ations of t h e wor ld h ad so much to lose -- or s o much to gain. To­ geth e r we shall save o ur p lane t, o r togeth er w e s hall per ish in its flame s. Save it we c an -- a nd save it w e m u s t -- and then shall we earn the e t e rnal thanks of m a nkind and, as p eacemakers, the e terna l b l e ssing of God . 12. . (From the De cember 1961 issue of t he FEDERALI ST NEWS LETTER ) UWF Backs JFK 'Peace Race' With Petition Campaign Chapters Urged to Recruit Signatures fOl White House Delivery

UWF is mobilizi ng a campaign to enlist public Soviet agreement on prin iples on di armament support by pet it ion for President Kennedy's in Sept. , and the birth of the U. S. Di armament "Peace Race" (outlined in hi Sept. UN speech). Agency. UWF believes a petition signed by com­ .Bran hes a nd Chapters were requested to add munity leaders f rom every part of the Nation signatures of prominent members of their local will show ta ngible evidence that the peopie are communities to repr ints of t he full-page adver­ in active support of the President's "P eace Race" tisement that ap eared in the Oct. 20 Wa hingt on cOllcept. Post which was signed by WF Honorary Presi­ First react ion to the petition request came from dent Norman Cou ins and other well-known Puerto Rico. Top offici als of the P uerto Rican Amer ica ns. Reprints of this ad, with space re­ Department of Education, including the Secreta ry served for local signatures, have been sent to and h is principal assistants, signed and ret urned e ery Chapter PoUtiea] Action Chairman. The t he reprint statement. Thirty-eight leaders of petitions should be sent to President Kennedy P uerto Rican education also signed. (copies to Secretary Rusk, Congressmen of the Chapter area, and UWF Nat ional offi ce ). St udent Chairman Greg Deline reports rus Several events of the past 3 months gi ve greater Chapter at the University of Minnesota is work­ hope for peaceful settlement of the 'UITent crises ing to get 10,000 signatures f rom the campu . t han has been e idenced by the present climate of In ur ging the petition campaign UWF Presi­ opinion; the P resident's UN speech a nd con­ dent Paul Walter said, " It is imperative t o back comita nt ubmitting of new U.S. Disarmament up the President with the mandate of opinion plan (Oct. F ederalist ), the reconvened test ban maker in his efforts to achieve di armament treaty conference in Geneva Nov. 28, the U.S. - through enforceable world law.

H E RE IS A MESSAGE FR O M THE WOR LD PEACE BROADC ASTING FOUNDATION :

MAN'S SUPREME CHALLENG E -- WHAT IT IS ! WHAT WE CAN DO ABOU T IT! HOW THE WOR LD PEAC E BR OADC ASTIN G FOUNDATION C A N HELP! WHA T I T IS : T o cope w ith awl solve a c r itical human problem it is necessary fir st to perceIv e w hat it is. In broad outlIne one must determine the a c tion that is necessary to ac h i eve solutio n, P e rsons attemptmg to cope with it must first l o ok at :.t objectively, If t h e p r ob lelTI i s very c r It i c al and threatens one ' s l ife , he often pan~_c s and resorts to what o u r psychiatr i st friends call "denial". The involved person denies that it eX:.sts. Others w i ll tac itly r e cogni ze that It exi sts but w ill simply ignor it completely. Som e have seen a curious analogy between alcoh o lis m and the problem of the nuc l ear a rms r ace. It has been c orrectly said that one of the ingredients of alcoholis m is the b e l ie f you don 't have i t. T he alcoholic denie s its ex i stence until h e is said t o h ave "hit" bottom or to have "seen" bottom. He finally per ceives that he has a choice. He can quit d r in king and live or keep on drinking and die. At this point he is in the grips of two p owerful conclusio n s that fr e eze h im in efforts to n1eet and solve t h e p r oblem . H e feels that h i s prob lem i s insolvable -- he can' t quit drinki n g and he can' t s olv e the p r oblems that dr i v e lu m to d r i nk. He also feels that he canlt live with the pro b lem. A nd s o he often says: " I know t h i s stuff is killing me but pour me another dr ink. " To solve his problem he must fir st recogni ze that it e x ists, then that it is a solvable pro ­ b lem a nd finally t hat he can devel op the patience to liv e wit h it until he gets it solved. Then he rises to his own personal challenge and solves it. It is the p e rception t hat h is ow n p er sonal sur v iv al is at s take that gets him to finally f ace it. But he cannot r eally do it until h e f ind s a possibility of hope. This is where the good Alcoholics Anonym ou s worker c omes into the p icture. He say s: "You can because I did". This provides the 13. hope that i s needed and the p rogr a m of correctiv e action begins which ultimately solves the problem. There is some t h ing quite s imilar in w a r. L ike w hi skey for the a lcoholic - war got flout of controll! and t oday with the m o nstr ous w eapons of n uc lear power man collectively has r un into the same s ituation as the alcoholic. His s urviva l i s a t stake. He is in a way addicted to weapons and war like an a lcoholic i s to whiskey . And now he must find a way to give weapo n s a nd war up as a c ondi t ion o f survival. He ha s used weapons and war for fr us trat ion a nd anxiety allevia tio n j ust as the a lcoholic has used whiskey for this because of the problem s t h at dr ive h im t o drink. It was a ll right s o far a s society was concerned until i t got "out of control". B ut now w eapons and war t h reaten our lives i n a similar way. And a s w e s t rive to fir st recognize the exi stence o f the problem and then a c t ually fac e it, w e a re in th e s a me diffic ulty - - the p r o blem looks insolvable and it seems a s tho ugh we cann ot solve t h e p roblems that c aus e us t o build m ore and b igger weapons. Our frustratio n a nd a nxiety ov e r it fr eq ue ntly c ause s us to feel t h at, although this m ay yet k ill us, we w ant only t o go on a n d b uild s ome !no re and b igge r hydrogen bombs . We get into the habit o f talking a bout how o ur n ucle ar b ombs can utterly destroy t he e nemy, b ut we d elude o urselves int o t h inking we c a n build a n ic e comfor t a ble and safe bomb shelter that will p r ovide us wit h sur vival. We get to thinking t ha t a direct hit w ill be at some oth er point and a ll we will have to c ope with is fall out. Yet in mo­ m ents of complete c a ndor, our le a d e r s h ave indic a t e d that in a n ucl ear w a r t he size of t he attack is most apt to be as tota l a s t h e e nemy c an m a ke it. Not likely in the range of 300 mega tons -- but more likely in the r a nge o f 1,500 or 3,000 or m ore. It w i ll be helpful to recognize that i n a way we a re dealin g w ith an a ddiction -­ that is very hard to break. Our problem is an or ien t ation probleUl . Man m u st find a way to give up weapons and war. M inds m ust be c hang ed o n a scale neve r before en­ c ountered. T he problem i s s o m onstrou S t hat at fir st glanc e it app ea r s completely insolvable. W e m ust mu st e r the cour a ge t o recogn i z e it as the kind of p roblem it is -­ that it is ultimatel y solvabl e - - that if everyone w ill do h is part, it is an achie v a ble ob­ jective.

WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT : To achieve a ne ded orientation , it is first neces sary for the v ictim to change hi s mind . At thi s p oint h e doe s not want t o t hink a bo ut it. And he mus t b e led to do this. He can be led to do this by getting him t o talk a bout it. When he t alks about it, he has to think a b o ut it. And then if he is supp lied with good material and data that r e­ Iutes w hat he b elie ves, he c h anges his mind. Thi s mea ns that w e have a c ommunic ations problem. We can c omm unicate with him by getting him to r ead and t o listen. A nd ii w e a Te completely r ealistic, w e w ill recognize that it i s m uch ea ' ier for a man to lis­ t e n than to read. And he is m ore apt to listen tha n t o r ead. If we can ge t hirr! to listen fo r a while and he become s intere sted enough, then he will read, a n d then he will begin to t a lk about what h e believes. T hen if he talks w it h w iser people , he will b egin to change h is m ind. Later h e will beg in to ex p re s s new convic t ions t o other s and then he will begin to c reate p ublic sentim .ent. F inally he w i ll bring the politi al leader s to the conviction tha t they can set out in t he di rection of solution of t he proble m tha t w i ll r e­ quire daring a nd risks (just as war used t o) and w ith th e knowledge that ther e will be support of the people behind t hem. Pres ident Kenne dy in the address to the United Nations was for thri ght in clearly stating the issue and facing it. It is a plain naked que stion of survival of man on the planet. He has m ade bold to pre s e nt us with t he c hallenge. He s urely cannot move forward intelligently and coura geous ly w it h da r ing and da ngero u s steps that will lead us to solution unt il he know s that t he American people will support t he action . It i s 14.

fair to say that m illions h ave not yet rec ognized t he p rob l em a s and fo r what it is, h a ve not fac ed it, a nd are st ill clingin g t o p r emi se s in their r e asoning that h ave become fallacious b ecause o f the c ha nged nature o f war and what it involves. A nd sin ce thei r m ajor a nd m inor premi se s a re fallacious, t h e y a r e clinging to invalid and incorre ct conclu s io ns. Somehow we must r eac h th em. We will b e wise to use t h e spoken wor d a s a start and for t ify it with the pr inted word. We will b e w ise to get people to listen to t a pe recor dings of talks by o utst a nding thought leade rs on peace -- and to distribute in pr i nt im por ta nt a ddres s es a nd t alks. We will be wise to stimulate communication b e­ tween c itizens in ever y way pos sib le. W e m ust organize, c onduct meetings, debates, and finally we must d eclare our s e lv es and make know n our positions t o P resid e nt K e n nedy and othe r p olitical lead er s. In a ll this w e must show p eopl e ''bottom'' on nuclear w a r, but at the sam e time w e must prov ide Ilhope" fo r solutio n. Unle s s we d o both we shall fail.

HOW T H E WOR LD P EAC E B ROADCASTING FOUNDAT ION C A N HELP: This F o undation majntains a libra ry of tape r ecorde d talk s and addre s ses of out­ standing t h o ught l eader s in t he field of w orld peace. It h as been re sponsible f o r r a dio broadc a sts f r om c oast to coast. It h a s offered a f r e e printed copy of each radio t a l k to a ny l i sten er who would write for it. It h as supplie d thousa nds of copie s of t a lks by D r . Jerome D. Fra nk, t h e psychia t rist of J ohns Hopkins University; Steve A lle n, t h e radio a nd TV star; F r e d Wa r n e r Neal, t h e expert on R u s sian affairs, and other s to radio l ist ener s. It loans tape r e c o rding s that can be u sed by civic and r eligious gr o ups in m e e tings. It supplie s t ape recordings to r adio stations for public service broa dcast without charge to the s tation s a nd m ake s free copy fulfillmen t by mail to r a d io list e ners w ho ask for copies. You can personally help in this venture b y first ob t aining a list of the tape record­ ings available, a nd then u s ing them in m eetings and per suading r a d io sta tions to u se tapes. In t ur n, yo u can help by p urchasing copies of these talk s in quantity and d i stl"i­ buting t he m to tho ught l e a d e r s. Your member ship in t he F o und ation and your contrib u­ tion to the c o s t s of carryi n g on this work can also be of h e lp . We hope you w ill resolv e to use t h e coupon below t o establish contact w ith t he F o undation and t o obtain det a iled bulletins on t ape s availab le, t ap e r e c ordings and printe d c opies.

ANNOUNCEMENT - · TAPE RE CORDING OF ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY---FOR CIVIC AND RELIG IOUS GROUPS

The World Peace Broadcasting Foundation offers a 1200 foot tape recording as fol lo~ s: Side One : "LET US CALL A TRUCE TO TERROR " --Address by President Kennedy to U. N. Sep t . 25th. (Time : 40 r -30") Also "highligh ts" of Dr. Frank talk: "Sani ty and Survivall ( Time 141, I) Side Two: Address of Lord Clement Attlee to 15th Assembly of UWF at Chicago. (Time: 28 1- 40 ") \ l so Pub lic Affa i r s Ro und-t ab l e on WOI , Iowa State University, on "Berlin" featuring Profs. Don Howard and E. B. Smi t h, and Wm . N. Plymat of WPBF. (Time: 29 1) ------WOR LD PEAC E BROADCASTING FOUNDATION Prices for Addr ess 1 printed copy po st pd . ... 15¢ Supply Dept., P.O. Box 96 of Pre sident Kennedy 10 printed copies post pd.$l.OO Wes t Des Mo ines, I owa in print : 100 pr i nted copies po st pd. $9. 00 Dear Fr i ends: I wou ld like to borrow your 1200 ft. t ape recording con t~dning t he address of Pr es ident Kennedy at t he U.N. Sept. 25th, t he address of Lo rd Clemen t Attl ee and other items. ( ) . (Suggest ed contri buti on for use of tape for week $1 . 50). I wish to pur chqse thi s t ape at $4 .50 and enclose a remi t tance ( ). I wi sh to purchase copies i n pr i nt of t he addres s of Pr esident Kennedy at r ate specified above, and enc l ose $_____ to pay f or s ame. Please send me a bul l eti n of t he var tous t ape NAME r ecor dings and printed talks available . ( ) . STRE~E~T------CITY & STATE.______() I \.;r ant to become a member of your or ganization. I enclos e check for one of t he fo11ou ­ ing memberships : ( 1) SUSTAINI NG at $2. 00 annua l ly; (2 ) CONTRIBUTING a t $5.00 annually ; (3) PARTICIPATING at $10.00 annua l ly.