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Street-Working and Street-Living Children in Peru: Conditions and Current Interventions

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Street-Working and Street-Living Children in Peru: Conditions and Current Interventions Street-Working and Street-Living Children in Peru: Conditions and Current Interventions Talinay Strehl Foundation for International Research on Working Children (IREWOC) November 2010 Project Supervisor: Professor Kristoffel Lieten Copyeditor: Sonja Zweegers Photos: Talinay Strehl Cover photo: Children washing windscreens in Cusco Web-ISBN: 978-90-79078-26-4 Copyright: IREWOC 2010 IREWOC, Hooglandse Kerkgracht 17H, 2312 HS Leiden www.irewoc.nl; [email protected] Supported by: Plan Netherlands, Cordaid and ASN Bank IREWOC, the Amsterdam-based Foundation for International Research on Working Children intends to generate more theoretically informed research on various aspects of child labour and child rights, as well as to raise awareness and to motivate action around this complex issue. IREWOC is associated with the University of Amsterdam and with the International Institute of Social History. Note A quantitative research study was carried out by Talinay Strehl and Anna Ensing in November 2009, in preparation for this project. This current report is mainly qualitative in nature, but often calls upon the quantitative data presented in the two unpublished reports: “Street-Working and Street-Living Children in Peru: Quantitative Report Cusco” “Street-Working and Street-Living Children in Peru: Quantitative Report Lima” These two reports can be found on the IREWOC website (www.irewoc.nl) 1 Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................5 Chapter 1: Introduction...............................................................................................6 1.2 Research objectives ...........................................................................................8 1.3 Methodology and fieldwork...................................................................................9 1.4 Organisation of chapters.................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Background ............................................................................................. 14 2.1 Children and poverty in Peru............................................................................... 14 2.2 Perspectives on child care in Peru ........................................................................ 15 2.3 Local context ................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 3: Family Background .................................................................................... 27 3.1 Family situations ............................................................................................. 27 3.2 Push-factors within the household and pull-factors on the street .................................. 30 Chapter 4: Street Life............................................................................................... 40 4.1 Characteristics of street-living children in Lima ....................................................... 40 4.2 Characteristics of street-living children in Cusco ...................................................... 47 4.3 Becoming a street child ..................................................................................... 49 4.4 Income generation and expenses.......................................................................... 51 4.5 Family contact ................................................................................................ 59 4.6 Social relations on the street .............................................................................. 60 4.7 Free time, sports and play ................................................................................. 63 Chapter 5: Consequences of Living on the Streets ............................................................ 65 5.1 Weak family relationships .................................................................................. 65 5.2 Drugs ........................................................................................................... 66 5.3 Violence........................................................................................................ 68 5.4 Police........................................................................................................... 69 5.5 Discrimination and self-esteem............................................................................ 71 2 5.6 Education ...................................................................................................... 72 5.7 Lack of birth certificate and identity card .............................................................. 76 5.8 Poor health .................................................................................................... 77 5.9 Dreams and Wishes .......................................................................................... 78 Chapter 6: Comparisons and Contrasts with Street-working Children...................................... 80 6.1 Characteristics of street-working children .............................................................. 80 6.2 Reasons for working ......................................................................................... 81 6.3 Consequences of street work .............................................................................. 84 Chapter 7: Current Street Child Interventions and Policies.................................................. 87 7.1 Child protection and legal framework for (street) children in Peru ................................ 87 7.2 The local government’s approach......................................................................... 91 7.3 Clearing the city’s streets from street children: street children and police ...................... 92 7.4 Non-governmental projects and services in Lima ...................................................... 97 7.5 Non-governmental projects and services in Cusco ....................................................108 7.6 Children’s ideas on street child services................................................................126 Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations................................................................131 8.1 Conclusions ...................................................................................................131 8.2 Recommendations...........................................................................................136 Resources ............................................................................................................140 List of photos, figures and tables Photo 1: “My past has everything to do with my mother” .................................................. 10 Photo 2: “I love playing cards with my best friend on the street.” ....................................... 11 Photo 3: “I made this photo because I don’t like it that parents bring their children to the streets to work. Children should be in school and parents should work.” ............................................ 34 Photo 4: Street-working children from the country side in Cusco .......................................... 36 Photo 5: “This is at Cine Planet. We get drinks and popcorn from the visitors of the cinema. The girl is Susana, with her baby, and Diego is always sitting with his teko [glue].” ............................. 42 Photo 6: Street-living girl working in prostitution in Lima - photographed here with her boyfriend. 45 Photo 7: Street group in Cusco.................................................................................... 50 Photo 8: Young street musicians posing with their instruments............................................. 53 3 Photo 9: “Because I am old now, people look angry at me while I try to make some money.” ...... 57 Photo 10: “This is our hueco [hole] where we enter to sniff glue.” ....................................... 67 Photo 11: “This is HonKon [in Lima], an illegal hostel where we pay 3 sols a night. I sleep there sometimes.” ......................................................................................................... 77 Photo 12: “My dream is to be re-united with my family.” .................................................. 79 Photo 13: Young girl from the countryside selling tostaditas in Cusco. ................................... 83 Photo 14: “Street educator Nica is my friend. He always comes to search for me.” .................101 Photo 15: Sewing workshop in a shelter for street girls .....................................................106 Photo 16: Street children having an evening snack in the night shelter..................................121 Figure 1: Age of the surveyed children, according to sex (Lima) ........................................... 19 Figure 2a: Activities of street children (Lima) ................................................................. 20 Figure 2b: Working in services (Lima)............................................................................ 21 Figure 3: What do street children use most of their money for? According to sex (Lima).............. 22 Figure 4: Age of surveyed children, according to sex (Cusco) ............................................... 24 Figure 5a: Most common activities on the street (Cusco) .................................................... 25 Figure 5b: Activities included in services (Cusco) ............................................................. 26 Figure 6a: Areas of Peru where street children’s mothers were born (Lima)............................. 28 Figure 6b: Areas
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