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Dicondylia Hennig 1953 Dott Dicondylia Hennig 1953 Dott. Francesco Fiume La posizione sistematica della sottoclasse Dicondylia Henning 1953 è di seguito indicata: Natura Mundus Plinius Naturalia Superdominio Biota Dominio Eukaryota Chatton 1925 Amorphea Adl et al., 2012 Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987 Holozoa Regno Animalia Linnaeus 1758 Clade Epitheliozoa Ax 1996 Sottoregno Eumetazoa Bütschli 1910 Ramo Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 Clade Eubilateri a Ax 1987 Ramo Protostomia Grobben 1908 Clade Ecdysozoa Aguinaldo et al . 1997 Superphylum Panarthropoda Nielsen 1995 Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold 1848 Clade Euarthropoda Lankester 1904 Clade Mandibulata Snodgrass 1938 Clade Crustaceomorpha Chernyshev 1960 Clade Labrophora Siveter, Waloszek & Williams Sottophylum Pancrustacea Zrzavý et al. 1997 Clade Altocrustacea Regier et al . 2010 Clade Miracrustacea Regier et al . 2010 Superclasse Hexapoda Latreille 1825 Classe Insecta Linnaeus 1758 Sottoclasse Dicondylia Henning 1953. I Dicondylia rappresentano un taxon nel quale sono classificati tutti i gruppi di insetti, ad eccezione dei Machilidae (una famiglia che comprende circa 250 specie di tisanuri). Al contrario di questi ultimi, i Dicondylia hanno una mandibola che è collegata alla capsula del capo con due cerniere, ciascuna costituita da un condilo (proprio della mandibola) e da un acetabolo (proprio del peristoma della capsula facciale). Per tale motivo sono chiamati Dicondylia , a differenza degli altri dotati di un solo condilo come base anatomica dell’articolazione maxillo-facciale e, per questo chiamati, Monocondylia Haeckel 1866. La mandibola è un’appendice generalmente pari e simmetrica, derivata dalla modificazione del primo somite post-orale (quarto somite cefalico) dello gnatocefalo (figura 1). La mandibola concorre a formare il complesso dell'apparato boccale degli insetti. Essa, in genere, è articolata in due punti del peristoma per mezzo un condilo peristomale che si incastra nell’acetabolo anteriore e mediante un secondo condilo, che si incastra in un altro acetabolo del peristoma. Nell'apparato boccale masticatore tipo, le mandibole si inseriscono fra il labbro superiore e prima delle mascelle, articolandosi con uno ( Monocondylia ) o due condili ( Dicondylia ) sul margine laterale della cavità orale, l’ipostoma (figura 1 e 2). Marcate differenze possono comunque presentarsi nei vari ordini, in relazione all'articolazione di queste appendici con il resto del capo.La mandibola può ridursi fino alla completa atrofia tanto da essere generalmente assente o molto rudimentale oppure non funzionale come nei ditteri adulti; può Figura 1 – Schema dell’apparato boccale di un insetto, in cui si osserva la posizione delle mandibole ed il punto della loro articolazione condilare al peristoma. Figura 2 – Schema dell’articolazione tra la mandibola e l’ipostoma, la parte inferiore del peristoma. La mandibola possiede uno ( Monocondylia ) o due condili ( Dicondylia ). In questi ultimi, ogni mandibola è collegata al cranio con due articolazioni: • quella anteriore (dorsale) è costituita da un acetabolo in cui s'inserisce un processo (condilo) del peristoma; • quella posteriore (ventrale) è costituita da un condilo che s'inserisce in un acetabolo del peristoma. Il tratto di peristoma compreso fra le due articolazioni è detto pleurostoma. In alcuni gruppi sistematici possono differenziarsi altri tipi di articolazione. La muscolatura associata alle mandibole ne permette soprattutto movimenti trasversali (muscoli adduttori e abduttori). essere falciforme o stilettiforme come nei gruppi con apparato boccale succhiatore pungente; può svilupparsi in modo abnorme fino a diventare un vero e proprio organo di difesa o di offesa; può rappresentare un vero dimorfismo di casta, come si osserva nei soldati delle termiti; può rappresentare un dimorfismo sessuale, come si osserva nei maschi di Lucanus cervus Linnaeus, 1758, il cervo volante (figura 3). Gli attacchi muscolari sono differenti negli insetti con mandibole monicondili che posseggono una mandibola che è collegata alla capsula cefalica con un singolo giunto sferico (condilo) rispetto a quelli che hanno una mandibola con due condili. 2 .Figura 3 – Le grosse mandibole del maschio di cervo volante ( Lucanus cervus ), classico esempio di dimorfismo sessuale. Nella figura 4 è possibile osservare un’immagine, fatta al miscoscopio a scansione, di un insetto della sottoclasse Dicondylia , con la tipica mandibola dicondila, la formica mietitrice ( Messor capitatus Latreille 1798), un Hymenoptera : Formicidae . Figura 4 – Tipica dicondilia che si osserva nella formica mietitrice ( Messor capitatus Latreille,1798). 3 Figura 5 - Cladogramma dei taxa di insetti viventi, con il numero di specie per ogni gruppo. Gli Apterygota , Palaeoptera ed Exopterygota sono possibili gruppi parafiletici. Si osserva, in rosso, la posizione sistematica del taxon dei Dicondylia . 4 Oltre a queste caratteristiche principali, comuni a tutti i membri della sottoclasse Dicondylia , nel loro piano tassonomico si riscontrano una serie di altre caratteristiche specifiche del gruppo. Così essi hanno: • una sutura occipitale continua; • il secondo condilo si trova tra il primo condilo superiore e la parte inferiore della zampa; • alla base dell’ovopositore esiste, bilateralmente e da bande opposte, uno sclerite addizionale detto gonangolo (sinonimo di primo valvifero, ipotizzato per rappresentare una porzione distaccata della gonocoxa del nono segmento addominale) Questo sclerite serve per un migliore coordinamento dei movimenti delle gonapofisi; • possiedono una tarso a cinque membri con insieme gli stili negli ultimi due segmenti addominali; • tutti i Dicondylia formano una cavità amniotica chiusa con l'embrione, per cui si riscontrano due foglietti completi, l’amnios e la sierosa. La tradizionale sistematica di base, di solito, ha dato agli Hexapoda il rango di superclasse ed ha individuato quattro gruppi al suo interno: Ectognatha (sinonimo della classe degli Insecta ), i Collembola Lubbock 1870, Protura Silvestri 1907, Diplura Börner 1904, questi ultimi tre sono raggruppati come Entognatha Stummer-Traunfels 1891, sulla base delle parti della bocca internalizzate. Relazioni a livello di superordine hanno subito numerosi cambiamenti con l'avvento di metodi basati sulla storia evolutiva e sui dati genetici. Una teoria recente è che gli Hexapoda sono polifiletici (dove l'ultimo antenato comune non era un membro del gruppo), con le classi degli Entognatha che hanno storie evolutive distinte dagli Insecta . Molti dei tradizionali aspetti di base dei taxa si sono rivelatii essere parafiletici, così piuttosto che utilizzare ranghi come sottoclasse, superordine e infraordine si è dimostrato utile utilizzare raggruppamenti monofiletici, in cui l'ultimo antenato comune è un membro del gruppo. Il cladogramma sopra riportato rappresenta il raggruppamento monofiletico più supportato per la classe degli Insecta , nel quale si osserva, chiaramente, la posizione dei Dicondylia (figura 5, in rosso). Gli insetti possono essere divisi in due gruppi storicamente trattati come sottoclassi: insetti privi di ali, noto come Apterygota ed insetti alati, noto come Pterygota . Gli Apterygota sono dell'ordine primitivo senza ali dei Zygentoma Latreille 1796, sinonimo di Thysanura Leach 1815. I Machilida costituiscono i Monocondylia in relazione alla forma dei loro mandibole, mentre Zygentoma e Pterygota sono raggruppati come Dicondylia . Figura 6 - Lepisma saccarina appartiene all’ordine Zygentoma della sottoclasse Dicondylia . 5 Gli stessi Zygentoma , con la famiglia Lepidotrichidae Silvestri 1912, forse non sono monofiletici e che possono essere considerati un gruppo sorella ai Dicondylia ( Pterygota e per i restanti Thysanura . La sottoclasse Dicondylia comprende, quindi, tutti gli insetti provvisti di ali ( Pterygota ) e l’ordine Zygentoma Latreille 1796, cui appartiene il noto pesciolino d'argento ( Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus 1758), un insetto lucifugo, veloce, privo di ali, sinantropico, che si trova nelle abitazioni (figura 6). I primi due eventi di ramificazione nella filogenesi degli Ectognatha sono stati il tema centrale di una classica controversia nella sistematica e tassonomia. Poiché i noti pesciolini d'argento ( Lepisma saccarina ) sono superficialmente simili ai Malachidae spesso sono stati inclusi in un unico gruppo. È noto da tempo, però, che i Malachidae sono più plesiomorfici (con caratteri presenti allo stato originario, cioè caratteri primitivi) e che i Zygentoma sono più strettamente legati agli insetti. Nel 1953 Hennig ha introdotto il nome di "Dicondylia" per i Zygentoma e gli insetti alati, nome che riflette le loro relazioni filogenetiche che consistono nella condivisione del taxa e, ad esempio, una mandibola con due articolazioni (condili) alla capsula craniale. Ma intorno al 1980, Borroret et a l., 1992; Ross et a l. (1982), Richards e Davies (1977) unirono i Machilidae ed i Thysanura negli Apterygota , insetti senza ali, atteri. Può darsi, però, che le cose non sono così semplici poiché in California., la specie Tricholepidion gertschi (Wygodzinsky 1961) è il rappresentante unico superstite di un taxon originariamente descritto quale la famiglia dei Lepidotrichidae . Questa specie è generalmente considerata come appartenente all’ordine Zygentoma (Wygodzinsky 1961; Boudreaux 1979; Kristensen 1998), ma può anche essere il gruppo sorella di Zygentoma + Pterygota (Kristensen 1991, Klass 1998, Staniczek 2000). L'evoluzione delle mandibole con una doppia articolazione della mandibola alla capsula del
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